ABSTRACT Hairy fleabane (Conyza bonariensis L.) is a major weed of the conventional crop systems. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were to assess the responses of glyphosate-susceptible (S) and -resistant (R) C. bonariensis at various developmental stages and evaluate the physiological potential of seeds to propose alternative herbicides for the control of this weed. Two experiments were performed in replicates. The first experiment was performed in a greenhouse, arranged in a 2 x 3 x 10 factorial design. Specifically, two hairy fleabane biotypes (S and R) at different developmental stages (I, II, and III) were subjected to various treatments (glyphosate, chlorimuron-ethyl, metsulfuron-methyl, diclosulam, ammonium glufosinate, paraquat, paraquat+diuron, diquat, 2,4-D, and control). Percentage control was evaluated at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after the application of the treatments (DAT), and shoot dry mass (SDM) was measured at 28 DAT. The second experiment was performed in a laboratory to evaluate the physiological potential of seeds based on the weight of 1000 seeds (TSW); shoot length (SL), radicle length (RL), total length (TL), fresh seedling mass (FSM), dry seedling mass (DSM), accelerated aging (AA) and cold test (CT), and germination (G) in response to cold and accelerated aging. The alternative herbicides tested effectively controlled biotype R up to the stage -I. Seeds of biotype R showed higher physiological potential in terms of all analyzed variables and exhibited greater tolerance to adverse conditions during seedling establishment. Therefore, strategies for the management of glyphosate-resistant hairy fleabane should aim at preventing new seed production. | RESUMO A buva (Conyza bonariensis L.) é umas das principais plantas daninhas dos sistemas de cultivos conservacionistas, especialmente por sua evolução à resistência ao herbicida glyphosate. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram verificar a resposta de Conyza bonariensis suscetível (S) e resistente (R) ao glyphosate em diferentes estádios a herbicidas alternativos e avaliar o potencial fisiológico de sementes destes biótipos. Dois estudos foram realizados e repetidos, sendo o primeiro em casa de vegetação em esquema fatorial 2x3x10, sendo A: biótipos de buva (S e R); B: estádios de desenvolvimento (I (1-2 folhas), II (5-6 folhas) e III (30-35 folhas)) e C: herbicidas (glyphosate, chlorimuron-etílico, metsulfuron-methyl, diclosulam, amônio-glufosinato, paraquat, paraquat+diuron, diquat, 2,4-D além de testemunha não aplicada).O segundo estudo foi desenvolvido em laboratório, realizando-se avaliações do potencial fisiológico das sementes, a partir do por peso de mil sementes (PMS), germinação (G), primeira contagem da germinação (PG), índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG) e emergência (IVE), comprimento da parte aérea (CPA), raiz (CR) e total (CT), matéria seca da parte aérea (MSPA), raízes (MSR) e total (MST), testes de frio e envelhecimento acelerado. O biótipo CR foi eficientemente controlado pelos herbicidas alternativos ao glyphosate, utilizados até o estádio de 6 folhas. As sementes do biótipo CR apresentaram desempenho fisiológico superior em todas as variáveis analisadas, com maior tolerância a condições adversas em seu estabelecimento. O manejo de buva resistente a glyphosate demanda a utilização de estratégias que visem evitar a produção de novas sementes.

