RESUMO Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar os parâmetros fitomorfológicos da cultura da soja em um sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária e inoculados com Azospirillum brasilense. O experimento foi conduzido em Santa Maria, em dois agrícolas (2012/2013 e 2013/2014), num delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com três repetições. No período de inverno a pastagem de aveia preta e azevém foi manejada com ovinos em diferentes sistemas de pastejo: (I) - pastejo convencional (PC), onde os animais permaneciam na pastagem por todo o período experimental sem um controle da altura da pastagem, (II,III e IV) - altura da pastagem na saída dos animais de 10, 20 e 30 cm e uma testemunha sem pastejo (SP), três doses de nitrogênio (0, 50 e 100 kg ha-1) e com ou sem inoculação (Azospirillum brasilense). A semeadura da soja foi realizada em semeadura direta em 16 de novembro de 2012 e 01 de dezembro de 2013, utilizando-se a cultivar BMX Potência RR. Em cada parcela, se utilizou sete fileiras de plantas com espaçamento de 0,45 m, sendo que em quatro fileiras as sementes foram inoculadas com a bactéria Azospirillum brasilense. Foram avaliadas variáveis fitomorfológicas e a produtividade de grãos. Em sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária a cultura da soja possui melhores produtividades quando estabelecida sobre pastagem de aveia preta e azevém manejadas com alturas de pastejo entre 20 e 30 cm. As áreas sob pastejo convencional no inverno proporcionam plantas de soja menores, com menores inserções de primeira e última vagem. A inoculação com Azospirillum brasilense não deve ser usada isoladamente na cultura da soja. | ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the phytomorphological parameters of soybean in a crop-livestock system inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense. The experiment was conducted in Santa Maria, Brazil, for two agricultural years (2 Paper extracted from the doctoral thesis of the first author. 012/2013 and 2013/2014) in a randomized complete block design with three replications. In the winter, the black oat and ryegrass pasture was managed with sheep under different grazing systems: (I) - a conventional grazing (CG) system, where the animals remained in the pasture throughout the experimental period without any pasture height control; (II, III, and IV) - systems with post-grazing pasture heights of 10, 20, and 30 cm, respectively; and (NG) - one control without grazing. All treatments received two nitrogen doses (50 and 100 kg ha-1) and inoculation or no inoculation (A. brasilense). The soybean cultivar BMX Potência RR was sown using no-tillage on 16 November 2012 and 1 December 2013. In each plot, seven rows of plants with spacing of 0.45 m were used, and in four rows, the seeds were inoculated with the bacterium A. brasilense. The phytomorphological variables and grain productivity were evaluated. In a croplivestock system, soybean has better productivity when established on black oat and ryegrass pasture managed with post-grazing pasture heights of between 20 and 30 cm. Areas under conventional grazing in the winter led to smaller soybean plants with lower first and last pod heights. Inoculation with A. brasilense should not be used alone in soybean cultivation.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the phytomorphological parameters of soybean in a crop-livestock system inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense. The experiment was conducted in Santa Maria, Brazil, for two agricultural years (2 Paper extracted from the doctoral thesis of the first author. 012/2013 and 2013/2014) in a randomized complete block design with three replications. In the winter, the black oat and ryegrass pasture was managed with sheep under different grazing systems: (I) - a conventional grazing (CG) system, where the animals remained in the pasture throughout the experimental period without any pasture height control; (II, III, and IV) - systems with post-grazing pasture heights of 10, 20, and 30 cm, respectively; and (NG) - one control without grazing. All treatments received two nitrogen doses (50 and 100 kg ha-1) and inoculation or no inoculation (A. brasilense). The soybean cultivar BMX Potência RR was sown using no-tillage on 16 November 2012 and 1 December 2013. In each plot, seven rows of plants with spacing of 0.45 m were used, and in four rows, the seeds were inoculated with the bacterium A. brasilense. The phytomorphological variables and grain productivity were evaluated. In a croplivestock system, soybean has better productivity when established on black oat and ryegrass pasture managed with post-grazing pasture heights of between 20 and 30 cm. Areas under conventional grazing in the winter led to smaller soybean plants with lower first and last pod heights. Inoculation with A. brasilense should not be used alone in soybean cultivation.

