The objective of this study was to evaluate the adsorption of phosphorus (P) and changes in the concentrations of organic and inorganic forms of P in a Neossolo Quartzarênico (Typic Quartzipsamment) after 9 years of successive cultivation with sugar cane without burning to harvest. Therefore, two areas, one in which cane sugar was planted and a native forest reference area, located in the municipality of Paraipaba - CE, were selected. In each area, samples were collected at depths of 0−0.025, 0.025−0.05, 0.05−0.10, 0.10−0.20, and 0.20−0.30 m, and the levels of organic (Po) and inorganic (Pi) phosphorus obtained by sequential extraction, the remaining phosphorus, and the maximum adsorption capacity of phosphorus by the soil were determined. In general, the permanence of straw on the soil surface under sugarcane cultivation promoted the maintenance of Po levels in the surface layers of the profile. The Po accumulated predominantly in the Po fraction extracted with sodium bicarbonate in both areas. Regarding the Pi content, changes were more evident during cultivation due to the effect of successive phosphate fertilizer applications. The fraction extracted with 0.1 mol L - 1 sodium hydroxide was the most representative, with the highest levels of P uptake. P adsorption was influenced by the initial content of the nutrient in the soil and no relationship between P adsorption and organic matter content was observed. The highest level of adsorption was observed in the bottom layer of the forest area (133.3 mg kg - 1 ) and the lowest level of adsorption was observed on the surface layer of the area under sugarcane cultivation (59.5 kg mg - 1 ).

RESUMO O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a adsorção de fósforo (P) e as mudanças ocorridas nas concentrações das formas orgânicas e inorgânicas de P em um Neossolo Quartzarênico após nove anos de cultivo sucessivos com cana-de-açúcar sem queima prévia do canavial para colheita. Para tanto, duas áreas, plantio de cana-de-açúcar e mata nativa de referência, situadas no município de Paraipaba-CE, foram selecionadas. Em cada uma das áreas foram coletadas amostras nas profundidades de 0 - 0,025; 0,025 - 0,05; 0,05 - 0,10; 0,10 - 0,20 e 0,20 - 0,30 m; determinando-se os teores de fósforo orgânico (Po) e inorgânico (Pi) obtidos através de extração sequencial, o fósforo remanescente (Prem) e a capacidade máxima de adsorção de fósforo (CMAP) do solo. De maneira geral, a permanência da palhada na superfície do solo sob cultivo de cana-de-açúcar promoveu a manutenção dos níveis de Po nas camadas superficiais do perfil. O Po acumulou -se predominantemente na fração biodisponível extraído com bicarbonato de sódio nas duas áreas. Com relação ao conteúdo de Pi, as mudanças foram mais evidentes devido ao efeito das sucessivas aplicações de fertilizantes fosfatados ao longo do cultivo, sendo a fração extraída com hidróxido de sódio 0,1 mol L-1, a mais representativa com maiores níveis de P acumulados. A adsorção de P foi influenciada pelo conteúdo inicial do nutriente no solo e nenhuma relação entre adsorção de P e o conteúdo de matéria orgânica foi observada. O maior valor de adsorção de P foi observado na camada inferior da área de mata (133,3 mg kg -1) e a menor adsorção na camada superficial da área sob cultivo de cana (59,5 mg kg-1). | ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the adsorption of phosphorus (P) and changes in the concentrations of organic and inorganic forms of P in a Neossolo Quartzarênico (Typic Quartzipsamment) after 9 years of successive cultivation with sugar cane without burning to harvest. Therefore, two areas, one in which cane sugar was planted and a native forest reference area, located in the municipality of Paraipaba-CE, were selected. In each area, samples were collected at depths of 0−0.025, 0.025−0.05, 0.05−0.10, 0.10−0.20, and 0.20−0.30 m, and the levels of organic (Po) and inorganic (Pi) phosphorus obtained by sequential extraction, the remaining phosphorus, and the maximum adsorption capacity of phosphorus by the soil were determined. In general, the permanence of straw on the soil surface under sugarcane cultivation promoted the maintenance of Po levels in the surface layers of the profile. The Po accumulated predominantly in the Po fraction extracted with sodium bicarbonate in both areas. Regarding the Pi content, changes were more evident during cultivation due to the effect of successive phosphate fertilizer applications. The fraction extracted with 0.1 mol L -1 sodium hydroxide was the most representative, with the highest levels of P uptake. P adsorption was influenced by the initial content of the nutrient in the soil and no relationship between P adsorption and organic matter content was observed. The highest level of adsorption was observed in the bottom layer of the forest area (133.3 mg kg -1) and the lowest level of adsorption was observed on the surface layer of the area under sugarcane cultivation (59.5 kg mg-1).

