In this study, antibacterial effects of semi-parasitic plant common mistletoe (Viscum album L.), collected from different woody host, extracts on the tomato bacterial cancer and wilt disease agent Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis, pepper and tomato bacterial leaf spot disease agent Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria and tomato bacterial leaf spot disease agent Pseudomonas syringae pv.tomato were determined. The common mistletoe collected from pine, pear, acacia and mahaleb trees. The leaves and stems water extracts of common mistletoe were added to Nutrinet agar medium before autoclaving at the final concentrations of 1%, 2.5%, 5% and 10%. The bacterial concentration was adjusted to 108 cfu/ml with spectrophotometer to within an 0.2 at 600 nm. Then, 100 µl of bacterial inoculums were spread over the extracts amended media plates. As a control group, pathogens were plated on the unamended media. The study was established in 3 repetitions and repeated 2 times. At the end of the incubation period, bacteria growing on all treated petri dishes were collected and their density was measured in a spectrophotometer. Based on the results of the study, 1% and 2.5% concentration of the extracts obtained from leaves and stems of common mistletoe collected from different trees were not effective on the bacteria tested, while 5% and 10% concentration of them inhibited the bacterial growth completely (100%). Also, it was observed that there wasn’t difference on the pathogens on the basis of the host where mistletoe was collected. According to the results of this study conducted under in vitro conditions, in vivo studies should be carried out with the common mistletoe extract, which is effective on the bacterial pathogens.

The aim of this study was to reveal the association of alizarin test scores (ATS) with somatic cell scores (SCC) in bovine milk. The milk samples (n=60) were collected from three milk selling points in Samsun province of Turkey in two test days (TD). To obtain ATS, change of colour in milk after adding dye solution were used (ATS 1: red-brown/normal, ATS 2: yellow/acidic, and ATS 3: violet/alkali). To test for reliability of ATS by acidity, pH values of the samples were measured with a standard pH meter. In SCC analyses, direct microscopic cell counting was applied. Of examined parameters, only SCC was differed by TD, and both pH and SCC were differed by the location. According to ATP groups, pH and SCC means were also changed. Finally, estimated weak (r=0.247) correlation coefficient between ATS and SCC pointed out that ATS data are not suitable to detect quality degree of bovine milk samples.

Consumer demands for raw or unprocessed foods increased due to consumers’ awareness of the importance of a healthy life. However, searching alternative techniques instead of heat treatment is an important issue for the industry in order to enhance the microbiological quality. Non-thermal techniques are encouraged because of their effectiveness on the preservation of natural aroma, flavor and microbiological quality without causing any change in the structure of the product. Plasma technology is one of these alternative techniques. Plasma technology, known as the fourth state of matter, is known as the partial ionization of positive and negative ions, free radicals, charged particles and molecules in electron and photon form. Plasma is usually forms or formed by electric or electrical discharge or by a strong radiation effect. Plasma is classified according to its temperature, thermal equilibrium, and pressure. Cold plasma technique is used in foods for contaminated surfaces and cleaning of medical instruments. In this review, plasma technology applied to foods and their effects are presented.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of “biofertilizers” (N 8%, P2O5 1%, 9% K2O, 3% Iron, 0.06% Zinc, Bacillus subtilis (GBO3), Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ve Bacillus pumilus) eaf applications on yield and quality parameters of bread wheat at different developmental stages. The experiment carried out for this purpose was conducted in the wheat sowing seasons of 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 at Doğankent location of the Eastern Mediterranean Agricultural Research Institute. In this research, “biofertilizers” leaf applications were applied to the wheat in different stages of development. For this purpose, 4 themes were worked out as; control, tillering, tillering + stem elengation and stem elengation. Biofertilizers doses of 100 gr/da in the first year and 0.75 gr/da in the second year were investigated. As a basic fertilizer for all experiment subjects; 15 kg DAP per decar were given during sowing period and 29 kg Urea during the tillering period, as a result of the research carried out; using biofertilizers in wheat farming, both in tillering and stem elengation periods, increased the yield 12.67% more efficiency in the first year and 13.16% more in the second year than the control subject. There were no statistically significant effects on quality parameters of wheat by using “biofertilizers” in foliar applications.

