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Quality Characteristics of Frankfurters Formulated with Apricot Pomace Obtained from Apricot Juice Processing 全文
2017
Çilem Purma Adıbelli | Meltem serdaroglu
In this study the effects of dried apricot pomace (AP) on the technological, nutritional and sensory quality of frankfurters were investigated. Frankfurters formulated with 5% AP showed better quality compared to the addition of 10 and 15% AP. Protein and fat content decreased as the concentration of added AP was over 5%. AP addition resulted in lower pH and energy values. Frankfurters formulated with AP had higher cooking and process yield values. AP addition resulted with decrement in lightness and increment in yellowness of samples. 5% addition of AP resulted in good sensory scores. The results indicate that apricot pomace could be an effective functional ingredient in emulsion type meat products.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Modernized Irrigation Technologies in West Africa 全文
2017
Hakan Büyükcangaz | Mohammed Alhassan | Jacqueline Nyenedio Harris
Crop production in West Africa is mostly dependent upon rainfed agriculture. Irrigation is a vital need due to uneven distribution of rainfall and seasonality of water resources. However, management and sustainability of irrigation are under risk due to notably weak database, excessive cost, unappropriate soil or land use, environmental problems and extreme pessimism in some quarters since rainfed agriculture is seen as potentially able to support the present population. This paper focuses on modernized irrigation technologies and systems that utilize less water. Information about irrigation systems in Ghana and Liberia were gathered through: 1) Irrigation development authorities in both countries, by reviewing past literatures, online publications, reports and files about irrigation in West Africa, specifically Ghana and Liberia; 2) International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI); 3) Collation of information, reports and data from Ghana Irrigation Development Authority (GIDA) and 4) International Water Management Institute (IWMI). The result shows that both countries have higher irrigation potential. However, the areas developed for irrigation is still a small portion as compare to the total land available for irrigation. On the other hand, as seen in the result, Liberia as compare to Ghana has even low level of irrigation development.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Study on Movement and Accumulation of Trifluralin in Medium-Textured Soils 全文
2017
Ulviye Kanburoglu Çebi | Recep Çakır | Hasan Hayri Tok
The aim of the study was to evaluate the movement and accumulation of 2,6 – dinitro – NN – dipropyl – 4 - trifluoromethylanil (trifluralin) in soil under irrigated conditions. Despite its hazardous effects this herbicide is widely used in the country. The herbicide researched, is known to be one of the most resistant and least mobile pesticides used in the country. The investigations were carried out, using drainage type lysimeters with application of two different doses of trifluralin and three irrigation water levels. Irrigations were applied during three stages used as indicators for irrigation scheduling of the sunflower crop. Disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were taken from the original field in the beginning and from the tanks after completing of the study. Trifluralin analyses were completed using gas chromatography technique. The results of the study determined that the amounts of the herbicide and its degradation product (2-ethyl-4-nitro-6-trifluoromethyl-1H-benzimidazole) in the ranges of 3.04 – 0.1 and 4.128- 0.344 ppm, respectively were accumulated in the lysimeter soils during the 5-year research period. The highest amounts of trifluralin and its degradation product were measured in the 0-30 cm soil layer, of the treatment with higher applied herbicide amount and deficit irrigation.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Investigation of the Structural Deformation Behaviour of the Subsoiler and Paraplow Tines by Means of Finitie Element Method 全文
2017
Kemal Cagatay Selvi
In this study, static stress-deformation analyzes (in terms of material strengths) were presented comparatively through a FEM-based simulation of the subsoiler and paraplow legs designed in a three-dimensional CAD environment. In general, both soil tillage implements with high energy requirements are being used to remove the soil compaction problem on agricultural land. The operating conditions of the implements were simulated using a FEM-based simulation program (Ansys-16). The results of static analysis obtained from the Finite Element Method (FEM) were evaluated on some different materials used in the shank design of both implements and the results were given comparatively. According to the analysis results, the maximum equivalent stress was in paraplow shank foot 122 MPa which is used C-60 material and the maximum vertical dis-placement is 0,00014 mm in the position of shank foot of subsoiler
