Bu çalışmada şeker fabrikası atığı olan melas ve süt farikası yan ürünü olan peynir altı suyu elma ve portakal kaplamasında kullanılarak üç hafta boyunca depolanmıştır. Depolama süresince kalite değişimleri belirlenmiştir. Kaplamada kullanılan peynir altı suyu ve melasın briks değerleri sırasıyla 30 ve 50, pH’ları ise 1 ve 7.8’dir. Çalışmada kaplanan meyvelerin ağırlık kaybı ve renk değerleri incelenmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda üç haftalık depolama periyodunda elma için melas+su, portakal için ise peynir altı suyunun etkisinin önemli olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Melas+su ile kaplanan elmalarda ağırlık kaybı %3.645 iken kaplanmayan örneklerde %6.327’dir. Peynir altı suyu ile kaplanan portakallarda ağırlık kaybı %17.860 iken kaplanmayan örneklerde ise %27.930’dur. Çalışma ile melasın elmada, peynir altı suyunun da portakalda kaplama materyali olarak kullanılabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır. Özellikle ağırlık kaybı meyvelerin depolanmasında istenmeyen bir durumdur. Meyvelerin kaplanması ile bu durum minimuma indirilebilir. Kullanılan peynir altı suyu ve melas özellikle ağırlık kaybının azaltılmasında etkili olmuştur.

Bu çalışma tüketicilerin ızgara eti tüketim tercihlerini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırmanın materyalini 406 kişiden yüz yüze anket yöntemi ile toplanan veriler oluşturmuştur. Araştırmada ankete dahil olan tüketicilerin tamamının et tükettiği belirlenmiştir. Değişkenlerin ortalama ve korelasyon değerlerine bakıldığında az pişmiş et değişkeninin ortalaması 1,863 ile katılımcıların nadiren tercih ettiğini göstermektedir. Diğer ortalama ve korelasyon değerleri incelendiğinde orta pişmiş et değişkeni 3,149; çok pişmiş et değişkeni 2,887; lezzet değişkeni ise 2,674 ortalama değerine sahip olması bu şekildeki etleri katılımcıların zaman zaman tercih ettiğini göstermiştir. Katılımcıların cinsiyeti ve ızgara eti tüketim tercihleri incelendiğinde orta pişmiş değişkeninde katılımcı cinsiyetinde anlamlı bir fark gözlenmezken (P>0,05); az pişmiş, çok pişmiş ve lezzet değişkenleri ile cinsiyet grupları arasında anlamlı bir fark (P<0,05) olduğu gözlenmiştir. Katılımcıların eğitim durumları ile ızgara eti tüketim tercihleri arasında yapılan analiz sonucunda ise üç farklı eğitim durumunda da anlamlı bir fark (P<0,05) olduğu görülmüştür. Izgara eti tüketim tercihi ölçeğinin açıklayıcı, doğrulayıcı faktör ve güvenilirlik analiz sonuçlarının kabul edilebilir düzeyde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Hipotez test sonuçları incelendiğinde ise cinsiyet ve yaş hipotezleri kısmen kabul edilirken, eğitim hipotezleri tamamen kabul edilmiştir.

Yapılan bu çalışmada ısıl işleme alternatif termosonikasyon (TS) yöntemi ile taze elma suyu farklı genlik (%60, 80, 100), sıcaklık (40, 50, 60 ve 70°C) ve sürelerde (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 ve 30 dakika) pastörize edilmiştir. Bu yöntemin elma suyunda bulunan polifenoloksidaz (PPO) ile peroksidaz (POD) ile fenolik bileşiklere etkisi araştırılmıştır. Fenolik bileşikler HPLC ve FTIR spektroskopisi kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. İnaktivasyon sonuçlarına bakıldığında elma suyunda %100 genlikte, 70°C sıcaklıkta 15 dakika işlem sonunda PPO enziminin %99’u inaktif olurken, aynı koşullarda POD enziminin %94,5’i inaktif olmuştur. %80 genlik, 60°C sıcaklık ve 15 dakika toplam fenolik madde ve antioksidan aktivitenin en iyi korunduğu işlem parametreleri olarak belirlenmiştir. HPLC ile belirlenen fenolik bileşikler; kateşin, epikateşin, klorojenik asit, kafeik asit ve kamferoldur. FTIR spektrumlarına bakıldığında fenolik bileşiklerde önemli bir değişiklik olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Aynı zamanda HPLC ve FTIR ile belirlenen fenolik bileşiklerin benzer olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Termosonikasyon elma sularının işlenmesinde enzimlerin inaktivasyonu ve biyoaktif bileşiklerin korunmasında umut verici bir yöntem olarak önerilebilmektedir.

