Global climate change is defined as a process that affects all living things and ecosystems globally and is claimed as the most critical problem of the current century. Turkey, which is shown as one of the most affected countries by this process, is among the “countries at risk.” It is stated that the temperature will increase throughout the country until 2100, and this increase may reach 6 ºC. In order to determine the possible effects of global climate change, it is necessary to predict how the climate structure and basic parameters may change. From this point of view, this study is aimed to determine the change of temperature and precipitation, climate types (according to De Martonne, Lang, and Emberger climate classification) which are the most critical climate parameters until 2050 and 2070 in Düzce, one of the important cities of our country. The current situation and possible changes in 2050 and 2070 have been compared using RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios. As a result of the study, the temperature, precipitation, and related climate types would change significantly throughout the province of Düzce, and this change will show itself as a significant temperature increase and change in precipitation regime. In addition, a shift in climate types towards continental climate types is predicted until 2070. In order to avoid the destructive effects of global climate change, it is recommended to take measures on a sectoral basis.

En las etapas iníciales del proceso de selección clonal en caña de azúcar (Saccharum spp.) se realiza la selección indirecta para las variables toneladas de caña por hectárea (TCH) y porcentaje de sacarosa. Esta selección indirecta puede aumentar su eficiencia en la medida que se precise mejor el conocimiento acerca de la naturaleza y la magnitud de las asociaciones existentes entre las características de interés y entre éstas y los indicadores de productividad. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue estimar las correlaciones genéticas entre las variables de tipo agronómico (factores causales) y las de rendimiento (variables de respuesta), además descomponer su magnitud mediante análisis de sendero. Se evaluaron cinco caracteres de interés en caña de azúcar (altura, diámetro de tallos, población de tallos por metro, TCH y sacarosa (% caña)) en cinco localidades de la zona semiseca del valle del río Cauca para 17 variedades y dos testigos (CC 85-92 y MZC 74-275) en plantilla utilizando un diseño experimental Latice. Para estimar los coeficientes de correlación genética y de sendero (‘path coefficient’) se utilizó el software GENES. El análisis mostró que para obtener variedades con alto TCH y alta sacarosa (% caña), primero se deben seleccionar clones con altura superior que la variedad testigo CC 85-92 (334 cm) para asegurar un contenido alto de sacarosa y posteriormente hacer un segundo tamizado por tallos gruesos de diámetro mayor que el testigo (32 mm) y alta población de tallos igual o superiores que el testigo (14 tallos/m) | In the initial stages of clonal selection, indirect selection for variables tons of sugar cane per hectare (TCH) and sucrose (% cane) is used, based on some agronomic traits associated with TCH and sucrose (% cane). This indirect selection can increase efficiency to the extent that better knowledge about the nature and magnitude of the associations among the characteristics of interest required and, between the latter and productivity indicators. The aim was to estimate genetic correlations between agronomic traits (causal factors) and performance variables (response variables), also decompose its magnitude by path analysis. Five characters of interest, cane length, diameter, stalk population per meter, TCH and sucrose (% cane) were evaluated in five locations in the geographic area of the semi-dry valley of the Cauca River to 17 varieties and two witnesses (CC 85-92 and MZC 74-275) on plant-cane using Latice experimental design. To estimate the genetic correlation coefficients and path coefficients (path coefficient) the GENES software was used. The analysis showed that for high TCH varieties and sucrose (% cane) must first be selected clones carried high above the control range 85-92 CC (334 cm) to ensure a high sucrose content, and then you can make a second screening by thick stems of larger diameter than the control (32 mm) and high stalk population equal to or higher than the control (14 stems/m)