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]The Investigation of the Accessibility of Children's Playgrounds in the Town of Ordu 全文
2017
Murat Yeşil | Pervin Yeşil
The Investigation of the Accessibility of Children's Playgrounds in the Town of Ordu 全文
2017
Murat Yeşil | Pervin Yeşil
Children's playgrounds which are safe and quiet environments that children can play there have started to become rare as a result of rapid urbanization. Because, the studies have shown that unplanned and distorted urban spaces affect children's behaviours, attitudes and reactions in a bad way. In this study, the availability of children's playgrounds in 22 districts of the city centre of Ordu was investigated. In this context, firstly, children's play areas were determined based on the neighbourhood scale and then area calculations were made and the amount of play area by per child between 0-14 years was calculated in each district. In the second stage, accessibility maps for children's playgrounds were obtained by determining the availability of the playgrounds at 200m distance. The results of this study showed that children's playgrounds are not balanced in the city, increased in some districts, in some cases they are not within reachability limits and can not meet their needs.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Zmiany strukturalne na rynku trzody w Stanach Zjednoczonych i ich wpływ na cykl świński 全文
Zawadzka, Danuta
In the last twenty years, the pork meat market in the United States was modified in many aspects including changes in concentration of the pig and pork production as well as on progress in the vertical coordination. The large production and the involvement of large capital does not allow producers to restrict production in a period of falling prices of pigs. As a result, fluctuations in supply, being the most important element of "hog cycle" is characterized by decreasing their amplitude. It is accompanied by changing of the cobwebs model from periodic to convergent fluctuations. However, regardless of small variations in production, pig prices are characterized by the same large amplitude fluctuations and their frequency as in previous decades. This happens due to two reasons. On the one hand, according to economic theory inelastic demand is accompanied by flexibility of prices. On the other hand, the pig prices are influenced by exchange rates of currencies with respect to dollar of the countries trading with the United States. Synopsis. W ostatnich dwudziestu latach rynek wieprzowiny w Stanach Zjednoczonych został poddany głębokim przemianom polegających na koncentracji podmiotów na wszystkich poziomach produkcji trzody i wieprzowiny oraz na postępie w koordynacji pionowej. Duża skala produkcji i zaangażowanie dużego kapitału nie pozwalają producentom na ograniczanie produkcji w okresie spadku cen trzody. W rezultacie wahania podaży, a więc najistotniejszy element w mechanizmie „cyklu świńskiego” charakteryzuje się malejącą amplitudą wahań. Oznacza to zmianę modelu pajęczyny z periodycznego na model wahań zbieżnych. Pomimo relatywnie małych wahań produkcji, ceny trzody cechuje tak samo duża amplituda wahań i częstość ich występowania jak w poprzednich dziesięcioleciach. Dzieje się tak, z dwu powodów. Z jednej strony zgodnie z teorią ekonomii usztywnionemu popytowi towarzyszy giętkość cen. Z drugiej strony na ceny trzody wpływ mają także kursy dolara do walut krajów, z którymi Stany Zjednoczone prowadzą handel zagraniczny.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Investigation of The Effect of Whole Pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) Powder on Quality Criteria of Biscuits 全文
2017
Cem Baltacıoğlu | Nisanur Ülker