Potatoes for use in industrial processing must have a low reducing sugar concentration. This study investigates the impact of organic and synthetic fertilizers on the composition of Irish potato cultivars’ reducing sugar, specific gravity, dry matter, and starch. The research was conducted at Busogo Farm in Rwanda, using randomized complete block designs in seasons 2021 B and 2022 A with rate of ten tones per hectare under the doses of 100%, 50%, and 0% and three hundred kilograms per hector under the dose of 100%, 50% and 0% respectively for farmyard manure and NPK 17.17.17. Results showed significant effects of season and treatment on reducing sugar levels in potatoes. Twihaze and Kirundo varieties recorded high glucose (0.09%), while Gisubizo variety in control, recorded low glucose (0.01%). Additionally, the analysis of variance showed that Irish potato varieties with low to moderate and moderate to high glucose contents, respectively, experienced extremely significant (p 0.001) effects of farmyard manure and NPK on glucose content for the seasons 2021 B and 2022 A. The application of inorganic and organic fertilizers had a significant impact (p 0.05) on dry matter in seasons B and A, according to the analysis of variance. Additionally, the results demonstrated extremely significant (p<0.01) differences in specific gravity and starch in both seasons, with Kinigi variety having higher values of dry matter, specific gravity, and starch content in season B and A, respectively, of 24.58, 1.10, and 18.59%. Season 2022 A’s high decreasing sugar levels were caused by meteorological conditions brought on by the soil’s high moisture content as well as the maturity of the tubers. Due to its low level of reducing sugar, Gikungu, Kirundo, and Kinigi are excellent for chips whereas Twihaze variety is advised for boiling cooking methods.

In this study, it was to identify a method for separating the free bulgur bran from the fine bulgur during the production of bulgur. This was attempted by creating an electrostatic field using a PVC surface. It was observed that the issue of free bran, which adversely affects the packaged products visually, was effectively solved by this method. In contrast to conventional techniques, an alternative methodology was employed which utilizing a device comprising a folded PVC surface (folded curved channel). The configuration of the experimental apparatus was developed with dimensions of 4, 5 and 6 cm in width, 20, 40 and 60 cm in length, and angles of 30, 35 and 40 degrees, respectively. At the end of the PVC surface, plates were placed to create an electric field. In order to create the electric field, one of the plates was charged with a positive and the other with a negative charge. The distance between the plates was varied according to the width of the tunnel. The expected results were obtained in the layered PVC system. Consequently, a fine bulgur mixture consisting of 5 g of bran per 1000 g of bulgur was introduced into the experimental system at a flow rate of 0.89 g/s. This resulted in a notable reduction in the free bran content, which decreased from 5 g to approximately 2 g.

Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) is one of the most widely consumed and cultivated fruits worldwide. Sorbitol plays a role in plant responses to many biotic and abiotic stresses. In this research, we intended to understand the effect of sorbitol spraying on the bioactive compounds of strawberry leaves. The application of sorbitol at different concentrations (0, 25, 50 mM and 75 mM) greatly improved strawberry characteristics such as total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids, and total phenolics. As sorbitol concentrations increased, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b values increased in the samples taken during the fruiting period and higher values were obtained. The carotenoid content increased by approximately 189.49% and the total phenolic content increased by 30.85% in strawberry plants treated with sorbitol compared with the control. Supply of sorbitol decreased flavonoid content. The results indicate that sorbitol treatment has no inhibitory influence on the overall growth of strawberries. Among the biochemical parameters analyzed, chlorophyll, phenolic, and carotenoid contents increased, whereas flavonoid content decreased with sorbitol application.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of rearing quails in different rearing systems on egg production, egg quality characteristics, and incubation results. The 360 quails were distributed equally to 3 different rearing groups (cage, enriched cage, and floor) in a male:female mixed at the age of 3 weeks. The eggs were individually weighed and recorded one by one daily (5487 eggs) for 3 months. To determine egg quality and incubation characteristics, 750 eggs were broken, and 3284 eggs were incubated, respectively. The results showed that female quail in the floor group have lower body weight at 6 weeks old (177.19 g), and they reached sexual maturity (age of first egg laying) later (65.36 day, P<0.01), The lowest egg production (61.14%) occurred in the floor group during the 3-month egg production period (P<0.05). The lowest average egg weight (9.07 g) was determined in the floor group (P<0.05). It was determined that the eggs of quails raised in the enriched group had a rounder shape index because they have larger widths (P<0.01). While the highest average yolk height (11.24 mm) was determined in the enriched cage group (P<0.01), the highest averages of albumen length (72.41 mm) and lowest averages of yolk index (48.43%) were determined in the cage group (P<0.01). The lowest average values (113.17) in Haugh unit were detected in the floor group (P<0.05). The highest fertility rate (98.44%) was in Floor♂:Cage♀, the highest hatchability of fertile egg rate (94.67%) was obtained from Enriched♂:Cage♀, and the highest hatchability (89.10%) was obtained from Floor♂:Cage♀ pairing (P<0.05). The lowest fertility rate (88.00%) was obtained from the Enriched♂:Floor♀, the lowest hatchability of fertile egg rate (86.01%) was obtained from the Enriched♂:Enriched♀, and the lowest hatchability (75.62%) was obtained from the Enriched♂: Enriched♀ groups. As a result, it has been revealed that the effect of various rearing systems is different on egg production, egg quality traits, and hatching results in quails. Thus, it has been shown that different programs at the rearing period to be applied to the male and female quails can achieve better incubation results and reproductive success.