The chemical composition and the accumulation of nutrients in stems, leaves and fruits are essential information to meet the nutritional requirements of a peanut crop. Thus, the goals of the present study were to evaluate the rate of absorption of macro- and micronutrients; identify the critical phases of nutrient absorption in the peanut crop; and perform growth analysis of these plants. For this, an experiment under field conditions using randomized blocks with 15 treatments and four repetitions was assembled. Each treatment corresponded to a sampling time, held from 10 days after planting, until the end of the cycle, which corresponded to 160 days. Peanut plants generally showed higher macro- and micronutrient absorption rates at 110 days after emergence, coinciding with the highest growth rate of the crop. Thus, the higher nutrient absorption rate and increased crop growth rate occurred during the reproductive period, formation of fruit and grain filling.

ABSTRACT The chemical composition and the accumulation of nutrients in stems, leaves and fruits are essential information to meet the nutritional requirements of a peanut crop. Thus, the goals of the present study were to evaluate the rate of absorption of macro- and micronutrients; identify the critical phases of nutrient absorption in the peanut crop; and perform growth analysis of these plants. For this, an experiment under field conditions using randomized blocks with 15 treatments and four repetitions was assembled. Each treatment corresponded to a sampling time, held from 10 days after planting, until the end of the cycle, which corresponded to 160 days. Peanut plants generally showed higher macro- and micronutrient absorption rates at 110 days after emergence, coinciding with the highest growth rate of the crop. Thus, the higher nutrient absorption rate and increased crop growth rate occurred during the reproductive period, formation of fruit and grain filling. | RESUMO A composição química tanto quanto o acúmulo de nutrientes em caule, folhas e frutos são informações imprescindíveis para conhecer as exigências nutricionais da cultura do amendoim. Dessa forma, objetivou-se com o presente estudo avaliar a taxa de absorção de macro e micronutrientes, além de identificar as fases críticas de absorção de nutrientes na cultura do amendoim, bem como, realizar a análise de crescimento dessas plantas. Para isso foi montado um experimento em condição de campo no delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, com 15 tratamentos e 4 repetições. Cada tratamento correspondeu a uma época de amostragem, realizadas de 10 em 10 dias após o plantio da espécie, até o final do ciclo da cultura, que correspondeu há 160 dias. Foi observado de modo geral nas plantas de amendoim maior taxa de absorção de macro e micronutrientes aos 110 dias após a emergência, período que coincidiu com a maior taxa de crescimento da cultura. Assim, a maior taxa de absorção de nutrientes e a maior taxa de crescimento da cultura ocorreram durante o período reprodutivo, formação dos frutos e enchimento dos grãos.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the agronomic performance of elite-strains of cowpea cultivars under the conditions of the north of Minas Gerais (MG), Brazil. Fifteen elite-strains and five erect and semi-erect cultivars of cowpea were evaluated in the 2014 and 2015 summer-fall crop seasons in Janaúba MG. A randomized block experimental design was used with four replications. Plant size, lodging and value of cultivation, pod length and grain yield were evaluated. The data of the two crops were subjected to individual and joint analysis of variance. The genotype-crop interactions significantly affected all studied variables. The strains MNC04-792F-146 and MNC04-792F-144 stood out as the most productive genotypes in both crops. The cultivars BRS Itaim and BRS Novaera presented adequate size and lodging characteristics for cultivation, and values of cultivation that meet commercial standards, thus representing good alternatives for the genotypes cultivated in the north of Minas Gerais.