Acrylamide is a carcinogenic and mutagenic compound which is formed by the oxidation of the acrolein compound or the as a result of reactions between reducing sugars and asparagine amino acids. Although acrylamide is mostly seen in carbohydrate-based foods, frying, steaming and baking processes lead to formation of acrylamide also in protein containing meat products with composite structure. Type and the cycle of frying oil, the precursors present in the system, the cooking method, temperature, time and storage can be listed as factors affecting acrylamide formation in meat products. The adverse effects of acrylamide on health create a need for application of acrylamide reduction strategies. These strategies encompass the reduction of the precursor substances, heat treatment time and temperature as much as possible, addition of various cations, enzymes, amino acids and antioxidants to the system and removal of the resulting acrylamide compound from the system. In this review, it was aimed to clarify the factors affecting the formation of acrylamide and strategies for reducing the amount of acrylamide in meat products.

2018 yılında yapılan bu çalışmada, Lup metodu kullanılarak Rize ili Güneysu ilçesine bağlı Handüzü yaylasının bazı vejetasyon özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Araştırmada toprağı kaplama ve botanik kompozisyon oranları ve mera durum sınıfı incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda 4 buğdaygil, 4 baklagil ve 33 diğer familyadan bitkiler tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma alanının toprağı kaplama oranı %82,40, buğdaygillerin botanik kompozisyondaki oranı %33,37, baklagillerin oranı %5,75 ve diğer familyaların oranı da %60,88 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Mera da en yaygın bulunan ilk üç tür sırasıyla; Nardus stricta L. (%27,00), Carex atrata L. subsp. aterrima (Hoppe) Hartm. (%11,10) ve Polygala alpestris Rchb. (%8,50) olmuştur. Mera kalite derecesi %2,456 değeri ile meranın durumu zayıf olarak belirlenmiştir. Başta kontrollü otlatma ve üstten tohumlama olmak üzere diğer ıslah yöntemlerinin birlikte uygulanması sonucuna varılmıştır.

This study was conducted to determine profile and productivity characteristics of soils formed over the alluvial terraces located at different elevations and distances from Meriç River. Soil profiles were sampled at four different points located vertically at different distances from Meriç River and soil horizons were defined in these profiles. Twenty-eight disturbed soil samples were taken, and physico-chemical analyses were performed on these profile samples. While paddy farming is practices over the fields where profile 1 (P1), profile 3 (P3) and profile 4 (P4) are located, the field where profile 2 (P2) is located has long been used as pasture. Organic matter content of soils was generally “low” and “very low”. The highest organic matter contents were observed in A1 horizon of P2 (3.22%) and Ap horizon of P4 (2.09%). Soil pH values were generally “slightly acidic” and “neutral”. Soils were “calcareous” in P2 and “slightly calcareous” in the other profiles. Salinity was encountered in P2. Electrical conductivity (EC) of A1 horizon of this profile was measured as 6.51 dS m-1. Sodium (Na) content of this horizon was also “very high”. As compared to other profiles, P2 was located at a lower elevation, thus wet through majority of the year. Therefore, P2 was generally wet and had redoximorphic characteristics, high clay content and thus poor drainage conditions. P1 was located at the closest position to the river, thus had higher sand contents than the other profiles. Based on clay content, cation exchange capacity (CEC) was the greatest in P2 and the lowest in P1. Available nutrient contents of the profiles decreased through the depth of the profile. Phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), cupper (Cu), manganese (Mn) and zinc (Zn) contents of upper layers were “sufficient” and “excessive”. On the other hand, potassium (K) content was “sufficient” only in P2 and “low” in the other profiles.