In this study, pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.), which is usually produced for its seeds, was used for production of whole pumpkin powder directly incorporated into biscuit formation. Fiber, protein and ash content of pumpkin powder are determined 13.4%, 8.5% and 4.7% (dry basis), respectively. Pumpkin powder was added into the dough by means of displacement with the wheat flour at rates of 15%, 30% and 45% during biscuit production. Firmness, work of shear, stickiness and work of adhesion were examined after adding pumpkin flour to biscuit dough at different rates and an increase of firmness, work of shear, stickiness and work of adhesion were recorded as 58.9%, 72.4%, 52.1%, and 29.4%, respectively. A decrease of 24.8% in thickness and 22.7% in volume were observed as the amount of pumpkin flour increases. When the color values were examined, darker biscuits were obtained compared to the control biscuit. Approximately an increase of 232.6% in ash content in biscuits was observed. Biscuits adding pumpkin powder had 58.4% more moisture content than the control biscuit. While decrease of hardness and toughness were observed as 82.3% and 85.4%, respectively, a significantly change of brittleness value was not observed. Biscuits were evaluated in the sensory analysis in terms of crust color, inner color, homogeneity and size of pore, taste, odor, softness, and dissolve in the mouth and greasy feeling in the mouth. According to the results of sensory analysis, biscuits that 45% pumpkin powder was added was the highest rated. According to the study, positive effects were obtained in terms of nutritional properties and favorable results were also found in texture and color of biscuits that pumpkin powder was added. These findings were also supported by the results of sensory analysis.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Menşe İşaretli Karnavas Dut Pekmezi’nin Tüketici Tercihlerine Dayalı Pazarlama Stratejileri 全文
2017
Yavuz Topcu | Derya Baran
Menşe İşaretli Karnavas Dut Pekmezi’nin Tüketici Tercihlerine Dayalı Pazarlama Stratejileri 全文
2017
Yavuz Topcu | Derya Baran
Çalışmanın amacı, Erzurum’da ikamet eden tüketicilerin menşe işaretli Karnavas Dut Pekmezi tüketim tercihleri ve satın alma modellerini etkileyen temel faktörlere dayalı bütünsel pazarlama stratejilerini belirlemektir. Çalışmanın ana materyali, Erzurum ilinde ikamet eden ve Karnavas Dut Pekmezi tüketen 401 hane halkı ile yapılan anket çalışmasından elde edilen birincil verilerden oluşmaktadır. Elde edilen verileri dikkate alarak; satın alma kararı üzerinde etkili olan ana faktörlerin belirlenmesinde Temel Bileşenler Analizi (PCA) ve tüketicilerin tüketim sıklıklarına göre grupların oluşturulmasında İki Aşamalı Kümeleme Analizi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçları; Karnavas Dut Pekmezi’ni yoğun ve ılımlı düzeyde tüketen kullanıcılar sırasıyla doğrudan pazarlama yaklaşımları altında kırsal kalkınmaya katkı sağlamak için menşe etiketli bütünsel kalite ve geleneksel üretim metotlarından sağlanan duyusal kalite niteliklerini dikkate alan yerel markalı genişletilmiş ve gerçek mamul imajlarının perakende seviyesinde konumlandırılmasının gerekliliğine işaret etmişlerdir. Diğer taraftan düşük düzeyde kullanıcılar ise, geleneksel üretim metotları ve hedonik kalite yaklaşımını uygulayan yerel markalı gerçek mamul imajları altında mamullerin konumlandırılması ve tutundurma karması ile yayılım etkisinin artacağı üzerine odaklanmışlardır. Bu yüzden her bir segmentteki kullanıcıların ihtiyaç ve istekleri dikkate alınarak, onların fayda beklentileri ile mamul imajlarına göre konumlandırma ve tutundurma stratejileri uygulanabilir.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Forage yield, chemical composition and in vitro gas production of triticale varieties (x Triticosecale Wittmack) preserved by silage or hay 全文
2018
Robles Jimenez, Lizbeth Esmeralda | Morales-Osorio, Andres | Gutierrez Martinez, María de Guadalupe | Osorio Avalos, Jorge | Castelan Ortega, Octavio Alonso | Gonzalez-Ronquillo, Manuel
Abstract Alternatives to good quality forages for animal feeding include small grain cereals such as triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack), which presents environmental tolerance and acceptable nutritional value. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the forage yield, the chemical composition and in vitro gas production of three varieties of triticale (UAEMex, Bicentennial and Siglo XXI), by two conservation method (ensiled or hay). A completely randomized design with three replicates per treatment was used. The Siglo XXI variety got more forage (P < 0.0001) in both fresh and dry matter than the other treatments. There were differences (P < 0.05) between varieties, UAEMex presenting higher content of organic matter (OM 906 g/kg DM) and crude protein (CP, 156 g/kg DM) (P < 0.05), and Bicentennial and Siglo XXI presenting higher content acid detergent lignin (ADL, 72.3 ± 0.3 g/ kg DM). Higher quantities of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and ADL in the hay method (P < 0.05) were observed compared to the silage method. The hay preservation