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the agronomic performance of elite-strains of cowpea cultivars under the conditions of the north of Minas Gerais (MG), Brazil. Fifteen elite-strains and five erect and semi-erect cultivars of cowpea were evaluated in the 2014 and 2015 summer-fall crop seasons in Janaúba MG. A randomized block experimental design was used with four replications. Plant size, lodging and value of cultivation, pod length and grain yield were evaluated. The data of the two crops were subjected to individual and joint analysis of variance. The genotype-crop interactions significantly affected all studied variables. The strains MNC04-792F-146 and MNC04-792F-144 stood out as the most productive genotypes in both crops. The cultivars BRS Itaim and BRS Novaera presented adequate size and lodging characteristics for cultivation, and values of cultivation that meet commercial standards, thus representing good alternatives for the genotypes cultivated in the north of Minas Gerais. | RESUMO Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a performance agronômica de linhagens-elite e cultivares de feijão-caupi, nas condições de cultivo do Norte de Minas Gerais. Foram avaliadas 15 linhagens-elite e cinco cultivares de feijão-caupi de portes ereto e semiereto, nas safras de verão-outono de 2014 e 2015, em Janaúba, MG. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados o porte da planta, o grau de acamamento e o valor de cultivo, o comprimento da vagem e o rendimento de grãos. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos a análises de variância individuais e conjunta, envolvendo as duas safras de cultivo. Verificou-se efeito significativo para a interação entre genótipos e safras para todas as variáveis estudadas. As linhagens MNC04-792F-146 e MNC04-792F-144 destacaram-se por estarem entre os genótipos mais produtivos nas duas safras avaliadas. As cultivares BRS Itaim e BRS Novaera apresentaram simultaneamente características de porte e acamamento adequadas para o cultivo, além de obterem valor de cultivo compatível com o padrão comercial, representando boas alternativas de cultivo no Norte de Minas Gerais.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of quiescent fungi and the effect of phosphites under modified atmosphere on Lasiodiplodia theobromae in papaya. The fruits were treated with a range of doses of phosphites and their actions evaluated under conditions of ambient and modified atmosphere. Of the eight fungal genera found, Lasiodiplodia was the most common. No interaction was observed between the evaluated factors and only atmosphere and dose were independently significant. The usage of phosphites and modified atmosphere reduced the severity of the disease, and did not affect the chemical properties of the fruits.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of quiescent fungi and the effect of phosphites under modified atmosphere on Lasiodiplodia theobromae in papaya. The fruits were treated with a range of doses of phosphites and their actions evaluated under conditions of ambient and modified atmosphere. Of the eight fungal genera found, Lasiodiplodia was the most common. No interaction was observed between the evaluated factors and only atmosphere and dose were independently significant. The usage of phosphites and modified atmosphere reduced the severity of the disease, and did not affect the chemical properties of the fruits. | RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a frequência de fungos quiescentes e o efeito de fosfitos sob atmosfera modificada sobre Lasiodiplodia theobromae em mamões. Os frutos foram tratados com várias doses de fosfitos e suas ações foram avaliadas em condições de atmosfera ambiente e atmosfera modificada. Dos oito gêneros fúngicos encontrados, Lasiodiplodia sp. foi mais frequente. Não houve interação entre os fatores avaliados e apenas os fatores atmosfera e dose independentemente foram significativos. O uso de fosfitos e atmosfera modificada reduziram a severidade da doença e não alteraram os atributos químicos dos frutos.

Potassium (K) is an essential nutrient for upland rice growth, but little information on the effects of K on root growth and nutrient uptake capacity of upland rice is found. Therefore, an experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions to evaluate the influence of soil K levels on root growth and nutrient uptake of four upland rice cultivars. A completely randomized experimental design, in a 4x4 factorial scheme (4 levels of K: 20, 40, 80, and 160 mg dm-3; 4 cultivars: Caiapó, BRS-Primavera, IAC-202, and Maravilha) was used, with four replications. Based on regression equations, the highest values of root length density would be found with 136 mg dm-3 of K. The root diameter and dry matter, shoot dry matter and shoot K concentration increased linearly with the increasing K rates. The shoot K concentration of the upland rice cultivars did not differ. The increased level of K in the soil reduced the shoot Ca concentration of intermediate and modern cultivars, and the shoot Mg concentration of all cultivars. The potassium fertilization increased the plant growth, but the magnitude of this effect varied according to the cultivar..