Türkiye; coğrafik, topoğrafik ve ekolojik farklılığının sonucu olarak oldukça zengin bir biyolojik çeşitliliğe sahiptir. Türkiye biyolojik zenginliği nedeni ile bir biyolojik çekim merkezi ve zengin bir biyolojik materyal deposu olma özelliği arz etmektedir. Biyolojik çeşitliliğin yetkili kurumların izni olmadan toplanması ve yurt dışına çıkarılması, biyo-kaçakçılık olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Maalesef, alınan bütün tedbirlere rağmen, birçok sektör tarafından kullanım alanı olan biyolojik çeşitliliğimiz, biyolojik kaçakçılığa maruz kalmış ve kalmaya devam etmektedirler. Biyolojik çeşitliliğimizi gelecek nesillere, güvenli bir biçimde teslim etme konusunda içimizin rahat ve gönlümüzün ferah olması gerekir. Bu amaçla; i) toplumsal duyarlılığın oluşturulması, ii) uzman personellerin yetiştirilmesi, iii) yasal düzenlemelerin en üst düzeyde yapılması, iv) ulusal ve uluslararası koordinasyon ve işbirliğinin sağlanması ve canlı tutulması, v) biyolojik çeşitliliğin korunması ve sürdürülebilir kullanılmasına hizmet etme potansiyeli olan çalışmalara yeteri kadar destek verilmelidir. Bu makalenin amacı Türkiye’nin biyolojik çeşitliliğinin önemini ortaya koymak, biyolojik çeşitliliğin azalmasına neden olan biyo-kaçakçılığa Türkiye odaklı dikkat çekerek, Türkiye’de biyo-kaçakçılığın önlenmesine katkıda bulunmaktır. Dolayısıyla bu makalede biyo-kaçakçılık konusu Türkiye ölçeğinde değerlendirmiş, son yıllarda Türkiye’de kayıtlara geçen biyo-kaçakçılık olaylarını güncel örnekleri ile sunulmuş ve biyo-kaçakçılığı daha etkin bir biçimde önlemek için alınması gereken önlemler değerlendirilmiştir.

The research was carried out in the Eastern Mediterranean Agricultural Research Institute-Hacı Ali location with 4 replications according to the randomized block trial design in 2013-2014. 13 public and 1 private sector maize variety were used as material in the trials. According to the results of the analysis, it was determined that the maize varieties examined showed statistically significant differences in plant properties, dry grass and silage quality. Average plant height, number of leaves, leaf ratio, stem diameter, number of cob, stem ratio, cob ratio and green grass yield were 249.9 cm, 12.97 plant/piece, 19.24%, 22.08 mm, 0.93 plant/unit, 38.40% and 4,251.57 kg/da respectively. According to the analysis, it was observed that the average crude protein content, ADF ratio, NDF ratio, crude ash content, digestible dry matter ratio, crude protein yield, dry matter rate, dry matter yield and hay yield were 8.80%, 34.91%, 59.7%, 7.2%, 61.7%, 993.9 kg/ha, 29.4%, 11,640 kg/ha 12,570 kg/ha in dry grass, respectively. For the silage of varieties, the average crude protein content, ADF ratio, NDF ratio, pH, digestible dry matter rate, dry matter ratio, crude protein yield and Fleig score were 8.22%, 29.27%, 50.48%, 3.57, 66.1%, 28.14%, 926 kg/ha and 118.35, respectively. Burak, Sasa 1 and Ada 334 genotypes performed better in terms of green yield per hectare (53,650, 50,290 and 45,630 kg/ha) and dry matter yield (14,710, 12,810 and 12,410 kg/ha). These varieties can be recommended to producers as silage maize varieties under second crop conditions in Çukurova region of Turkey.

Doner is a kind of kebab which is produced after marinating meat and spitting the fat with marinated meat then cooked in the doner cooker. Doner is our traditional product that is consumed gladly and its production is growing day by day in our country and in different countries of the world. The increasing demand for this product, which is unique to our country, has led researchers to work on doner and to raise awareness of consumers. When the limited number of studies are examined, it is concluded that the chemical properties of the doners presented to consumption in Turkey are generally in conformity with the standards, but their microbiological characteristics vary and can have risks for health. In addition to the studies related to doners offered for sale, it has been observed that there are studies in the direction of identifying and developing the factors that affect the quality of doners, however, in recent years formulation development studies have intensified. In this study, studies on doner were compiled and doner production, quality characteristics of doners offered for sale, the effects of different factors on doner production and product properties development researches were investigated, in this way it was intended to provide a collective overview to our traditional product doner.