method produced higher values for digestible OM (OMD, 838 g/kg DM), metabolizable energy (ME,MJ/kg DM) and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) in comparison with silage. The variety UAEMex had higher OMD, ME, GY24h and SCFA than the other treatments. Siglo XXI and the silage method showed higher milk yield (kg milk/ ha) (P < 0.005). It was concluded that the triticale variety Siglo XXI was superior to the other varieties by their forage and milk yield potential production, the silage conservation method presented greater fermentation than hay treatment. | Resumen Las alternativas a los forrajes de buena calidad para la alimentación animal incluyen cereales de grano pequeño como el triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack), que presenta tolerancia ambiental y valor nutricional aceptable. Los objetivos del presente estudio fueron evaluar el rendimiento de forraje, la composición química y la producción de gas in vitro de tres variedades de triticale (UAEMex, Bicentenario y Siglo XXI), por dos métodos de conservación (ensilado o heno). Se utilizó un diseño completamente aleatorizado con tres repeticiones por tratamiento. La variedad Siglo XXI obtuvo más forraje (P <0.0001) en materia fresca y en materia seca con respecto al resto. Hubo diferencias (P <0.05) entre variedades, UAEMex presentó mayor contenido de materia orgánica (MO 906 g / kg MS) y proteína cruda (PC, 156 g / kg MS) (P <0.05), y Bicentenario y Siglo XXI presentaron mayor contenido de lignina ácido detergente (LAD, 72.3 ±0.3 g / kg MS). Se observaron cantidades superiores de materia seca (MS), fibra detergente neutro (FND) y LAD en el heno (P <0.05) en comparación con el ensilaje. El método de preservación del heno produjo valores superiores para la digestión de la MO (MOD, 838 g / kg de MS), la energía metabolizable (EM Mj/kg MS) y los ácidos grasos de cadena corta (SCFA) en comparación con el ensilado. La variedad UAEMex fue superior para la MOD, EM, GY24h y SCFA con respecto al resto. Las variedases Siglo XXI y el método de ensilaje mostraron mayor producción de leche (kg de leche / ha) (P <0.005). Se concluyó que la variedad de triticale Siglo XXI fue superior a las otras variedades por su producción potencial de forraje y producción de leche, el método de conservación de ensilaje presentó mayor fermentación con respecto al heno.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Türkiye’de Yetiştirilen Holştayn İneklerde Süt Verim Özelliklerine Ait Fenotipik ve Genotipik Parametre Tahminleri 全文
2017
Ahmet Derviş Sarar | İbrahim Tapkı
Türkiye’de Yetiştirilen Holştayn İneklerde Süt Verim Özelliklerine Ait Fenotipik ve Genotipik Parametre Tahminleri 全文
2017
Ahmet Derviş Sarar | İbrahim Tapkı
Bu araştırmada, Koçaş Tarım İşletmesinde yetiştirilen Siyah Alaca ineklerin süt verim özellikleri incelenmiştir. Bu özelliklere ait fenotipik ve genotipik parametre tahminleri yapılmıştır. İncelenen özelliklere ait en küçük kareler ortalaması laktasyon süt verimi, 305 gün süt verimi, laktasyon süresi ve kuruda kalma süresi sırasıyla; 7046,18 kg, 6588,38 kg, 327,37 gün ve 67,48 gün, olarak tespit edilmiştir. Yine aynı özelliklere ait kalıtım dereceleri ise sırasıyla; 0,25, 0,26, 0,07, 0,03 ve 0,30 olarak tahmin edilmiştir. Yılın, mevsimin ve laktasyon sırasının laktasyon süt verimi, 305 gün süt verimi ve laktasyon süresi üzerine etkisi ile kuruda kalma özelliği üzerine mevsimin ve laktasyon sırasının etkisi önemli bulunmuştur. Araştırma sonuçları, süt verim özellikleri bakımından Koçaş Tarım İşletmesi yetiştiricilik şartlarının iyi durumda ve işletme için hesaplanan genotipik parametrelerin de kabul edilebilir sınırlar içerisinde olduğunu göstermiştir.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Sistema georreferenciado de indicadores de calidad de suelos para los Llanos Orientales de Colombia Estudio de caso: Municipio de Puerto López, Meta 全文
2005
Rubiano S.**,, Yolanda | Amézquita C.***,, Edgar | Beaulieau, Nathalie
