The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of kefir as a probiotic on the performance and health status of calves. Thirty Holstein female calves with 3-day-old were randomly allocated to three treatment groups: Control (without any probiotic), probiotic (a commercial probiotic mixture-3 g/d/calf bacteria-based and 2 g/d/calf yeast-based) and kefir (20 ml/d/calf). The calves were weaned at 56 days of age. The experiment was performed in 70 days. Treatment had no effect (P>0.05) on weaning and final body weight and starter intake. Although differences in weight gain were not significant (P>0.05), there were trend to increase by probiotic treatments during 0-14 days. Probiotic treatments tended to have a positive effect on the population of the fecal lactic acid bacteria at 14 days. The results of the study indicated that kefir as a natural probiotic in calf nutrition may be beneficial during the first weeks of life.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the environmental factors on the milking time milk yield of Red Holstein cows. For this aim, 172,826 morning milk yield (MMY) and 172,771 evening milk yield (EMY) data collected between 2001 and 2010 from a dairy farm in Aydin Province, Turkey were used. The THI is over 72 from June to August in the region. The effects of calving month, calving year, parity, lactation month and milking month on MMY and EMY were found to be statistically significant. For every month, year and parity, the MMY means were higher than those of the EMY. The peak daily milk yield was determined on the 46th day of lactation (31.7±0.013 kg). For parity, the highest milk yield means were detected for the third parity: 13.69±0.023 kg for MMY and 11.70±0.021 kg for EMY. In conclusion, taking precautions to protect the cows from heat stress especially for the cows calved in summer and keeping the milking interval equal for whole year would help increasing the milk yield.

In this study, it was investigated that the inhibition effect of some lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus acidophilus NCC68, Lactobacillus casei Shirota, Lactobacillus rhamnosus (Ezal, commercial starter cultures)) which possessed with probiotic characteristics, against Bacillus cereus, Salmonella Enteritidis, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli 0157:H7 ATCC 35150 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. Besides, the inhibitory effect of probiotic cultures which used with meat and meat product additives that garlic extract over the antagonistic effects of sensitive pathogens were investigated in vitro. Consequently, the whole of lactic acid bacteria and garlic extract which were used in this study, showed inhibition effects against all selected pathogenic bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 was determined as the most sensitive pathogenic bacteria while Bacillus cereus was the most resistant bacteria against lactic acid bacteria and garlic extract. There was a distinctive increase in inhibition effects were observed by used of a combination with lactic acid bacteria and garlic extract.

Plants have developed mechanical and chemical defense strategies that are effective against herbivores. Plants contain chemicals that are known as secondary metabolites (allelochemical) and these chemicals do not directly involve in organisms’ reproduction and growth, on the other hand, they affect survival, growth and behavior of species. These compounds usually take ecological tasks and plants use these compounds against diseases, parasites, and predators for interspecies competition. It is known through the observations on feeding of herbivorous insects that these compounds act as deterrent chemicals or they are toxic against them. Feeding is one of the most fundamental and the most important behaviors for herbivorous insects. Even though host plant preference of herbivores is partially depend on nutrients, this behavior greatly depends on secondary chemistry of plants. Effects of secondary compounds on herbivorous insects can be positive or negative.

Propolis, bitkilerin tomurcuk ve yaprak kısımlarından toplanan maddelerden bal arıları tarafından üretilen doğal reçineli bir karışımdır. Propolis antikanser, antiinflamator, antibiyotik, antioksidatif, antibakteriyel, antiviral, antifungal, anestetik, immunostimulan ve sitotoksik etkilere sahiptir. Bu derlemede doğal bir ürün olan propolisin fiziksel, kimyasal ve biyolojik özellikleri, bitkisel kaynakları ile balıklarda kullanımı ve uygulama şekiller hakkındaki bilgilerin bir araya getirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, 2016 yılında Adıyaman ilindeki badem üreticilerinin zirai mücadele uygulamalarında karşılaştığı sorunları belirlemektir. Bu amaçla, basit tesadüfi örnekleme yöntemine göre Kahta, Besni, Gölbaşı ve Merkez ilçelerinde, her ilçede tesadüfi olarak seçilen 6 köy olmak üzere toplam 24 köyde, 96 üreticiden anket yöntemi ile bilgiler temin edilmiş ve sonuçlar yüzde oran olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Badem üreticilerinin, eğitim seviyesinin yüksek, pek çoğunun tarım dışı gelire sahip olduğu ve gelir miktarının açlık sınırı seviyesinin üzerinde olduğu saptanmıştır. Badem üreticileri pestisit seçimi ve pestisit dozunu belirlemede ilaç bayilerinden ve Tarım İl Müdürlüğünden tavsiye almakta, marka ve etkili maddenin pestisit seçiminde önemli faktörler olduğu, aynı hastalık ve zararlıya karşı sürekli aynı pestisiti kullanmadıkları, hastalık ve zararlıyı görmeden ilaçlama yaptıkları, ilaçlamada önerilen dozu uyguladıkları, kullandıkları pestisitlerin üründe kalıntı bıraktığı, ilaçlama ile hasat arasındaki bekleme süresine dikkat ettikleri, ilaçlama sırasında koruyucu elbise ve maske kullandıkları, boş pestisit kutularını tarla veya yol kenarına atmadıkları, ilaçlama aletini temizledikleri, ancak ilaçlama aletini kalibrasyon yapmadan kullandıkları, pestisitleri karışım halinde uyguladıkları, kimyasal mücadele dışında kültürel mücadeleyi tercih ettikleri ve biyopestisit kavramını bilmedikleri belirlenmiştir.

