In this study, the freshness levels of boiled chicken eggs were determined using an electronic nose and machine learning techniques. Eggs were boiled and stored under refrigerator conditions (3±1ºC) from day 0 to day 6. Each storage day, eggs were divided into two groups based on cooling methods: quick-cooled and fast-cooled. Sensor readings were taken using an electronic nose, and image changes from 110 daily image files were processed with a machine learning program. With 85% of the image data used for training and 15% for testing, a classification accuracy of over 98% was achieved. The results showed that egg white solidified in more than 4 minutes and yolk solidified in 11 minutes. Fast-cooled eggs exhibited significantly lower odor levels, indicating superior freshness. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of electronic nose and machine learning systems in accurately determining the freshness of boiled eggs.

This study aimed to determine the tachinid parasitoids (Diptera: Tachinidae) associated with different hemipteran hosts in Bolu and Düzce provinces in the Western Black Sea region of Türkiye in the period from 2022 to 2024. For this purpose, samples of Hemiptera were collected from various weeds, shrubs and cultivated plants. These specimens were brought to the laboratory and cultivated on the corresponding host plant material at 25 ± 2 °C and 60-70% RH. In this study, three different parasitoid species of tachinids were identified on three different hemipteran hosts. Of these, Graphosoma lineatum Linnaeus (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is a new host record for Ectophasia crassipennis (Fabricius, 1794) and Gymnosoma clavata (Rohdendorf, 1947) (Diptera: Tachinidae) from Türkiye. In addition, information on the hosts of the parasitoids parasitoids in Türkiye is presented.

Different mechanization practices are included in the drying process, which is among the methods (ensiling, drying, storing at high moisture level, etc.) used in the preservation of roughage, which has an important place in the nutrition of ruminant animals. Haymaking processes are applied by natural (at the field) or artificial drying methods (in warehouses and special dryers). During drying, the hay may be loose or loosely baled. The machines that can be used in various stages of haymaking from harvesting forage to filling the warehouse can be listed as strimmers, crushers, windrow harvesters, hay rakes, loose forage harvesters, balers, bale collecting and transporting machines. These mechanization practices have positive and negative aspects relative to each other. In other words, these mechanization practices affect hay quality at different levels. In this study, different mechanization practices applied in hay drying and the effects of these mechanization practices on hay quality were emphasized.

The study aimed to calculate the percent transfer of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) from milk into cream, skim milk, butter, buttermilk, soft cheese, and whey manufactured in the laboratory. The four heavy metals were determined using the ICP method. The results revealed that the percentage of these metals transferred to milk products varied from 9.48 to 72.63%, with skim milk exhibiting the highest transfer rate (67 to 72.63%) and butter displaying the lowest transfer rate (9.48 to 13.94%). These findings are expected to urge the artisanal dairy industry to decide on the best way to process milk that does not comply with the maximum permissible levels of Pb, Cd, Cu, and Zn into a safe product for the consumer.

In dairy cattle, the dry period cation-anion balance is a critical factor influencing the animal's health and productivity. The cation-anion balance of a ration is contingent upon the anionic and cationic ions present and may assume either a negative or positive value. During the dry period, the optimal cation-anion balance is negative. The administration of anionic salts or anionic ration during this period has been demonstrated to mitigate the risk of milk fever and prevent the development of numerous metabolic disorders. Furthermore, the administration of anionic substances during this period has been demonstrated to influence milk yield, fertility and milk fat. An excessive cation ratio in the ration can cause metabolic problems, including metabolic acidosis, milk fever, and metabolic alkalosis, which is characterised by a decrease in pH and the presence of urine. Therefore, according to the studies, it is recommended that the diet be prepared in a way that the cation-anion balance is negative in the dry period (between -100 to -200 mEq/kg DM).

Soil pH, governed by the relative concentrations of hydrogen () and hydroxyl () ions, is a key factor affecting the chemical, physical, and biological properties of soils. Most soils in Türkiye are alkaline due to calcareous parent material and climatic influences, which restricts the availability of essential nutrients to plants. Sulphur applications are widely employed to reduce soil pH and increase nutrient bioavailability. The use of Sulphur for the amelioration of alkaline soils will continue to be a crucial strategy for enhancing agricultural sustainability in the future. This study investigates the effects of different Sulphur sources on the pH of sandy and clay-loam texture soils. This study investigates the effects of different Sulphur sources on the pH of sandy and clay loam textured soils. The soil samples used in the research were taken from Pınarbaşı and Melikgazi districts of Kayseri province, and soil samples were taken from both regions from a depth of 30 cm and from 20 randomly determined different points. Sulphur applications were applied at rates of (0, 0.02, 0.04 g 100 g-1) (X: powdered Sulphur ) and (0, 0.044, 0.088 g 100 g-1) (Y: granular Sulphur ) based on weight for clay-loam and sandy textured soils, respectively. Samples taken on days 0, 15, 30, 60, 90, 180, and 360 post-applications showed that the impact of Sulphur applications on soil pH change was significant across all treatments (p<0.01). The lowest pH measurement, 6.92, was observed in sandy textured soils with an application from granular Sulphur at 0.088 g 100 g-1. The pH change in clay-loam textured soils was found to range from 8.13 to 7.79, and in sandy textured soils from 7.69 to 6.92. These changes suggest that the acidifying effect of Sulphur oxidation on soil pH varies depending on the soil’s buffering capacity, particle size ratio, application rate, and incubation day. Consequently, the granular Sulphur was found to be more effective compared to the control and powdered Sulphur , and an application rate of 0.088 g 100 g-1 might be effective for both clay-loam and sandy soils. However, due to its lack of economic feasibility, 0.044 g dose or the doses from powdered Sulphur might be more appropriate.