RESUMO Determinar o acúmulo e a exportação de nitrogênio (N) pelo feijoeiro em função da palhada e do seu parcelamento é importante visando o manejo e a sustentabilidade dos sistemas agrícolas. O objetivo com esse trabalho foi determinar o acúmulo e a exportação de N pelo feijoeiro cultivado sob palhada de milho ( Zea mays) e braquiária (Urochloa ruziziensis) exclusivos ou em consórcio e em função do parcelamento da adubação nitrogenada em cobertura. O experimento foi conduzido em Jaboticabal-SP-Brasil, durante a safra 2012/13, num Latossolo Vermelho eutrófico típico, sob área irrigada no sistema plantio direto. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas com quatro repetições, totalizando 120 subparcelas dimensionadas em 25m2 cada. As parcelas foram constituídas pelos sistemas de cultivo antecessores ao feijoeiro: milho, milho consorciado com braquiária e braquiária. As subparcelas foram compostas por dez parcelamentos da adubação nitrogenada de cobertura (PN) estádios fenológicos V 3, V4 e R5 em diferentes combinações. A produtividade de grãos do feijoeiro difere entre os sistemas de cultivo e em função do parcelamento do N em cobertura. O cultivo exclusivo de braquiária proporciona maiores acúmulos de N na parte aérea do feijoeiro comparado ao milho e seu consórcio com braquiária. Independentemente do sistema de cultivo, a aplicação de N em cobertura em dose única de 90 kg ha-1 em V4 (terceiro trifólio) proporciona acúmulos e exportações semelhantes àqueles na ausência da adubação nitrogenada. Os parcelamentos com aplicação de N em cobertura no estádio R5 (pré-florescimento) incrementa as exportações desse nutriente no feijoeiro em sucessão ao milho e seu consórcio com braquiária. | ABSTRACT Determining nitrogen (N) accumulation and export by common bean as a function of straw and of the splitting of this nutrient is very important, aiming at the management and sustainability of agricultural systems. This study aimed to determine the N accumulation and export by common bean as a function of Zea mays and Urochloa ruziziensis grass straw (maize, maize/U. ruziziensis intercropping and U. ruziziensis) and splitting of top-dressing N fertilization. The experiment was conducted in Jaboticabal-SP-Brazil, during the 2012/13 crop season, in a Red Eutrophic Oxisol (Eutrudox) in no-tillage under irrigation. The experimental design was a randomized block with split plots with four replicates, totaling 120 subplots sized in 25m2 each. The plots consisted of the cropping systems prior to common bean: maize, maize/ U. ruziziensis intercropping and U. ruziziensis. The subplots were composed of ten top-dressing N fertilization splitting schemes (NS) at the phenological stages V3, V4 and R5 in different combinations. Common bean grain yield differs among cropping systems and as a function of top-dressed N split application. U. ruziziensis grass as single crop promotes greater N accumulation in common bean shoots compared to maize and its intercropping with U. ruziziensis grass. Regardless the cropping system, top-dressing N application in a single dose (90 kg ha-1) at V4 leads to similar accumulations and exports to those found in the absence of N fertilization. Splitting schemes with N application at the R5 stage increase the exports of this nutrient by common bean in succession to maize and its intercropping with U. ruziziensis grass.

RESUMO A interferência de plantas daninhas representa um dos fatores de maior impacto na redução da produtividade na cultura da cenoura. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar os períodos de interferência de plantas daninhas na cenoura em dois sistemas de irrigação localizada. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com três repetições, no esquema de parcelas subdivididas. As parcelas foram constituídas dos dois sistemas de irrigação (gotejamento e microaspersão), e as subparcelas corresponderam à duração da convivência com as plantas daninhas, constituídos de períodos de controle (no limpo) ou convivência (no mato) das plantas daninhas com a cultura (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 e 120 dias após a emergência (DAE)). O início e o fim do período crítico de prevenção a interferência (PCPI), com base em uma perda de produtividade de 2,5, 5 e 10 % de cenoura comercializável, foi determinado pelo ajuste do modelo Sigmoide aos dados de produção relativa. A presença da comunidade de plantas daninhas durante todo o ciclo da cultura pode acarretar perdas de até 98% na produtividade. O PCPI variou em 16 dias entre os sistemas de irrigação utilizados. O cultivo da cenoura com e sem competição, sob o sistema de irrigação por microaspersão apresentou maior produtividade em comparação ao cultivo no sistema de gotejamento. No sistema de irrigação por gotejamento o PCPI foi de 23 DAE e no sistema de irrigação por microaspersão foi de 7 DAE, considerando perdas de produtividade de 5 %. | ABSTRACT Weed interference is one of the factors that reduces carrot yield considerably. The aim of this study was to determine the periods of weed interference in carrots cultivated under two localized irrigation systems. The experiment used a completely randomized block design, with three replications, using the split plot scheme. The plots consisted of two irrigation systems (drip and micro sprinkler) and the subplots corresponded to the duration of coexistence of the crop with weeds, comprising periods of control (weed -free) or coexistence (with weeds) (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 120 days after emergence (DAE) of the crop). Considering a yield loss of 2.5%, 5%, and 10% in marketable carrots, the beginning and end of the critical period of weed control (CPWC) was determined by adjusting a sigmoid model to the relative production data. The presence of the weed community throughout the crop cycle resulted in yield losses of up to 98%. The CPWP varied for the irrigation systems used. Carrot cultivation with and without competition, under the micro sprinkler irrigation system showed a higher yield than with the drip system. Considering a yield loss of 5%, the CPWC was 23 DAE and 7 DAE in the drip irrigation and micro sprinkler irrigation systems, respectively.

