ABSTRACT Lignocellulosic residues are used to produce mushrooms, but they generate large amounts of spent mushroom substrate (SMS). The objective of this study was to evaluate they effect of SMS of Pleurotus ostreatus, combined with organic fertilization, on biomass production and essential oil yield of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) plants. The fertilizer was formulated using combinations of organic compounds: SMS, organic compost (OC), and earthworm humus (EH). The treatments were applied using 35 g of the formulations, corresponding to an application of 20 Mg ha-1. The treatments used were: 100% OC; 100% EH; 100% SMS; 75% SMS + 25% OC (C1); 75% SMS + 25% EH (C2); 50% SMS + 50% OC (C3); 50% SMS + 50% EH (C4); 50% SMS + 25% OC + 25% EH (C5), and a control with no fertilizer application (CT). Plants grown with the soil fertilizers containing SMS, single or combined with OC and EH, presented higher average plant height (55.6 to 62.2 cm) and leaf area per plant (696.5 to 836.4 cm2). The treatment C3 resulted in plants with higher mean dry weight (10.9 g plant-1), and C2 resulted in the highest oil yield (5.0 kg ha-1), representing a gain of 324.8% in oil yield when compared to the control. Thus, SMS increases biomass production and essential oil yield of basil plants.

ABSTRACT Water scarcity is one of the main problems in the Semiarid region of Brazil, which can be mitigated by water resource management strategies. The objective of this work was to classify waters of a watershed in the Semiarid region of Brazil and select the water attributes that most affect the quality of waters used for irrigation (QWI), using multivariate statistics. The study area was the Riacho da Bica watershed, which is between the municipalities of Portalegre and Viçosa, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The QWI was determined using water samples from 15 collections carried out from 2016 to 2018, in five specific points of the watershed, starting in the spring and following the water course. The water attributes evaluated were: electrical conductivity (EC), potential hydrogen (pH), and sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), magnesium (Mg2+), calcium (Ca2+), carbonate (CO32-), chloride (Cl-), and bicarbonate (HCO3-) contents. The water quality data were subjected to multivariate statistics through factorial analysis (FA) and principal component analysis (PCA). The application of multivariate statistics through FA-PCA generated four principal components. The attributes that most explained the QWI variation were potassium, calcium, and pH for Factor 01, and sodium and RAS for Factor 02. The watershed waters were classified as low risk of salinity and medium risk of sodicity (C1S2) for irrigation purposes.

ABSTRACT The work evaluated the potential for discrimination of land use and occupation around reservoirs, using spectral information obtained by multispectral, hyperspectral satellites and images obtained with an ARP (remotely piloted aircraft). The research analyzed the performance of different images classification techniques applied to multispectral and hyperspectral sensors for the detection and differentiation of soil classes around the Paus Brancos and Marengo reservoirs, located in Settlement 25 of Maio. The classes identified based on surveys in campaigns carried out in 2014 and 2015 around the reservoirs were: water, macrophytes, exposed soil, native vegetation, agriculture, thin and ebbing vegetation, in addition to the cloud and cloud shadow targets. The performance of the classifiers applied to the image of the Hyperion sensor was, in general, superior to those obtained in Landsat 8 image, which can be explained by the high spectral resolution of the first, which facilitates the differentiation of targets with similar spectral response. For validation of the supervised classification method of Maximum Likelihood, Landsat 8 (08/24/2015) and Hyperion (08/28/2015) images were used. The results of the application indicated a good performance of the classifier associated with the RGB composition of the chosen Hyperion image (bands R - 51, G - 161, B - 19) in the detection of the classes around this reservoir, producing a Kappa coefficient of 0.83. The availability of data from the Hyperion sensor is very restricted, which hinders the development of continued research, thus the use of images surpassed by RPA is extremely viable.

