Milk fatty acid composition of Murrah buffaloes was determined in present study. Samples were collected from 10 lactating buffaloes and were analysed for fatty acid profile using AOCS official method. Murrah milk fat was having 71.6 percent saturated fatty acids (SFA), 27.97 percent unsaturated fatty acids. C16:0, C18:1c, C18:0, C14:0 and C12:0 were the five most abundant fatty acid (82.5 percent of total fatty acids) in the Murrah milk. Palmitic acid, myristic acid (14:0) and stearic acid (18:0) together constituted approximately 85.8 percent of saturated fatty acids by weight. Short chain fatty acids (C4:0, C6:0), medium chain fatty acids (C8:0, C10:0, C12:0), and long chain fatty acids (C16:0, C18:0, C16:1, C18:2) were 1.82, 4.56 and 49.96 g/100 g respectively. Mono-unsaturated fatty acid were 26.79 percent of the fatty acids in milk, mostly oleic acid (18:1). Poly-unsaturated fatty acids constitute about 1.18 percent by weight of the total fatty acids. Linoleic acid (18:2) and alpha-linolenic acid (18:3) accounted for 0.88 and 0.30 percent by weight of the total fatty acids.

In this research, Data of milk yield, fat and protein percentage of Khuzestani buffalo were used. The daily records of milk yield were collected in the south-west of Iran where buffalo experienced a hot climate. The data set was constructed with 8,123 records of 1,430 first lactation buffalo. A univariate random regression model (RR/CF) was applied to data. Regression of additive genetic effect based on Legendre polynomials from the day of lactation was considered in the model. The results showed that maximum residual variance for the milk and fat production was estimated at the beginning of the lactation period. The minimum amount of additive genetic variation of milk and fat traits was seen in the early lactation period and the maximum amount of the component was estimated at the end of the lactation period. The lowest heritability of the mentioned traits was at the beginning of the lactation period. The level of this parameter increased to mid-lactation and was at its maximum during the late months of lactation, then decreased to the end of lactation. The estimated additive genetic correlations between close test-days were higher than faraway test-day records for each milk yield and milk fat content. Based on the results of this study, a random regression model with fitting orders 3 and 4, seems to be suitable for additive covariance functions in order to analyze the milk test-day records of buffaloes.

Murrah is a predominant milch breed of buffalo in India with superior genetic potential for milk production. Estimation of genetic parameters for production and reproduction traits is prerequisite for making breeding plan and efficient management decisions. This work was undertaken to understand the influence on performance traits by various factors (genetic and non-genetic) along with assessment of genetic parameters in Murrah buffaloes. The genetic parameters were figured using mixed model least-squares analysis. The results revealed that season and period in which animals calved, affects the performance of Murrah breed and may be considered during its evaluation. The heritability estimates for first lactation 305 days/less milk yield (305FLMY), first lactation total milk yield (FLTMY), first Lactation Length (FLL1), Wet average (WA), Herd average (HA), Age at first calving (AFC1) and Age at first service (AFS1) were 0.39+-0.10, 0.29+-0.09, 0.14+-0.09, 0.29+-0.09, 0.3+-0.11, 0.27+-0.09 and 0.22+-0.09, respectively. The phenotypic and genetic correlation amid 305FLMY and majority of another production trait were positive and significant. Thus, it may be concluded that appropriate estimation of genetic parameters leads to robust selection for performance traits for genetic improvement in Murrah buffalo.

The liver was located in the cranial part of the abdomen, immediately behind the diaphragm, entirely to the righty of the median plane, situated in an oblique downwards and forwards. The liver was consisted of two surfaces and four borders. The parietal surface was irregularly convex having falciform and coronary ligaments, which were attached to the diaphragm. The visceral surface was irregularly concave, which consisted an upper and large omasal impression, lower and narrow reticular impression, and abomasal impression was present in the right ventral area. The lesser omentum was extended from the esophageal notch to the portal fissure. The dorsal border was short and thick having deep renal impression on caudal lobe. Ventral border was short, thin and convex. The lateral border was thin and median border was thick to which esophageal notch was present.

