In this study, the effects of air-conditioning system on tractor performance and specific fuel consumption were examined and evaluated by experimental data. Loading performed from tractor power take-off in periodically by electrical dynamometer. Fuel consumption were measured in air-conditioning off and air-conditioning on usage and comments were discussed according to these values. In same speed and loading, measured specific fuel consumption value when the air conditioning is on more than measured specific fuel consumption value when the air conditioning is off. Torque values were measured and fuel power and power take-off power were calculated, these values were compared, comments were discussed according to these values. In same speed and loading, measured power take-off efficiency values when the air conditioning is on less than measured power take-off efficiency values when the air conditioning is off. This change is determined respectively as average 4.37%, 4.34% and 8.63% negatively for the measured three brand tractors. As a result of all data, the positive effect of air-conditioning usage on specific fuel consumption, the negative effect of air-conditioning usage on power take-off efficiency were determined.

To examine polyamines (PAs) effect in modulating the drought induced by polyethylene glycol (PEG) in maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings (variety Khoibhutta, 8 day seedlings grown in petri dish in incubator) were subjected to 20% PEG (polyethylene glycol) followed by 20 µmol PAs, Putrescine (Put), Spermidine (Spd) and Spermine (Spm) with PEG solution for 48 hours. Sharp decrease in Relative Water Content (RWC), Chl a, Chl b, carotenoid (Car) and total pigment content was observed under drought compared to control condition, while PAs application reversed their decreasing trends. PEG significantly increased Reactive Oxidative Species (ROS) [superoxide (O2•−) and H2O2], Methyl Glyoxal (MG), Melondialdehyde (MDA) and Lipoxigenase (LOX) activity, while Pas decreased the contents considerably (except MG) as compared to those under drought. Drought increased proline content, which was further augmented in PA treatments. PAs failed to incline glyoxalase’s (Gly-I and Gly-II) activities, reduced under PEG. The activity and western blot confirmed the accumulation of Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) under drought, but PAs failed to augment the activity. Ascorbic Acid (AsA) and Glutathione (GSH) got oxidized into Dehydroascorbate (DHA) and oxidized Glutathione (GSSG) under drought but PAs effectively maintained homeostasis. Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Peroxidase (POD), Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX), Glutathione Peroxidase (GPX), Monodehydroascorbatereductase (MDHAR), Dehydroascorbatereductase (DHAR), and Glutathione Reductase (GR) inclined in drought stressed seedlings, while Catalase (CAT) activity decreased under drought. PAs addition increased SOD, POD, GPX, CAT, MDHAR, and GR activities, but declined DHAR activity. These findings suggested important role of PAs in increasing tolerance under short term drought by modulating antioxidant effect.

One of the objectives of the study was to identify the fungus involved in fruit rot on pomegranates in the Mediterranean Region of Turkey. The fungus designated as Coniella granati (Saccardo) Petrak and Sydow based on morphological characteristics. The fungus colonized the fruit after 5 to 8 days, followed by the appearance of fruit rot symptoms leading to the formation of abundant pycnidia covering the peel. Secondly, the efficacy of fungicides against C. granati was evaluated by mycelial growth and conidial germination assays. Tebuconazole, boscalid+pyraclostrobin and iprodione at 1.0, 25, and 50 μgml-1 concentrations, respectively, completely inhibited mycelial growth. In the azoxystrobin and dodine, relatively higher concentrations required to inhibit mycelial growth. Tebuconazole exhibited the greatest inhibition (82.2%) of mycelium growth. The EC50 values in mycelial growth of C. granati ranged from 0.13 to 151.9. The highest EC50 values occurred for tebuconazole (0.13μgml-1). Tebuconazole, boscalid+pyraclostrobin and iprodione at 200, 10 and 5 μgml-1 concentrations, respectively, were the highly effective in inhibiting conidial germination. Azoxystrobin exhibited a low effect (61%) on conidial germination. The EC50 values on conidial germination of C. granati ranged from 0.2 to 28.7. Tebuconazole had the lowest EC50 value, while boscalid+pyraclostrobin exhibited the highest EC50 value.