RESUMO A utilização de fertilizantes orgânicos pode contribuir para melhoria das propriedades químicas, físicas e biológicas do solo, com seu uso apresentando baixo impacto ambiental. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade e a qualidade do maracujá amarelo em sistema orgânico, combinado com irrigação e níveis de insumos. Utilizou-se delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, disposto em esquema fatorial (3x2) com quatro repetições. Os fatores avaliados foram: três níveis de insumos (fertilizantes e defensivos alternativos), com presença e ausência de irrigação. A adubação constou da aplicação no plantio em: 5, 10 e 15 litros de composto por planta e 500, 1.000 e 1.500 g de calcário por planta, para os níveis de insumos 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente. A adubação de cobertura foi parcelada em duas vezes: 118, 235 e 353 g por planta de termofosfato e 59,1, 118,20 e 176,40 g por planta de sulfato de potássio, para os níveis 1, 2 e 3 de aplicação de insumos, respectivamente. Os defensivos alternativos foram pulverizados a cada 30, 15 e 7 dias para os níveis 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente. O número de frutos por planta e a produtividade aumentaram utilizando o nível 3 de insumo aliado à irrigação. O nível 2 e 3 de insumos, na ausência de irrigação aumentaram o teor de sólidos solúveis. A acidez titulável, ratio e frutos classificados como extra não diferiram significativamente entre os tratamentos estudados. Utilizando insumos nos níveis 1 e 2 e na ausência de irrigação, aumentou a porcentagem de frutos classificados como orgânicos. | ABSTRACT The use of organic fertilizers can improve the chemical, physical, and biological properties of the soil, with their use implying low environmental impact. This study aimed to evaluate the yield and quality of yellow passion fruit grown in an organic system associated with irrigation and input levels. A randomized complete block design in a 3x2 factorial arrangement with four replications was adopted. The factors evaluated were: three input levels (fertilizers and alternative pesticides) and the presence or absence of irrigation. Fertilization consisted of the application of 5, 10, and 15 liters of organic compost per plant and 500, 1,000, and 1,500 g of lime per plant, corresponding to input levels 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Topdressing fertilization was split into two applications, corresponding to 118, 235, and 353 g per plant of thermophosphate and 59.1, 118.20, and 176.40 g per plant of potassium sulfate for levels 1, 2, and 3 of input application, respectively. The alternative pesticides were sprayed every 30, 15, and 7 days for levels 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The number of fruits per plant and the yield increased using the input level 3 associated with irrigation. In the absence of irrigation, input levels 2 and 3 increased the content of soluble solids. The titratable acidity, TSS/TTA ratio, and the fruits classified as extra did not differ significantly between treatments. Input levels 1 and 2 associated with the absence of irrigation increased the percentage of fruits classified as commercial.