A study was carried out to 24 buffalos, comprising 18 buffaloes having Cervico-Vaginal Prolapse and 6 normal pregnant buffaloes (above 7 months) on clinical cases brought to the Department of Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Mhow, College dairy farm and Villages in and around Mhow to compare haemato-biochemical profile in normal and Cervico vaginal prolapsed buffaloes. Blood samples were collected initially before treatment (Day 0) and after treatment on 7th day. Haemato-biochemical parameters (haemoglobin, total leukocyte count, differential leukocyte count, serum calcium, and serum phosphorus, Serum magnesium (Mg)) were estimated and compared between control and treatment group animals. The mean values of serum calcium and inorganic phosphorus were significantly (P LT 0.01) lower in cervico vaginal affected buffaloes on day of prolapse (Day 0) which restored to nearly normal on the 7th day after treatment, though statistically significant variation was not observed.

Data on Egyptian buffalo were analyzed to estimate the effect of age at first calving (AFC, mo) classes on some productive traits [milk yield (MY, kg), milk yield per day, (MY/D, kg), and lactation period (LP, d) and reproductive traits [calving interval (CI, d) and number of services per conception (NSPC, count). Means for AFC were 916+-41, 1143+-72 and 1414+-119 days for early, average and late respectively. Additionally, means of milk yield (MY) for mentioned three levels of AFC were 1780+-774, 1920+-607 and 2040+-812 kg, respectively. Economic evaluations indicated that the profit per buffalo cow during the lifetime production were L.E 62960 (us dollars 3778), L.E 38538 (us dollars 2312) and L.E 3695 (us dollars 222) of early, average and late AFC, respectively. Reducing AFC was a positive influence on lifetime profit per buffalo cow. Lifetime profit rises to about L.E 24400, L.E 59200, and L.E 34800 when AFC decreased to 30 months from (38 months), to 30 months from (55 months) and to 38 months from (55 months), respectively. Heritability estimates for MY, MY/D, LP, CI, NSPC and AFC were 0.39+-0.09, 0.31+-0.07, 0.21+-0.08, 0.15+-0.06, 0.11+-0.07 and 0.57+-0.18, respectively. Genetic correlations between AFC and MY, MY/D, LP, CI, NSPC were -0.146+-0.33, -0.382+-0.30, +0.038+-0.47, +0.530+-0.49 and +0.311+-0.63, successively. The present results revealed that the buffaloes having late AFC were unprofitable during her productive life in the farm, but still needs further investigation of large data with different geographical area and management conditions.

The objective of present study was to assess the effect of Modified Co-synch protocol with or without progesterone device on estrus induction and conception rate in Murrah buffaloes under field conditions during summer season. The study was conducted on 30 postpartum anestrous Murrah buffaloes, divided into two groups containing 15 animals in each group. All animals were of parity between 2nd to 5th and body condition score of more than 3. Group 1 animals were treated with Modified Co-synch protocol. In Group 2 animals, in addition to Modified Co-synch protocol progesterone device was supplemented exogenously and kept in situ for 7 days. Another objective of study was to estimate plasma progesterone concentration on different days of protocols in both the groups. In Group 1, out of 15 animals that received Modified Co-synch protocol treatment, 12 (80 percent) animal responded and exhibited signs of heat after the prostaglandin administration and out of which four animal (33.33 percent) exhibited excellent symptoms, five animals (41.7 percent) showed medium category estrus and only three animal (25 percent) responded with poor estrus symptoms. Similarly in Group 2, all 15 animals that received Modified Co-synch protocol along with progesterone device for 7 days responded to treatment and expressed sign of heat and out of which seven buffaloes (46.7 percent) responded with excellent symptoms, five animals (33.3 percent) showed medium estrus symptoms and only three animals (20 percent) expressed poor estrus signs. In Group 1, out of 12 animals which were inseminated, five animals (33.3 percent) were found to be pregnant after FTAI at induced estrus and three animals (30 percent) got pregnant following AI during second estrus. Thus, an overall conception rate (53.53 percent) with pregnancy of eight buffaloes following induced and subsequent estrous was achieved in this Group. Similarly in Group 2, out of 15 animals, seven buffaloes (46.6 percent) were found to be pregnant following induced estrous and three animals (37.5 percent) got pregnant following AI at subsequent estrous. Thus, an overall conception rate (66.67 percent) with pregnancy of ten buffaloes following induced and subsequent estrous was recorded in this group. Concentration of progesterone in Group 1 was 0.24+-0.04, 1.38+-0.11, 0.31+-0.05, 0.25+-0.04 ng/ml (on Day 0, 7, 9, 10) and in Group 2 was 0.26+-0.04, 3.75+-0.40, 0.24+-0.05, 0.25+-0.05 ng/ml (on Day 0, 7, 9, 10). Therefore, it was concluded that progesterone supplementation in Modified Co-synch protocol treatment during non-breeding season results in very good induction and acceptable conception rate in anestrous buffaloes under field conditions.