Atık metal işleme sıvısına maruz bırakılan siyez buğdayında metal birikim seviyeleri gövde ve kökte ICP-OES ölçümleri le ayrı ayrı belirlenmiştir. Kökte özellikle demir, manganez ve krom kontrol grubuna göre deneme gruplarında metal işleme sıvısının miktarına bağlı olarak iki katına kadar yükselmiştir. Gövdedeki demir, mangan ve alüminyum iki kat artmış, ayrıca çinko ve nikel de artış eğilimi gözlenmiştir. Siyez buğdayının büyümesi önemli derecede engellenmiştir. Metal işleme sıvısı oranı arttıkça bitkinin gelişimi azaldı, 1MS/20 su deneme grubunda bitki canlılığını kaybetmiştir. Ekosistemde yağmur suyu, yüzey suları ve akiferler için atık metal işleme sıvısı ciddi bir tehdit oluşturabilir.

The purpose of this study is to compare innovative technology usage levels of dairy farms, supported and non-supported by The Instrument for Pre-accession Assistance-Rural Development (IPARD) program, by scoring their usage level of 10 innovative technologies in their dairy farms. Another purpose of the study is to determine the factors associated with the innovative technology usage levels of dairy farms. The main material of the study is dairy farms supported and not supported by the IPARD program in Konya. Full count sampling method was used when determining the dairy farms supported by IPARD Program and Neyman allocation sampling method was used when determining the dairy farm non-supported by IPARD program. Research data were collected from 50 dairy farms supported by IPARD program and 100 dairy farms non-supported by IPARD program by administering a questionnaire filled during the face-to-face interviews conducted with each individual respondent. As a result of the study, it was determined that the average gross production values and gross profits of dairy farms supported by IPARD program were 4 times higher than those non-supported by IPARD program. While innovative technology usage level of dairy farms non-supported by IPARD program were entirely low level, 90% of dairy farms supported by IPARD program were high level. From the point of view of dairy farm scale, it was determined that innovative technology usage levels were high (69.84%) in dairy farms that had 51 and more milking cows. As a result of chi-square independence test, statistically significant relationship was found between innovative technology usage level of dairy farm and 12 of 13 factors.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, yarı kurak iklim bölgesinde tesis edilen ve farklı kök sistemlerine sahip olan üzümsü meyvelerinin toprak sıkışması üzerine etkilerinin araştırmaktır. Bu amaçla ahududu, böğürtlen ve gojiberi yetiştiriciliği yapılan bahçede toprak sıkışmasını değerlendirmek için hacim ağırlığı, penetrasyon direnci ve kesme direnci ölçümleri yapılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, bahçedeki henüz üç yaşındaki bitkilerin toprakların hacim ağırlığı üzerine bir etkisi bulunmamıştır. Ancak kök sistemleri birbirinden farklı olan bu bitkilerden böğürtlen ve gojiberinin toprakların penetrasyon direncine etkisi aynı iken ahududunun yetiştiği toprağın penetrasyon direnci diğer ikisinden istatiksel bakımdan farklı ve daha düşük bulunmuştur. Her üç bitkinin yetiştiği toprağın kesme direncinin birbirinden istatiksel bakımdan farklı olduğu, yetiştikleri toprakların kesme direnci değerleri bakımından bitkilerin böğürtlen

The aim of this study is to determine the functionality period of pistillate and staminate flower types and the pollen viability and normally developed pollen rates with pollen production in staminate flowers of monoecious pecan nut cultivars in Adana ecological conditions. In the study, 11 pecan nut cultivars named as Coctaw, Comanche, Harris Super, Hastings, Ideal, Mahan, Royal, Shawnee, Texhan, Western and Wichita were used. Flowering periods of evaluated cultivars were determined as homogamous, protandrous, partially protandrous and partially protogynous. The flowering dates occur between 3rd-20th May in 2016 and 30th April-18th May in 2017. The pollen viability rates were found to be quite high in all cultivars, but in 2017 the rates were lower than 2016. The lowest pollen viability rates were obtained from Hastings in 2016 and 2017 (60.0% and 61.6%) respectively and the highest rates were in Shawnee (89.1%) at 2016 and in Mahan (87.7%) at 2017. Normally developed pollen rates were adequate for all cultivars and the rates were differed between 92.30% and 98.42% in 2016, and 90.20% 97.24% in 2017. The differences between cultivars in terms of pollen production were significantly important. The pollen number in one catkin was found between 3.512.382 and 11.097.407 at 2016 and 6.101.233 and 14.958.453 at 2017.

The antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Lavandula stoechas and Crepis sancta extracts on subclinical mastitis bacteria in cows have not been reported to the present day. The aim of this work was to investigate of the antibacterial and antioxidant potential of methanol extract from L. stoechas and C. sancta. Methanol extracts were screened for antibacterial activity against mastitis pathogens. The antibacterial activity was tested using disc diffusion and broth dilution method. In addition, the plant extracts were tested against the stable DPPH (1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) free-radical. Additionally methanol extracts were screened for enzymatic antioxidant activity. The methanol extract of C. sancta showed maximum inhibition zone against S. aureus-18 (16 mm). MIC (minimum inhibition concentration) value was determined as 3250 µg/mL for test bacteria. The highest radical scavenging capacity (62 %) was obtained from the flower extracts of L. stoechas and the leaf extracts of C. sancta. The methanol extract of C. sancta displayed a strong antioxidant activity (trolox equivalent = 1.6 mM/g). It was determined that the activities of catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (AP) enzymes were higher at the flowers of L. stoechas compared to the leaves. The extracts of L. stoechas and C. sancta leaf and flower have antibacterial and antioxidant potential against subclinic mastitis causative agent Staphylococci species.

Cedrus deodara (Roxb. ex D. Don) Loudon, is a high value medicinal plant found in flora of Poonch part of Himalayan region. The present study was conducted to determine and compare the antioxidant activity, quantification of phenolics and flavonoids, chelating ability, biofilm inhibition, thrombolytic activity and cytotoxicity of the stem, leaves of crudes extracts and essential oil. It can be claimed that that all parts of C. deodara including its essential oil is a rich source of phytochemicals that exhibited high quantity of phenolics ranged from (49.76±0.22 GAE to 60.36±0.44GAE mg/g) and flavonoids ranged from (4.78±0.61mg/g to 6.62±0.45 mg/g)but also exhibited antioxidant, metal chelating agent ability, antibacterial potential ranged from (35.59±0.50 to 61.61±0.61%)and thrombolytic activities ranged from (22.86±0.7 to 32. 64±0.5 %)with minimal toxicity ranged from (0.40±0.35 to 3.73±0.23%). Further studies are required to determine the bioactive compounds and bioactivity of plant extracts and fractions.

Bu çalışmada, Elazığ-Bingöl il sınırında, Peri çayı üzerinde bulunan Özlüce Baraj Gölü’nden elde edilen karabalık, Capoeta trutta (Heckel, 1843)’da otolit biyometrisi total boy ilişkisi araştırıldı. Bu amaçla, Eylül 2017–Aralık 2017 tarihleri arasında toplam 115 örnek (60 erkek ve 55 dişi) incelendi. Balık örneklerinin Total boyları (TB) ölçüldükten sonra eşey tespiti yapıldı. Her bir balığın sağ ve sol otolitleri çıkarıldı ve ölçüme hazır hale getirildi. Otolit ağırlıkları (OA) 0,0001g hassasiyette tartıldı. Otolit uzunluğu (OU) ve otolit genişliği (OG) bilgisayar destekli görüntü analiz programı kullanılarak ölçüldü. Sağ ve sol otolitler ile erkek ve dişi otolitlere ait OU, OG ve OA değerleri arasındaki farklar istatistiki olarak önemsiz bulundu. Tüm populasyonda TB: 118-381 mm, OU: 1,536-3,734 mm, OG: 1,049-2,585 mm ve OA: 1,10-13,90 mg arasında tespit edildi. TB ile OU, OG ve OA arasındaki pozitif yönde kuvvetli bir ilişki olduğu görüldü.