The escalating global population, diminishing agricultural lands, and the overarching global climate crisis are significantly impacting pepper cultivation. These challenges exacerbate the vulnerability of pepper plants to various biotic and abiotic factors, particularly viral diseases, resulting in diminished yield and quality. Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), a notable concern for peppers in the Solanaceae family, is causing substantial quality and yield losses, with no effective chemical control methods currently available. This study focuses on exploring the genetic structure of CMV isolates obtained from pepper production areas in Kilis province and comparing these regions through the High-Resolution Melting (HRM) method. CMV isolates, cultivated in tobacco plants, have their partial coat protein sequences compared with those of other CMV isolates registered in the gene bank. The nucleotide sequences of identified CMV isolates are phylogenetically grouped and compared using an HRM graph. The HRM graph effectively distinguishes Kilis 3 and Kilis 4 isolates, clustered similarly to sequence patterns, from other isolates. The study highlights the utility of HRM analyses in identifying differences between isolates before determining sequence patterns. In the gene bank comparison, Kilis CMV isolates distinguished from others. Similarities were observed with isolates from Iran's Balsam (Impatiens balsamina - LC066478), Türkiye's Radish (Raphanus sativus - LC0665051), and Wild Turnip (Rapistrum rugosum - LC066514, LC066511, LC066517). The study found that Kilis 7 CMV isolate, transferred mechanically to 24 different pepper genotypes (C. annuum) from the local population, revealed susceptibility to CMV in the 24 lines developed from the Elbeyli population in Kilis province.

A study using the assigned Complete Block Design with three replications was carried out at Hobigong, Bangladesh from January to August 2021 to investigate the impact of different combinations of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth and production of bitter gourd. The experiment employed five different combinations of organic and inorganic fertilizers, which are listed below: T1: 4 kg of organic fertilizer per plant, T2: 4 kg of organic fertilizer + 2 liters of cow urine + 2 liters of bc (biochar), T3: 2 liters of liquid bc (biochar)) + NPK (44 g urea + 43 g TSP (Triple Super Phosphate) + 77 g MoP (Muriate of Potash), T4: NPK (44 g urea + 43 g TSP + 77 g MoP), and T5: 4 kg of organic fertilizer + 2 liters of bc+ NPK (44 g urea + 43 g TSP + 77 g MoP) on three distinct soils in the villages of Kalonjhora, Madhabpur, and Jointure. The growth and yield of bitter gourd at different study locations were significantly affected by the application of both organic and inorganic fertilizers, according to the results. The results showed that the use of both organic and inorganic fertilizers had a significant effect on the development and yield of bitter gourd at the different study sites. Maximum germination rate (90%), at 45 DAS (days after sowing), longest plant (173.28 cm) at 100 DAS, maximum number, longest and heaviest fruit (6.30 number of fruits per plant, 15.51 cm and 82.50 g, respectively) were obtained from crops grown in Jointer village that were applied with 4 kg organic fertilizer + 2 liters bc + NPK (44 g urea + 43 g TSP + 77 g MOP). According to the previously described research, most development and yield characteristics of bitter gourd are improved when grown in a mixture treated with 4 kg organic fertilizer + 2 liters bc + NPK (44 g urea) + 43 g of TSP + 77 g of MoP.

The main goal of this study was to assess the qualitative composition of essential oil (P), a natural extract produced from wasted orange peels in the citrus processing sector. Additionally, the study aimed to investigate the alterations in fish feeds when this essential oil is incorporated and stored. The essential oil was extracted from the orange peels provided for the study using the hydrodistillation method and the Clevenger apparatus. The study determined the volatile components of the oil with 100% accuracy. The primary constituent was identified as D-limonene, comprising 59.27% of the total composition. Subsequently, experimental feed groups were established by including the essential oil in the feed rations at ratios of ‰0 (P0), ‰0.5 (P5), ‰1 (P10), and ‰3 (P30). Under storage conditions, the feeds were stored in feed sacks for 60 days. Periodic samples were collected during storage and subjected to nutritional, microbiological, structural, and oxidation tests. The results of the study show that P had no protective effect in fish diets against the growth of yeasts, molds, and other mesophilic aerobic bacteria (p > 0.05). It was shown that the nutritional values varied over time during storage. However, this variation was not substantially correlated with the amount of P in the diets (p > 0.05). There was no discernible impact of the addition of P on the structural characteristics of the feed grains. Nevertheless, the inclusion of P substantially impeded the process of lipid oxidation in the diet (p<0.05). After the two-month storage period, it was shown that adding at least 1 ‰ of P to the fish meals prevented the peroxide generated from oxidation in the feed from exceeding acceptable levels.