Systematic studies on expression and characterization of toll like receptors (TLRs) in buffalo and cattle will help to understand the innate immune response specific to each species of animals. TLR4 gene is one of the most studied innate immune receptors which is mainly triggered by lipopolysaccharide. Therefore, the present study was carried out to investigate the mRNA expression and sequence analysis of TLR4 in buffalo in comparison to that of cattle. In vitro expression of TLR4 was assessed by challenging the Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) with bacterial LPS which showed significant increase of TLR4 gene expression (P LT= 0.01) in buffaloes when compared to cattle. Further the comparison of mRNA sequence of TLR4 of buffalo and cattle revealed 96 percent similarity with the cattle sequence. The primary structure of protein showed the highest percent of leucine amino acid for both the species of animals. At the same time, the number of Leucine Rich repeats (LRR) of buffalo is varied from those present in cattle TLR4. Alpha helix is the prominent secondary structure, however, there were few amino acid variations between buffalo and cattle in certain regions of TLR4 which altered the three dimensional conformation of TLR4 proteins, this in-turn possibly can influence the binding affinity and interaction with pathogens which may influence the difference in immune response in buffalo when compared to that of cattle.

The present study is conducted to evaluate the efficacy of certain immunomodulators on recovery and conception rate in post partum endometritic buffaloes. Total 50 buffaloes were selected for the study and randomly divided into five groups. The buffaloes of Group 1 were given with a single dose of 100 micro g E. coli lipopolysaccharide as intrauterine, Group 2 buffaloes were treated with a single dose of 2 mg Lysozyme, Group 3 was treated with 4 g of Cephalexin for three consecutive days. While, Group 4 buffaloes were treated with a single dose of 2 mg Lysozyme + 4 g of Cephalexin and Group 5 was treated with 30 ml of normal saline and was kept as control. All therapeutics were infused into the uterus after dissolving in sterile water. The efficacy of treatment was assessed by declines in bacterial load and PMNL cell count after treatment. The overall conception rate was 88.88, 71.42, 66.66, 75.00 and 33.33 percent in Group 1, 2, 3, 4 and Group 5, respectively.

Present study was undertaken to appraise dynamic changes in metabolic and hormonal profile in water buffaloes during post parturient peak lactation. Total 30 early lactating buffaloes were studied and compared at two points, first at 15 to 20 days and second at 40 to 45 days post calving. The parameters investigated were milk yield, milk composition, blood glucose, beta-hydroxy butyrate (BHBA), glucagon, Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxin (T4). Farm history, milk samples and blood samples were collected at two time points from all the buffaloes for analysis. Buffaloes during post parturient peak lactation showed significant (P LT 0.05) changes in milk yield and milk fat and non-significant (P LT 0.05) changes in milk SNF percentage, glucose, BHBA, glucagon T3, and T4, respectively. In the conclusion, study recorded deviation in metabolic and hormonal profile during early peak lactation.

The objectives of this study was to select nonlinear regression model of relationship between body parameters and live weight of swamp buffaloes for live weight estimation. The animals of Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture at Kampaeng Saen, Kasetsart University, Kampaeng Saen Campus were used in this study. A total of 172 animals were 41 male and 131 female 0 to 25 months old of swamp buffaloes. Parameters of body measurements were shoulder height (SH), hip height (HH), shoulder width (SW), hip width (HW), body length (BL) and hearth girth (HG) were measured in centimeters during weighting. Three of nonlinear regression models including exponential, polynomial quadratic and power models were analyzed relationship between body parameters and live weight in each body parameter. The results revealed that power model gave the best fit model of HG and live weight relationship with highest R sup(2) (0.9662, 0.9748 and 0.9702) in male, female and both sex of swamp buffaloes, respectively. In addition, percentage error and accuracy of 3 models were investigated between HG and live weight of swamp buffaloes (n=492). The result revealed that polynomial quadratic model showed highly accuracy (98.92 percent) between actual live weight and calculated weight from the equation of y = 0.0233x**(2) -2.9263x+129.81 with R sup(2) value of 0.9678, when y = estimated live weight (kg), x = heart girth (cm). In conclusion, this model provides a highly reliable and accurate method for estimating weights of swamp buffaloes using a single heart girth measurement which can be easily obtained with a girth tape in the field work.