Son yıllarda gerek tarımsal ilaçların gerekse kimyasal gübrelerin bilinçsizce kullanımı bitkisel üretimde artışın yanında kalitesiz ve insan sağlığını tehdit edecek ürünlerin ortaya çıkmasına neden olmuştur. Söz konusu sorunlara karşı sürdürebilir tarım ve değişik tarım alternatifleri konusunda çalışmalara ihtiyaç olduğu görülmektedir. Bitkilerin farklı tarım uygulamaları altında en yaygın sorununun azot (N) kullanım şekli olduğu görülmektedir. Bitkinin N kullanım etkinliğinde, uygulanan gübrenin N dozu ve formunun önemli olduğu düşünülmektedir. Bu amaçla, sera koşullarında artan dozlarda (0 (kontrol), 100, 200, 400 ve 800 mg N kg-1) ve farklı formlarda (mineral, organik) N uygulamalarının buğday bitkisinin büyüme, yeşil aksamda klorofilin bir ifadesi olan SPAD değeri, yeşil aksam kuru madde verimi ve yeşil aksam N konsantrasyonu üzerine etkisi belirlenmiştir. Denemeden elde edilen bulgulara göre, N noksanlığından kaynaklı verim kayıplarının olduğu buna karşılık N uygulamasının söz konusu verim kayıplarının önüne geçtiği saptanmıştır. Azot uygulamasından kaynaklı verim artış oranları üzerine uygulanan N formunun da önemli olabildiği belirlenmiştir. Özellikle mineral gübre uygulamasında verim artış oranlarının %58 ile %87 arasında değiştiği buna karşılık organik kaynaklı gübre uygulamalarının verim değerlerinde kısmen düşüşe neden olduğu görülmüştür. Farklı formlardaki N uygulamaları, bitkinin yeşil aksam kuru madde veriminin aksine yeşil aksam N konsantrasyonunu arttırmıştır. Bu artışlarda, N uygulama dozunun önemli olduğu buna karşılık uygulanan gübre formunun önemli bir farklılık yaratmadığı belirlenmiştir. Sonuçlar genel olarak değerlendirildiğinde en etkin N uygulama dozunun 200 mg kg-1 olduğu, bunun dışında N formları içinde bitkinin büyümesinde ve N kullanım etkinliğinde en etkin formun organik kaynaklı gübre olduğu görülmüştür.

Los cruzamientos dialelos de 12 padres contrastantes en la toma y uso de fósforo se evaluaron en dos niveles de fósforo (4 y 15 ppm) usando un diseño experimental de alpha lattice con tres repeticiones. Se usó el diseño genético propuesto por Hallauer y Miranda. En bajo y alto fósforo se encontraron diferencias altamente significativas entre los genotipos, i.e. cruzamientos (C), padres (P) y PvsC. En alto fósforo, PvsC explicaron 58% de la suma de cuadrados de los genotipos y los cruzamientos 66% en bajo fósforo. En bajo fósforo se encontraron diferencias altamente significativas para el contraste de tolerantes (T) vs susceptibles (S). Los cruzamientos de padres TxT, SxS y TxS fueron estadísticamente diferentes, lo que sugirió que el carácter es poligénico. HCG y HCE fueron altamente significativas en los dos ambientes y HCE fue tres veces más grande, lo que sugirió que en la tolerancia a bajo fósforo son más importantes los efectos genéticos no aditivos. | Twelve corn inbreeds contrasting in P use efficiency available at CIMMYT collection of CIAT, Colombia were studied. The inbreeds and their diallel crosses were evaluated under 2 P levels (4 and 15 ppm) using the alpha lattice design. The genetic design was performed according to Hallauer and Miranda (1986). Highly significant differences were found among parents (P), crosses (C) and P vs C in both environments (low and high P levels). At low P, crosses sum of squares (SS) accounted for 66% of genotype SS while at high P, P vs C accounted for 58% of genotype SS, meaning that heterosis was more important at high P. At low P, significant differences were found for tolerant (T) parents vs susceptible ones (S). Crosses among TxT, SxS and TxS parents were different, suggesting a polygenic inheritance for this trait. General (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) were highly significant at low and high P but SCA was 3 fold the GCA, meaning that no additive gene effects were more important for P use efficiency.

Microalgae, also called phytoplankton by biologists, are very small plant-like organisms with a diameter of 1-50 micrometers without roots, stem and leaves. Microalgae, which have hundreds of thousands of species in both fresh waters and seas, form the lowest link of the food chain in aquatic ecosystems. Most species contain chlorophyll, use sunlight as an energy source, and convert carbon dioxide into biomass (biomass). Because of their role in the photosynthesis process, microalgae produce most of the oxygen in the atmosphere. It has a very wide biodiversity and is reported to contain more than 200 thousand species. As a result of genetic analysis, a continuous increase in microalgae species is observed. More than 15 thousand new chemical compounds have been discovered from algae in recent years. It has been observed that most of the bio compounds obtained from microalgae have antiviral effects. However, although extensive research has been done on the antibacterial, antioxidant and antifungal effects of these bioactive compounds, there is limited research on their antiviral effects. In these limited number of studies on the antiviral effects of microagines, it has been reported that some biocompounds isolated from algae may be effective against viruses that are the cause of diseases such as “HIV, SARS and AIDS”. However, the number of researches on viruses that cause today's biggest pandemic, such as coronavirus, of different biocompounds isolated from microalgae, is very small. To date, no vaccine that can be effective against the COVID-19 virus or a drug that can inhibit the reproduction of the virus has not been found. It is thought that micro or macro algae may be one of the most promising natural resources in solving this global health problem. Because Spirulina, which is a microalgae, has antiviral, anticancer, antidiabetic, antibiotic, antioxidant, prebiotic, cardiovascular system protective and antiallergic effects and these positive effects are caused by bioactive compounds found in high content (Rosales-Mendoza et al., 2020a). In this review, especially the antiviral effects of microalgae were tried to be summarized and it was tried to be emphasized that algae could be promising natural resources in the development of new antiviral drugs by our country's scientists.