ABSTRACT Information on nutritional management of pitaya crops are scarce. However, understanding the growth and nutrient accumulation in these plants at different developmental stages can assist in the development of rational soil fertilizer application programs for pitaya crops and decrease production costs. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the growth and nutrient accumulation in pitaya plants throughout the crop cycle. Cladodes of pitaya plants of the Hylocereus setaceus species were grown in polyethylene pots containing a Typic Hapludult (Argissolo Vermelho-Amarelo Eutrófico) under full sun. The treatments consisted of six sampling times: 0, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, and 360 days after planting (DAP). A randomized block experimental design with four replications was used. Four plants were sampled and evaluated for growth and nutrient accumulation at each sampling time. The pitaya plants presented an exponential growth up to 360 DAP and high nutrient absorption between 300 and 360 DAP. The nutrient and Na accumulations in the cladodes, in decreasing order, were: 3.91 (K), 2.56 (Ca), 1.95 (N), 1.24 (P), 0.45 (Mg), 0.30 (S), and 0.06 (Na) g plant-1, and 14.86 (Zn), 12.72 (Fe), 12.37 (Mn), 5.37 (B), and 1.04 (Cu) mg plant-1. The highest relative growth rate and relative nutrient absorption rate were found between 60 and 120 DAP.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the use of galactomannan from Caesalpinia pulcherrima as a binding agent for the restructuring of fishes. The effect of a frozen (-18 °C) storage of 120 days on the physical-chemical and mechanical properties of fishes was evaluated, restructured fish products with transglutaminase were used as a control. Two fish restructuring formulations were developed: Galactomannan, with 0.2% galactomannan and 1.8% refined salt; and Control, with 0.5% transglutaminase. The analyses were carried out after 24 hours of refrigerated storage (4 °C), corresponding to time zero, and after 30, 60, 90, and 120 days of frozen (-18 °C) storage. The use of galactomannan resulted in a higher pH, and lower total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), with no differences from zero to 120-day storage times for the L*, a*, and b* coordinates. Galactomannan easily bounds to hydrogen, enabling the obtaining restructured fish products with lower expressible water content and less weight losses by cooking, important characteristics for the acceptance of products that denote softness and succulence. Contrastingly, this easy bound to water molecules resulted in a lower hardness, cohesiveness, and elasticity, and higher adhesivity when compared to the control. The results showed the viability of using galactomannan to restructure fishes during frozen storage.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to estimate and compare phenotypic and genetic parameters after three cycles of intrapopulation recurrent selection for fresh corn grown under three nutrient availability conditions. Three experiments derived from the same population (MV-003) were conducted to assess the ability of progenies to absorb nutrients, one under adequate fertilization (control; MV-006), one under low nitrogen availability (N; MV-006N), and one under low phosphorus availability (P; MV-006P). The experiments were carried out in randomized blocks, with 64 half-sib progenies and three replications for each nutritional condition. Chlorophyll index, plant height, ear insertion, ear diameter, ear length, unhusked ear yield, and marketable husked ear were evaluated. The populations showed variability for the three nutrient availability conditions. The variability reduced after only three selection cycles; thus, evaluating a higher number of half-sib progenies, above 64, under low N and P availability is indicated. The rates used to identify the most efficient progenies in breeding programs should be close to the appropriate one, with a slow reduction after the selection cycles. The variability will be thus maintained, with a greater possibility of identifying more promising progenies. In addition, the frequency of favorable alleles increases more gradually and effectively. The N and P rate of 60 kg ha-1 is not indicated as a critical level for the initial phase of the program.

ABSTRACT Splitting nitrogen (N) fertilizer application can be an efficient nutrient management technique to improve productivity and plant quality, as well as to reduce the negative environmental impact caused by N losses. In this context, the present study investigated how the management of N affects the agronomic characteristics of field-grown arugula plants. Nine treatments were assessed in a randomized complete block design, in a 4 x 2 + 1 factorial scheme, with three replicates. The evaluated factors were doses of N (60, 120, 180 and 240 kg N ha-1), split N fertilizer applications at side-dress (two and three times) and an additional treatment without a N supply. Maximum height was obtained with the application of 198 kg N ha-1. Nitrate content, fresh mass and productivity increased with increasing N doses. There was no effect of split N fertilizer applications on the characteristics evaluated. Therefore, the supply of 240 kg N ha-1 divided into two portions was considered as the best management strategy.