The thrust of the present study was to explore the export potential of buffalo meat in India. India, the top buffalo meat producer in the world, is placed at fourth rank as buffalo meat exporter. During 2017 to 2018, Vietnam, Malaysia, Egypt, Iraq and Saudi Arabia are the five major destinations accounting for nearly 79 percent of the country's buffalo meat shipments, out of which Vietnam alone cornered 57 percent. India's current global supremacy in the buffalo meat production can only be translated into supremacy in exports as well, if stringent policy initiatives are put in place to promote export-oriented quality controlled production and processing.

The study was conducted to maintain the leanness of meat while processing by substituting added fat with skim milk powder (SMP) without breaching quality attributes. Four treatments viz. control: 20 percent fat, T-1: sausages with 3 percent SMP, T-2: sausages with 6 percent SMP, T-3: sausages with 9 percent SMP, were tried to develop low-fat sausages. Water holding capacity and emulsion stability of T-3 were higher (P LT 0.05) amongst all, but could not pass sensory acceptability, however all attributes of T-1 and T-2 were higher than control, but comparable to each other. Thus T-1 was selected for further quality evaluation and compared with high fat products. The cooking yield, pH, protein content, oxidative stability along with sensory attributes of selected products (low-fat) were significantly (P LT 0.05) higher, however, vice-versa was true for shear press value and fat and did not affect textural properties. The results concluded that SMP (3 percent) incorporation could be a way to substitute fat while processing of meat giving 42 percent lower calorie content.

A field survey was undertaken to collect the health care and milking management practices opted by randomly selected 50 buffaloes farm owners in peri urban areas of Surat city and data were collected by using personal interview schedule. The present study indicated that regular vaccination and deworming practice adopted by 96 percent and 38 percent of the respondents, respectively. Only 20 percent of respondents did not adopted control of ecto-parasites practices. Only 38 percent of respondents treated their sick buffalo by veterinary officer. Majority (58 percent) of respondents did not followed grooming practice to their buffaloes. Sick buffalo isolated from healthy one was adopted by only 12 percent of respondents. All the respondents' clean udder and teats, wash their hands before milking and milked their animals at same place twice a day. Dry hand and full hand methods of milking was adopted by 24 percent and 18 percent of respondents, respectively. The use of oxytocin injection for letdown of milk after death of buffalo calf was adopted by 44 percent of respondents. Wipe the udder and teats after milking, teat dipping, testing for mastitis and teat canal sealing at the end of lactation was not practiced by any of the respondents.