RESUMO Em florestas tropicais sazonalmente secas, como a Caatinga brasileira, fatores como tipo de solo e luminosidade são conhecidos por causar alterações nos tecidos foliares que possibilitam a sobrevivência de espécies nesses locais. O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever a morfoanatomia foliar de Senna cana e observar a plasticidade em tecidos foliares que recebem radiação de luz direta e indireta. O estudo foi realizado no Parque Nacional do Catimbau em Buíque, PE, Brasil. Amostras de folhas maduras foram coletadas sob plena luz do sol e plena sombra em três áreas com solos de cores diferentes. Lâminas histológicas foram preparadas para visualização das faces epidérmicas, estrutura foliar interna e testes histoquímicos. A plasticidade foi notada no tipo de tricoma que recobriu as faces epidérmicas, e no número de camadas dos parênquimas paliçádico e esponjoso, mesmo sob efeito indireto da radiação. Compostos fenólicos e lipídios também apresentaram plasticidade. Esses resultados demonstram que Senna cana é uma espécie com alta plasticidade para o fator de luminosidade. Além disso, percebeu-se que a luz indireta também promove alterações anatômicas e deve ser considerada em análises futuras. | ABSTRACT In seasonally dry tropical forests such as the Brazilian Caatinga, factors such as soil type and luminosity are known to cause changes in foliar tissues that enable the survival of species in such places. The present study aimed to describe the leaf morphoanatomy of Senna cana and to observe the plasticity in leaf tissues receiving both direct and indirect light radiation. The study was carried out in the Catimbau National Park in Buíque, PE, Brazil. Mature leaf samples were collected from under full sunlight and full shade in three areas with soils of different colors. Histological slides were prepared for visualization of epidermal faces, internal leaf structure, and histochemical tests. Plasticity was noted in the type of trichome that covered the epidermal faces, and in the number of layers of the palisade and spongy parenchymas, even under the indirect effect of radiation. Phenolic compounds and lipids also showed plasticity. These results demonstrate that Senna cana is a species with high plasticity for the luminosity factor. Further, it was noticed that indirect light also promotes anatomical changes and should be considered in future analyses.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to compare three methods of estimating the optimum plot size to evaluate the fresh matter productivity of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.), slender leaf rattlebox (Crotalaria ochroleuca), and showy rattlebox (Crotalaria spectabilis). Twenty-seven uniformity trials were carried out with pearl millet, slender leaf rattlebox, and showy rattlebox cultivated alone and intercropped. Fresh matter productivity was evaluated in 972 basic experimental units (BEU) of 1 m × 1 m (36 BEU per trial). The optimum plot size was determined using the methods modified maximum curvature, linear response with plateau model, and quadratic response with plateau model. The optimum plot size differs between methods and decreases in the following order: quadratic response with plateau model (9.94 m2), linear response with plateau model (7.41 m2), and modified maximum curvature (3.49 m2). The optimum plot size to evaluate the fresh matter productivity of pearl millet, slender leaf rattlebox, and showy rattlebox cultivated alone or intercropped is 7.41 m2. This size could be used as a reference for future experiments.

ABSTRACT The common bean exhibits wide genetic variability for technological quality traits, mineral concentrations, and bioactive compounds. For this reason, investigating the correlations between those traits in common bean lines of different gene pools contributes to the progress of biofortification programs. In the present study, two recombinant inbred line populations of Mesoamerican and Andean common bean were evaluated at the F5:7 generation. Technological quality was evaluated based on mass of 100 grains and seed coat color, which was determined using a colorimeter that analyzed the L* (white to black), a* (green to red) and b* (blue to yellow) values. The concentration of six minerals and bioactive compounds (phytates and phenolic compounds) was evaluated and used to characterize the nutritional composition of the lines. The evaluated common bean lines differed (p ≤ 0.05) for all technological quality traits, mineral concentrations, and bioactive compounds, except for the zinc concentration in Andean beans. Seed coat color (L*, a*, and b* values) was highly correlated with most of the evaluated minerals and with the phytates in Mesoamerican beans. In Andean beans, seed coat color (L*, a*, and b* values) was correlated with the concentrations of potassium, magnesium, iron, and phenolic compounds. The nutritional composition of common bean lines of different classes is variable: black beans have higher concentrations of potassium, phosphorus, calcium, zinc, and phytates; carioca beans stand out with high magnesium concentration; and cranberry beans have higher concentrations of potassium, magnesium, and iron.