Present study was conducted on 40 pregnant Murrah buffaloes belonging to Malwa region of Madhya Pradesh, India. Animals were divided into two groups, Group I (n=10) consisting of clinically healthy animals and Group II (n=30) consisting of hypophosphataemic animals with a history of passing coffee colored urine, reduced appetite and decreased milk production. Serum biochemical parameters divulged high mean concentration of serum glucose, bilirubin, total bilirubin, ALT and AST besides serum alkaline phosphatase, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen while as notably decreased levels of serum albumin, enzyme glucose-6 phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and total serum protein. The blood mineral picture divulged elevated levels of potassium, molybdenum and iron whereas remarkably reduced concentrations of copper and phosphorous were recorded. Hematological studies revealed decreased red blood cells (RBC) count, hemoglobin (Hb) and packed cell volume (PCV) with increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), neutrophil and lymphocyte count.

The data pertaining to variable reproduction traits in Surti buffaloes were collected from network project on buffalo, Livestock Research Station, Vallabhnagar Rajasthan to obtain the genetic parameters of various reproduction traits in Surti buffaloes. The least squares means of various reproduction traits were adjusted for significant non-genetic factors and from these adjusted data, genetic parameters namely heritability and repeatability estimates as well as genetic and phenotypic correlations were estimated in the population. The estimates of least-square means for calving interval, dry period and service period were 491.58+-8.56, 195.57+-6.87 and 223.60+-8.75, respectively. Effect of season and periods were highly significant (P LT= 0.01) but the effect of sire and parity were non-significant in all three traits. Regression of reproduction traits on age at first calving was negative and non-significant for all traits. Among the reproduction traits, dry period, service period and calving interval had very low heritability estimates it was due to the low additive genetic variances. Fitting maternal effect to repeatability univariate model (Model 2), it increased the additive genetic variance in CI and SP but reduced in DP. Lower repeatability estimates were observed for all reproduction traits under study. Genetic correlations of calving interval with dry period and service period were not estimated and phenotypic correlations of dry period with service period and calving interval were very high and positive.

The present study was conducted in buffaloes to determine the occurrence of subclinical mastitis and its diagnosis in relation to milk SCC and biochemical composition. The results showed that taking quarter foremilk (QFM) somatic cell count (SCC) threshold limit of LT 200*10**(3) cell for defining healthy quarters, 16.48 percent of buffaloes and 5.79 percent of quarters were positive for specific subclinical mastitis. In total, 57/363 (15.70 percent)of quarters were bacteriological positive with 21 (5.79 percent) representing specific and 36 (9.92 percent) latent infections. The major pathogen isolated were 28 (49 percent) coagulase-negative staphylococci followed by 16 (28 percent) S. aureus, 09 (16 percent) Streptococcus and 4(7 percent) Corynebacterium spp. The average QFM SCC was found as 52.50*10**(3) cells /ml for the quarter with no bacteria, and 356.51*10**(3) cell /ml for the quarters infected with one or the other bacteria (p LT 0.05). The milk electrical conductivity (EC), Fat and Lactoseshowed significant alterations with the quarter infection, the EC and Fat increased while Lactose decreased in infected quarters (p LT 0.05). The California mastitis test CMT) at cut off score of GT 0.5 for diseased quarters showed 68.75 percent sensitivity with 99.09 percent specificity. The EC with 87.50 percent sensitivity and 74.02 percent specificity and Lactose with 84.37 percent sensitivity and 66.16 percent specificity also showed significant (p LT 0.01) discrimination ability to differentiate healthy and mastitis quarters in buffaloes. The milk pH was not found to be a good parameter to identify diseased quarters.