ABSTRACT The cultivation of irrigated guava in semi-arid areas highlights the need for information regarding its responses to irrigation water quality and the fertilization management that enables its exploitation. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of water salinity and nitrogen (N) doses on the growth and physiology of the guava cv. ‘Paluma’. The experiments was conducted in drainage lysimeters under field conditions in an experimental area at the Center of Sciences and Agri-Food Technology of the Federal University of Campina Grande (CCTA/UFCG), Campus II, in Pombal, PB, Brazil. The experiment had a randomized block design, and treatments consisted of a 5 x 4 factorial arrangement corresponding to five levels of irrigation water electrical conductivity, ECw (0.3, 1.1, 1.9, 2.7, and 3.5 dS m-1), and four N doses (70, 100, 130, and 160% of the recommended N dose). The 100% dose corresponded to 541.1 mg of N dm-3 of soil. Increments in irrigation water salinity from 0.3 dS m-1 led to a reduction in stomatal conductance, internal CO2 concentration, CO2 assimilation rate, transpiration, instantaneous water use efficiency, the number of leaves and branches, stem diameter, and absolute and relative growth rates. Nitrogen doses ranging from 378.7 to 865.7 mg of N dm-3 of soil did not affect gas exchange and plant growth. Although ‘Paluma’ guava growth was affected by increases in water salinity, these plants can be irrigated using water of up to 1.42 dS m-1 with an acceptable reduction of 10% in growth variables. The interaction between irrigation water salinity and N fertilization had no significant effect on any of the variables studied. | RESUMO O cultivo da goiabeira irrigada nas áreas semiáridas evidencia a necessidade de informações a respeito de suas respostas à qualidade da água de irrigação e ao manejo da adubação que possibilite sua exploração. Assim, objetivou-se estudar o efeito da salinidade da água combinada com doses de nitrogênio no crescimento e fisiologia da goiabeira cv. ‘Paluma’, em experimento conduzido em lisímetros de drenagem sob condições de campo em uma área experimental no Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia Agroalimentar da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (CCTA/UFCG), Campus II de Pombal, PB. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados, com tratamentos arranjados em esquema fatorial 5 x 4, relativos a cinco níveis de condutividade elétrica da água de irrigação - CEa (0,3; 1,1; 1,9; 2,7 e 3,5 dS m-1) e quatro doses de nitrogênio (70, 100, 130 e 160% de N recomendada), sendo a dose referente a 100% correspondeu a 541,1 mg de N dm-3 de solo. O aumento da salinidade da água de irrigação a partir de 0,3 dS m-1 promoveu redução na condutância estomática, concentração interna de CO2, taxa de assimilação de CO2, transpiração, eficiência instantânea no uso da água, número de folhas e ramos, diâmetro de caule, taxa de crescimento absoluto e relativo. Doses de nitrogênio variando de 378,7 a 865,7 mg de N dm-3 de solo não afetaram as trocas gasosas e o crescimento das plantas. Apesar do crescimento da goiabeira cv. Paluma ser afetado com o aumento da salinidade, é possível irrigar com água de até 1,42 dS m-1 ocorrendo redução aceitável de 10% nas variáveis de crescimento. Não houve efeito significativo da interação entre salinidade da água de irrigação e doses de adubação nitrogenada em nenhuma variável estudada.

The cultivation of irrigated guava in semi-arid areas highlights the need for information regarding its responses to irrigation water quality and the fertilization management that enables its exploitation. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of water salinity and nitrogen (N) doses on the growth and physiology of the guava cv. ‘Paluma’. The experiments was conducted in drainage lysimeters under field conditions in an experimental area at the Center of Sciences and Agri-Food Technology of the Federal University of Campina Grande (CCTA/UFCG), Campus II, in Pombal, PB, Brazil. The experiment had a randomized block design, and treatments consisted of a 5 x 4 factorial arrangement corresponding to five levels of irrigation water electrical conductivity, ECw (0.3, 1.1, 1.9, 2.7, and 3.5 dS m-1), and four N doses (70, 100, 130, and 160% of the recommended N dose). The 100% dose corresponded to 541.1 mg of N dm-3 of soil. Increments in irrigation water salinity from 0.3 dS m-1 led to a reduction in stomatal conductance, internal CO2 concentration, CO2 assimilation rate, transpiration, instantaneous water use efficiency, the number of leaves and branches, stem diameter, and absolute and relative growth rates. Nitrogen doses ranging from 378.7 to 865.7 mg of N dm-3 of soil did not affect gas exchange and plant growth. Although ‘Paluma’ guava growth was affected by increases in water salinity, these plants can be irrigated using water of up to 1.42 dS m-1 with an acceptable reduction of 10% in growth variables. The interaction between irrigation water salinity and N fertilization had no significant effect on any of the variables studied.