There are small number of tables that show digestibility and energy contents of compound feeds produced by feed factory in different regions of Turkey. Thus, in this paper, four different compound feed types (dairy cattle, beef cattle, calf and lamb growing feeds), totalling 78 compound feeds were analysed to determine their feeding value, dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) digestibility and energy content (digestible energy (DE), metabolisable energy (ME) and net energy for lactation (NEL). As a result of this study, the crude fiber (CF) levels were higher than standard values in calf and lamb compound feeds and beef cattle compound feeds; however, in the dairy cattle and calf and lamb compound feeds, the crude protein (CP) values were lower than standard values. These findings are considered highly important for the region’s animal feeding. According to our results, the compound feeds for dairy cattle and lamb being used for ruminant nutrition in Diyarbakir Province of Turkey were found to have low nutrient qualities; however, in the calf feed both the metabolisable energy level and nutrient quantities were low.

In this study the effects of dried apricot pomace (AP) on the technological, nutritional and sensory quality of frankfurters were investigated. Frankfurters formulated with 5% AP showed better quality compared to the addition of 10 and 15% AP. Protein and fat content decreased as the concentration of added AP was over 5%. AP addition resulted in lower pH and energy values. Frankfurters formulated with AP had higher cooking and process yield values. AP addition resulted with decrement in lightness and increment in yellowness of samples. 5% addition of AP resulted in good sensory scores. The results indicate that apricot pomace could be an effective functional ingredient in emulsion type meat products.

Crop production in West Africa is mostly dependent upon rainfed agriculture. Irrigation is a vital need due to uneven distribution of rainfall and seasonality of water resources. However, management and sustainability of irrigation are under risk due to notably weak database, excessive cost, unappropriate soil or land use, environmental problems and extreme pessimism in some quarters since rainfed agriculture is seen as potentially able to support the present population. This paper focuses on modernized irrigation technologies and systems that utilize less water. Information about irrigation systems in Ghana and Liberia were gathered through: 1) Irrigation development authorities in both countries, by reviewing past literatures, online publications, reports and files about irrigation in West Africa, specifically Ghana and Liberia; 2) International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI); 3) Collation of information, reports and data from Ghana Irrigation Development Authority (GIDA) and 4) International Water Management Institute (IWMI). The result shows that both countries have higher irrigation potential. However, the areas developed for irrigation is still a small portion as compare to the total land available for irrigation. On the other hand, as seen in the result, Liberia as compare to Ghana has even low level of irrigation development.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the movement and accumulation of 2,6 – dinitro – NN – dipropyl – 4 - trifluoromethylanil (trifluralin) in soil under irrigated conditions. Despite its hazardous effects this herbicide is widely used in the country. The herbicide researched, is known to be one of the most resistant and least mobile pesticides used in the country. The investigations were carried out, using drainage type lysimeters with application of two different doses of trifluralin and three irrigation water levels. Irrigations were applied during three stages used as indicators for irrigation scheduling of the sunflower crop. Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were taken from the original field in the beginning and from the tanks after completing of the study. Trifluralin analyses were completed using gas chromatography technique. The results of the study determined that the amounts of the herbicide and its degradation product (2-ethyl-4-nitro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzimidazole) in the ranges of 3.04 – 0.1 and 4.128- 0.344 ppm, respectively were accumulated in the lysimeter soils during the 5-year research period. The highest amounts of trifluralin and its degradation product were measured in the 0-30 cm soil layer, of the treatment with higher applied herbicide amount and deficit irrigation.