ABSTRACT Castor bean (Ricinus communis L.) is a plant native to Africa that presents important socioeconomic value for many countries, and has been the subject of breeding programs. In this context, the objective of this work was to identify genotypes with potential for improvement, focused on lowering plant height, using 19 hybrids and eight parents of R. communis. The study was developed at the experimental area of the Federal University of Recôncavo da Bahia in Cruz das Almas, BA, Brazil. The experiment was conducted in 2017 using a randomized block design with three replications, consisting of eight parents and 19 hybrids resulting from hybridization of these parents, grown with spacing of 3 meters between rows and 1 meter between plants. The characters stem diameter (SD), primary raceme insertion height (PRI), number of stem internodes (NSI), mean stem internode length (SIL), plant height (PH), number of harvested racemes (NHR), primary raceme length (PRL), and effective raceme length (ERL) were evaluated by analyzing the genetic parameters of variances and correlation between them. Five (H17, H2, H11, H13, and H6) of the 19 hybrids evaluated have potential to decrease PH of castor bean plants, presenting heights below 1.07 m. Direct selection for plant height is the most indicated for this purpose due to the high heritability of the character. However, the characters SD, PRI, and SIL stood out by assisting in indirect selection to decrease plant height because they can be early measured and present high heritability and strong correlation with PH.

ABSTRACT In Brazil, acerola trees infested by Meloidogyne enterolobii present lower yield and fruit quality. The use of rootstocks resistant to this pathogen is one of the alternatives to overcome this problem. This study aimed to assess the reaction of 22 acerola accessions to M. enterolobii, aiming to identify at least one resistant rootstock. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design with 10 replications and each plot consisting of 10 plants. Each plant was inoculated with 350 eggs and second-stage juveniles of M. enterolobii, with the gall index (GI) and reproduction factor (RF) being determined after 90 days. The variables were analyzed using the mixed model methodology (REML/BLUP). The accessions ACO-13, ACO-14, ACO-18, and BRS Apodi stood out with four to six plants showing resistance reaction to the root-knot nematode, but the assessment of accessions should be performed under a higher density inoculum and longer time.

ABSTRACT This study was carried out with the objective of evaluating the water relations, photosynthetic pigments and growth of passion fruit cv. BRS Rubi do Cerrado, as a function of the cationic nature of irrigation water and exogenous application of hydrogen peroxide. The experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions in Pombal – PB, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks, in a 6 × 4 factorial scheme, corresponding to six cationic nature of water - CNW (S1 - Control; S2 - Na+; S3 - Ca2+; S4 - Na++Ca2+; S5 - Mg2+ and S6 - Na++Ca2++Mg2+) and four concentrations of hydrogen peroxide - H2O2 (0, 20, 40 and 60 μM), distributed in a randomized block design with four replicates. Plants in the control treatment (S1) were irrigated using water with electrical conductivity (ECw) of 0.3 dS m-1, while those of the other treatments (S2; S3; S4; S5 and S6) were subjected to ECw of 3.0 dS m-1, prepared with different cation(s). Application of 60 μM of H2O2 reduced the percentage of intercellular electrolyte leakage in plants irrigated with water of calcic composition. Salinity of water composed of sodium, sodium+calcium and sodium+calcium+magnesium, and H2O2 concentrations of 40 and 60 μM resulted in lower leaf water potential. The biomass accumulation of passion fruit was more sensitive to the variation of the electrical conductivity of the water. Regardless of the cationic nature, the use of water with electrical conductivity of 3.0 dS m-1 produced passion fruit seedlings with a Dickson quality index higher than 0.2, considered acceptable.