Spodoptera frugiperda es una plaga polífaga de importancia económica en países tropicales y subtropicales. En Colombia ataca el algodonero (Gossypium hirsutum L.), cultivo que ha tomado importancia gracias a la adopción de variedades genéticamente modificadas (GM). En el estudio se determinaron los efectos subletales de algunas de estas variedades sobre larvas de este insecto. Para el efecto, en condiciones de laboratorio (27°C, 65 ± 10% HR y 12 h fotoperiodo) se evaluaron las variedades NuOPAL RR (proteína Cry1Ac), DP141 B2RF (proteínas Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab) y DeltaOPAL RR (no Bt). Los parámetros evaluados fueron: (a) peso de larvas, (b)peso de heces, (c) peso del alimento ofrecido y (d) peso del alimento no consumido. Como índices de consumo y digestibilidad se calcularon la tasa relativa de consumo (TRCo), la tasa relativa de crecimiento (TRCr), la eficiencia de conversión del alimento ingerido (ECI) y la digestibilidad aproximada (DA). Los índices mostraron actividad antialimentaria de la variedad DP141 B2RF (Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab) que afecta de forma negativa la tasa de crecimiento y la conversión del alimento por parte de las larvas. El peso de las larvas alimentadas en DP141 B2RF (Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab) fue 58.6% menor que en la variedad no Bt. Los resultados muestran un efecto adverso de la variedad DP141 B2RF (Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab) en el desarrollo larval de S. frugiperda. Se confirman los efectos antibióticos de las variedades GM evaluadas que inciden en un menor desarrollo y en la supervivencia de las larvas. | Spodoptera frugiperda, is a polyphagous pest with economic importance in tropical and subtropical countries. In Colombia, S. frugiperda is a secondary pest in cotton. This cultivar has gained importance due to the adoption of genetically modified crops (GM). The objective of this study was to determine the sub-lethal effects of GM cotton varieties on S. frugiperda larvae. In order to do so, NuOPAL RR (Cry1Ac), DP141 B2RF (Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab) and DeltaOPAL RR (No-Bt) varieties were tested under laboratory controlled conditions (27°C, 65 ±10% RH and 12 h photoperiod). The parameters to be evaluated were: (a) weight of larvae, (b) weight of feces, (c) weight of provided food and, (d) weight of non-consumed food. Digestibility and consumption indexes were calculated: Relative Consumption Rate (RCR), Relative Growth Rate (RGR), Efficiency of the Conversion of Ingested Food (ECI) and the Approximate Digestibility (AD). The nutritional indexes show antifeedant activity of DP141 B2RF, (Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab), affecting in a negative way the growth rate and the conversion of larvae food. The weight gained by larvae fed with DP141 B2RF (Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab) was 58.6% less than the control. These results suggest an unfavorable effect of DP141 B2RF (Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab) in the larval development of S. frugiperda. The antibiotic effects were confirmed observing minor development and a negative effect in the survival of larvae fed on GM cotton.

Spodoptera frugiperda es una plaga polífaga de importancia económica en países tropicales y subtropicales. En Colombia ataca el algodonero (Gossypium hirsutum L.), cultivo que ha tomado importancia gracias a la adopción de variedades genéticamente modificados (GM). En el estudio se determinaron los efectos subletales de algunas de estas variedades sobre larvas de este insec-to. Para el efecto, en condiciones de laboratorio (27°C, 65 ± 10% HR y 12 h fotoperiodo) se eva-luaron las variedades NuOPAL RR (proteína Cry1Ac), DP141 B2RF (proteínas Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab) y DeltaOPAL RR (no Bt). Los parámetros evaluados fueron: (a) peso de larvas, (b)peso de heces, (c) peso del alimento ofrecido y (d) peso del alimento no consumido. Como índices de consumo y digestibilidad se calcularon la tasa relativa de consumo (TRCo), la tasa relativa de crecimiento (TRCr), la eficiencia de conversión del alimento ingerido (ECI) y la digestibilidad aproximada (DA). Los índices mostraron actividad antialimentaria de la variedad DP141 B2RF (Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab) que afecta de forma negativa la tasa de crecimiento y la conversión del alimento por parte de las larvas. El peso de las larvas alimentadas en DP141 B2RF (Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab) fue 58.6% menor que en la variedad no Bt. Los resultados muestran un efecto adverso de la variedad DP141 B2RF (Cry1Ac+Cry2Ab) en el desarrollo larval de S. frugiperda. Se confirman los efectos antibió-ticos del las variedades GM evaluadas que inciden en un menor desarrollo y en la supervivencia de las larvas