The conventional drugs used for the treatment of buffalo mastitis are losing their efficacy day by day due to increasing resistance in microbial organisms. It is therefore people nowadays are going back to use old but still quite potential remedy methods by using different herbs and shrubs for the treatment of different animal diseases including mastitis. In current investigation, three botanical extracts viz., garlic (Allium sativum L.), ginger (Zingiber officinale) and red chilies (Capsicum annuum L.) were evaluated individually and concomitantly (with ratio of 1:1) against the multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes isolated from buffalo mastitis. Agar well diffusion assay exhibited that red chili shown significantly (P LT 0.05) higher effects than garlic followed by ginger. All concentrations of red chili and 100 percent concentration of garlic exhibited a significantly (P LT 0.05) higher inhibitory effect against Strep. pyogenes comparing with other extracts and reference antibiotic oxacillin and streptomycin. Red chili as well as garlic in 75 and 100 percent concentrations also significantly (P LT 0.05) inhibited the Staph. aureus isolates comparing with ginger and reference drug. Red chili exhibited the highest inhibitory effects when combined with garlic than ginger. Garlic + red chilies showed a significantly (P LT 0.05) higher inhibitory effect against Staph. aureus and Strep. pyogenes as compared to other combined treatments and reference drug. Red chili as well as garlic also showed significantly (P LT 0.05) lower MIC (0.394 and 0.399 mg/ml respectively) against multidrug resistant Strep. pyogenes as compared to the ginger (0.564 mg/ml) and reference antibiotic oxacillin (0.460 mg/ml). Red chilies also showed significantly (P LT 0.05) lower (0.211 mg/ml) MIC against multidrug resistant Staph. aureus as compared to the garlic (0.391 mg/ml), ginger (0.394 mg/ml) and reference antibiotic tetracycline (0.370 mg/ml). Treatment combination based on red chili, garlic and ginger also exhibited significantly (P LT 0.05) lower MIC value against Staph. aureus and Strep. pyogenes as compared to ginger + garlic and reference antibiotic. This study concludes that red chili ranked 1st, garlic ranked 2nd and ginger ranked 3rd for antibacterial activity against multidrug resistant Staph. aureus and Strep. pyogenes. Treatment combination based on garlic + red chili ranked 1st, ginger + red chilies ranked 2nd and ginger + garlic ranked 3rd for antibacterial activity against multidrug resistant bacteria isolates.

Successful pregnancy is the outcome of a well coordinated embryo- maternal communication events. Few evidences suggest the role of cytokines signaling pathways as mediators of these communications for establishment of pregnancy. In order to investigate the role of cytokines CCL8 and CXCL10 in embryonic implantation during pregnancy, the present study aimed to develop quantitative real time PCR method based on SYBR Green dye chemistry. Primers were designed for the amplification of CCL8, CXCL10 and GAPDH (endogenous control) genes specific to bovines using Primer 3 software. The amplification products for CCL8, CXCL10 and GAPDH (endogenous control) genes yielded fragments of 388, 151 and 81 bp respectively. Purified PCR Products were used for the generation of standard curve for all the three genes. Six scalars tenfold serial dilutions of every PCR product were performed for amplification of genes by optimized protocol. Each sample was run in triplicate along with a no template control for every assay. Each run was completed with a melting curve analysis to confirm the specificity of amplification and lack of primers dimers. The standards generated linear relationships with regression coefficients: r sup(2)=0.996, 0.993 and 0.992 for CCL8, CXCL10 and GAPDH genes respectively. The method posed to be reliable approach for estimating the relative expression of cytokines CCL8 and CXCL10 in peripheral blood leucocytes in buffaloes.

The present study was undertaken to identify the difference in sperm kinematics in Murrah buffalo bulls in different seasons. Eight Murrah buffalo bulls maintained at Artificial Breeding Research Centre, ICAR-NDRI Karnal. Frozen semen samples of the bulls were obtained and sperm kinematic parameters were measured by computer-assisted sperm analyzer. The sperm kinematic parameters included curvilinear velocity (VCL), linear velocity (VSL), average path velocity (VAP), distance of average path (DAP), distance straight line (DSL), straightness coefficient (STR), linearity (LIN), amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH), and beat cross frequency (BCF). Morphological abnormality of sperm includes bent tail (BT), coiled tail (CT), distal droplets (DD) and distal mid-piece reflex (DMR). Analysis revealed that the proportion of BT was significantly (P LT 0.05) lower in winter and autumn season as compared to summer and rainy season. Percent of total motile and progressive motile sperm was significantly (P LT 0.05) higher in winter season as compared to summer and rainy season. The VAP, VSL and VCL of sperm motion were significantly (P LT 0.05) higher in winter and autumn season as compared to the summer season. The DAP and STR were significantly (P LT 0.05) higher in winter and autumn season as compared to summer and rainy season. DSL and LIN were significantly (P LT 0.05) lower in summer and rainy season followed by autumn and winter season. Post-thaw motility and motion parameter varied significantly between seasons, and higher sperm motility was maintained in semen cryopreserved in winter followed by autumn, rainy and summer season.