Bu çalışmanın amacı sulamalı buğday üretiminde, üretim girdilerinden kaynaklanan toplam sera gazı (GHG) emisyonlarının azaltılması da dahil olmak üzere, sulama yönetimi yoluyla buğday üretiminde enerji verimliliğini artırma ve çevresel etkiyi azaltma potansiyelini değerlendirmektir. Bu kapsamda gerekli olan üretim girdileri ve ürün verimine ilişkin veriler, 2018-2020 döneminde, Konya’da buğdayda tamamlayıcı sulama üzerine yürütülen tarla denemesinden elde edilmiştir. Bu bağlamda beş farklı sulama rejimi dikkate alınmış olup, bunlar: TTS, buğdayın üç kritik gelişme döneminde, 0-90 cm toprak katmanında eksilen nem miktarı kadar sulama; KTS-1, buğdayın üç kritik gelişme döneminde 90’ar mm su ile sulama; KTS-2, buğdayın üç kritik gelişme döneminde 70’er mm su ile sulama; KTS-3, buğdayın üç kritik gelişme döneminde 50’şer mm su ile sulama ve Y, yağışa dayalı konudur. Çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlara göre, en yüksek dane verimi (7918 kg ha- 1) ve enerji çıktısı (285857 MJ ha-1) TTS uygulamasında elde edilirken, en iyi enerji üretkenliği (0,935 kg MJ-1) ile enerji verimliliği oranı (12,46) ve en düşük çevre kirliliği (2272 kgCO2 eşd ha-1) KTS-3 rejimi altında gerçekleşmiştir. Çalışma kapsamındaki enerji verimliliği ve çevresel kirlilik analizi önemli bulgulara yol açmıştır. Konya gibi tarım arazisi çok, su kaynakları kısıtlı olan bölgelerde, birim alandan (1 ha) yüksek verimin elde edildiği tam sulama (TTS) yerine, aynı ürün miktarının KTS-2 altında 1,04 ha ve KTS-3 rejimi altında ise 1,09 ha’dan üretilebileceği görülmüştür. Bu yolla, ürün miktarında bir azalış olmadan, sulama suyunda %32,4 ile %49 arasında bir tasarruf sağlanırken, sera gazı emisyonu ise %10,3 ile %15,6 arasında azaltılabilecektir.

Molecular approaches used to identify bacterial species use 16S rRNA and MLST to determine the genetic linkage of bacteria; MLST characterizes clonal linkages by examining differences in various gene loci. MLVA determines the genetic relationships of bacterial strains and biovar-level differences and assesses the copy number of repeated DNA sequences. Sequencing provides genetic data by identifying DNA sequences; Sanger sequencing is the basis for next-generation approaches. CRISPR modifies the genetic code and can correct mutations or control genes using Cas9. These methods are important for identifying bacterial species and annotating genomic information. The methods used for this purpose are brought together in this study. The explanation and detailed description of the methods examined will contribute to their use in the field of microbiology.

Bu çalışma 2021 yılında Tokat Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi bünyesindeki tam otomasyonlu ısıtmalı bir serada yürütülmüştür. Bu çalışmanın amacı, farklı dozlarda mikoriza ve organik gübre uygulamalarının biber fidelerinin gelişimi üzerindeki etkisini incelemektir. Çalışmada Bulut F1 biber çeşidi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma, tesadüf parselleri deneme desenine uygun olarak 3 tekrarlı olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmada, biber fidesi yetiştiriciliği için torf-perlit karışımına mikorizalı ve mikorizasız farklı dozlarda besin solüsyonu ve vermikompost uygulanmıştır. Fideler bir buçuk ayda sökümü yapılmıştır. Bu araştırmada, fide boyu, hipokotil uzunluğu, gövde çapı, yaprak sayısı, yaprak yaş ağırlığı, yaprak kuru ağırlığı, kök yaş ağırlığı ve kök kuru ağırlığı özellikleri incelenmiştir. Çalışma bugularına göre, gövde çapı üzerinde vermikompost+mikoriza+EC uygulamalarının daha iyi sonuç vermiştir. Vermikompost dozları arttıkça fide boyu ve hipokotil uzunluğunda bir artış olduğu ancak vermikompost uygulamalarının etkisinin olmadığı görülmektedir. Genel olarak tüm uygulamalara bakıldığı zaman vermikompost uygulamalarına göre EC ve EC+mikoriza uygulamalarının etkisinin daha fazla olduğu görülmektedir.

Agricultural land cover has changed over time, and monitoring these changes has become an effective tool in development processes by linking them to ecological and socio-economic issues. In this context, the main hypothesis of the study is that “determining land use changes spatially and temporally using CORINE Land Cover data is crucial in development-oriented planning processes.” The study analyzes changes in agricultural land use based on CORINE land cover classes between 1990 and 2018 in the districts of Saray, Şarköy, and Hayrabolu in Tekirdağ Province, which have low levels of socio-economic development. The research aims to answer the following questions: during which periods did significant changes occur in agricultural areas in Saray, Şarköy, and Hayrabolu? What are the total rates of increase or decrease in these areas? Into what types of land have agricultural are+as significantly transformed? The methodology was developed using Geographic Information Systems (GIS)-based maps, graphs, and tables. The findings reveal the spatial and temporal dimensions of changes in agricultural land use and land cover between 1990 and 2018. The data obtained are anticipated to provide a concrete foundation for developing rural development policies and ensuring the sustainable use of natural resources.