Geosoil permite almacenar, consultar e interpretar información tanto del suelo como de su entorno biofísico a diferentes escalas: parcela, finca, comunidad, municipio, departamento, región, país. Opera a partir de una base de datos relacional elaborada en ACCES 2000, compuesta por una serie de tablas principales estructuradas con información a diferentes niveles jerárquicos que permiten la caracterización de las propiedades del suelo. Los elementos morfológicos y analíticos del suelo se combinan para conformar indicadores de calidad mediante un sistema de calificación que permite visualizar el grado y el número de limitaciones que podría tener un suelo para ser utilizado en agricultura. Además, posee módulos en los cuales el usuario puede: (a) adicionar o consultar características espaciales y de atributos del suelo; (b) visualizar la interpretación de los indicadores de calidad, agrupados en rangos de limitación (c) determinar la aptitud general del suelo para un cultivo específico mediante la comparación entre oferta (suelo) vs. demanda (requerimientos del cultivo); (d) calcular necesidades de fertilización; (e) generar reportes de la variabilidad en profundidad de algunas características, para uno o más suelos; (f) cartografiar los resultados mediante un link con el SIG MapMaker y (g) visualizar mapas de variabilidad espacial y/o temporal (isolíneas) de la variable utilizada como indicador. ABSTRACT The System Georeferenced of soil quality indicators for the savannas of Colombia. Geosoil allows to as much store, to consult and to process data of the soil as of his biophysics surroundings on different scales: parcel, property, community, municipality, department, region, and country. It operates from a relational database elaborated in ACCES 2000, composed by a series of structured main tables with information at different hierarchic levels that they allow the characterization of the properties of the soil. The morphologic and analytical elements of the ground are combined to conform indicators of quality by means of a qualification system that allows visualizing the degree and the number of limitations that could have a soil to be used in agriculture. In addition, it has modules in which the user can: (a) to add or to consult space characteristics and of attributes of the soil; (b) to visualize the interpretation of the quality indicators, grouped in limitation ranks; (c) to determine the general aptitude of the soil for a specific culture by means of the comparison between supply (soil) versus demands (requirements of the culture); (d) to calculate the fertilization necessities (e) to generate reports of the variability in depth of some characteristics, for one or more soil; (f) to map the results by means of a link with the MapMaker GIS (g) to visualize maps of space and/or temporary variability (isolines) of the variable used like indicator. Key words: indicators, soil quality, Geographical Information Systems, soil database, land degradation and land evaluation, savannas.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Impact of Improved Rice Variety on Productivity Among Smallholder Farmers in Ghana 全文
2017
Edward Tsinigo | Kwasi Ohene-Yankyerah | Simon Cudjoe Fialor
Advancement in agricultural technologies is seen to result in the shift in production functions. The study was conducted to establish the impact of the improved rice variety on productivity in the Ejura-Sekyedumase and Atebubu-Amantin Municipalities of Ghana. The study was based on the survey of 208 rice farmers using a three-stage stratified sampling method. The study used a structured questionnaire to collect input-output data from the rice farmers. Data were analysed using the Cobb-Douglas production function. The study found that the technical change associated with the introduction of the improved rice variety was of the non-neutral type. Further, the adoption of the improved rice variety has increased rice productivity by about 46% for the adopters. The main determinants of productivity for the adopters were seed, land, fertiliser, herbicide, and education. Productivity among the non-adopters was positively influenced by seed, land, herbicide, and fertiliser. The study concluded that the improved rice variety has superior yield advantage. The study recommends for the simultaneous promotion of improved rice varieties and their recommended inputs to increase rice productivity.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Natural Food Colorants Obtained from Algae and Their Functional Properties 全文
2017
Işıl Ilter | Saniye Akyıl | Mehmet Koç | Figen Kaymak-Ertekin
Colour is one of the major features that fascinate the customers and makes the foods more allurement. Due to changes of customer demands and countries’ legislations, usage of synthetic colorants is being decreased every day and food industry tends to use natural colorant. Algae have recently gained importance owing to a sustainable natural source of colorant. Algae can rapidly increase their biomass compared to plants thus they produce more pigments. This review covers the subjects about the functional properties and usage areas of natural colorants obtained from algae; phycocyanin, phycoerythrin, astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, β-carotene, lutein, fucoxanthin.
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