ABSTRACT Commercial exploitation of the coffee crop is one of the most important activities in the world’s agricultural sector. One of the main phytosanitary problems affecting the crop is the presence of Meloidogyne incognita. Several measures have been tested for the management of this pathogen, albeit with low efficiency. The objective of this work was to quantify the damage and losses and to manage M. incognita race 1 with Pochonia chlamydosporia and Trichoderma harzianum biological nematicides, comparing them to a chemical nematicide. The experiment was carried out in a commercial area naturally infested by the nematode and cultivated with the conilon coffee variety ‘Vitória INCAPER 8142’, clone V02. The treatments were tested with Carbofuran nematicide and with biological nematicides composed of P. chlamydosporia Pc-10 and T. harzianum ESALQ 1306. The biological products were applied alone or in combination. The lowest NPF (final nematode population) occurred in plants treated with P. chlamydosporia and Carbofuran. P. chlamydosporia was the most effective biological agent in the management of M. incognita. There was a reduction in production with an increase in the nematode population. The highest application costs of management methods for M. incognita race 1 per hectare were for three and two applications of Carbofuran and three applications of P. chlamydosporia + T. harzianum. The treatments with lowest application costs were one application of T. harzianum and one application of P. chlamydosporia. It was concluded that all treatments were efficient for the management of M. incognita race 1, causing a decrease in the roots and soil population.

ABSTRACT The objectives of the tests were to evaluate concentrations of indolebutyric acid (IBA) combined with different types of cuttings and grafting methods on the vegetative propagation of cajazeira-dejabuti (S. testudinis). The experiment with stem cuttings was conducted in a greenhouse with an intermittent misting system. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 5 x 6 factorial arrangement consisting of five cutting types: apical, medial, basal, stratified, and tanchan, and six IBA concentrations: 0, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, 4,000, and 5,000 mg kg-1, with four replications of ten cuttings. The experiment with the root cuttings followed a randomized block design composed of six IBA concentrations (0, 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, 4,000, and 5,000 mg kg-1) with four replications, evaluating after 120 days the percentages of live, sprouted, rooted, and calloused cuttings, and the number and dry mass of roots and sprouts. Five grafting methods (chip budding, shield budding, cleft grafting, wedge grafting, and splice grafting) were tested by evaluating the graft success and sprouting percentages at 30 and 60 days after grafting, respectively. Statistical analyses were performed using the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test. The IBA concentrations of 0, 2,000, 3,000, and 5,000 mg kg-1 increased the number of sprouts in tanchan cuttings. The tanchan cuttings showed the highest survival and percentage of sprouts regardless of the IBA concentration. The IBA concentration of 2,200 mg kg-1 promotes higher rooting rates in root cuttings. Splice grafting provides higher graft success and sprouting rates.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to characterize the commercial quantitative standards of floral stems of gladiolus plants grown under minimum tillage and conventional systems in two harvest seasons in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Experiments were conducted in locations with subtropical climate using soils classified as Typic Dystrudept (Cambissolo) and Typic Hapludox (Nitossolo). Gladiolus plants were grown in beds with intensive soil turning, and under minimum tillage system, in which soil turning was done only in the planting rows. Plants of the cultivars Red Beauty and White Goddess were evaluated in two harvest seasons, Mothers' Day, and Valentine's Day. A completely randomized experimental design with 12 replications was used; the treatments consisted of two harvest seasons and two soil management systems. The flower stem and inflorescence lengths, stem thickness, and number of florets were measured when the plants were at the harvest point to characterize their commercial quantitative standards. These data were used to distribute the stems into four classes (75, 90, 110 and non-marketable). The stem standard of gladiolus plants grown under minimum tillage system and the edaphoclimatic conditions of the state of Santa Catarina in the Mother's Day harvest met the flower market requirements, with most stems classified into the classes 90 and 110. Therefore, gladiolus plants can be grown under minimum tillage system without affecting the flower stem development. This work is the first step to promote the growth of flowers under a conservationist perspective, focused on a more sustainable agriculture.