RESUMO O potássio (K) é um nutriente essencial para o crescimento do arroz, no entanto existem poucas informações sobre os efeitos do K no crescimento radicular e na capacidade de absorção de nutrientes por diferentes cultivares de arroz de terras altas. Um experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação para avaliar a influência de diferentes níveis de K no solo no crescimento radicular e absorção de nutrientes de quatro cultivares de arroz de terras altas. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4x4, (4 níveis de K: 20, 40, 80 e 160 mg dm-3; 4 cultivares: Caiapó, BRS-Primavera, IAC-202 e Maravilha), com quatro repetições. Com base nas equações de regressão, o maior valor para comprimento radicular seria obtido com aplicação de 136 mg dm-3 de K. O diâmetro e a matéria seca radicular, a concentração de K e a biomassa da parte aérea aumentaram linearmente com o aumento das doses de K, porém a concentração de K na parte aérea não diferiu entre as cultivares de arroz. O aumento do nível de K no solo reduziu a concentração Ca na parte aérea das cultivares dos grupos intermediário e moderno, mas a concentração de Mg reduziu em todas as cultivares. A adubação potássica aumentou o desenvolvimento das plantas, variando de acordo com o genótipo. | ABSTRACT Potassium (K) is an essential nutrient for upland rice growth, but little information on the effects of K on root growth and nutrient uptake capacity of upland rice is found. Therefore, an experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions to evaluate the influence of soil K levels on root growth and nutrient uptake of four upland rice cultivars. A completely randomized experimental design, in a 4x4 factorial scheme (4 levels of K: 20, 40, 80, and 160 mg dm-3; 4 cultivars: Caiapó, BRS-Primavera, IAC-202, and Maravilha) was used, with four replications. Based on regression equations, the highest values of root length density would be found with 136 mg dm-3 of K. The root diameter and dry matter, shoot dry matter and shoot K concentration increased linearly with the increasing K rates. The shoot K concentration of the upland rice cultivars did not differ. The increased level of K in the soil reduced the shoot Ca concentration of intermediate and modern cultivars, and the shoot Mg concentration of all cultivars. The potassium fertilization increased the plant growth, but the magnitude of this effect varied according to the cultivar.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the growth and yield of cowpea grains in different intercropping systems with millet, in wet and dry seasons. The experiments were performed in the experimental field of the Department of Plant Science of the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, using a randomized block design with three replications and five treatments: T1- sole crop of millet; T2- sole crop of cowpea; T3- intercrop of millet (1 row) and cowpea (1 row) with 0.5 m between rows (1Mx1C-0.50); T4 - intercrop of millet (1 row) and cowpea (1 row) with 0.75 m between rows (1Mx1C-0.75); and T5 - intercrop of millet (1 row) and cowpea (2 rows) with 0.5 m between rows (1Mx2C-0.50). The cowpea shoot dry weight, root dry weight, number and dry weight of nodules, grain yield and 1000-grain weight, and the millet fresh weight, shoot dry weight, grain yield and 1000-grain weight were evaluated. The land-use efficiency index (LUE) showed significant differences in yield between the sole crop of cowpea and the intercropping system, with greater grain weight in the intercrop 1Mx2C-0.50. On the other hand, the intercrop 1Mx1C-0.75 was not recommended for the study conditions.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the growth and yield of cowpea grains in different intercropping systems with millet, in wet and dry seasons. The experiments were performed in the experimental field of the Department of Plant Science of the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, using a randomized block design with three replications and five treatments: T1- sole crop of millet; T2- sole crop of cowpea; T3- intercrop of millet (1 row) and cowpea (1 row) with 0.5 m between rows (1Mx1C-0.50); T4 - intercrop of millet (1 row) and cowpea (1 row) with 0.75 m between rows (1Mx1C-0.75); and T5 - intercrop of millet (1 row) and cowpea (2 rows) with 0.5 m between rows (1Mx2C-0.50). The cowpea shoot dry weight, root dry weight, number and dry weight of nodules, grain yield and 1000-grain weight, and the millet fresh weight, shoot dry weight, grain yield and 1000-grain weight were evaluated. The land-use efficiency index (LUE) showed significant differences in yield between the sole crop of cowpea and the intercropping system, with greater grain weight in the intercrop 1Mx2C-0.50. On the other hand, the intercrop 1Mx1C-0.75 was not recommended for the study conditions. | RESUMO O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento e a produtividade de grãos do feijão-caupi nos diferentes sistemas de consórcio com o milheto, na época das águas e da seca. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no campo experimental do Departamento de Fitotecnia, da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições e cinco tratamentos: T1- cultura solteira de milheto; T2- cultura solteira de feijão-caupi; T3- consórcio com uma linha de milheto e uma de feijão-caupi espaçadas de 0,5m (1M x 1C-0,50); T4- consórcio com uma linha de milheto e uma de feijão-caupi espaçadas de 0,75m (1M x 1C-0,75); e T5- consórcio com uma linha de milheto e duas de feijão-caupi espaçadas de 0,5m (1M x 2C-0,50). No feijão-caupi, avaliou-se a massa seca da parte aérea, massa seca de raiz, o número e massa seca de nódulos, a produtividade de grãos e a massa de 1000 grãos; enquanto no milheto, avaliou-se a massa verde, a massa seca da parte aérea, a produtividade de grãos e a massa de 1000 grãos. Pela comparação do índice de equivalência de área (IEA), se verificou diferenças significativas na produção de feijão-caupi por área explorada, no sistema consorciado em relação ao cultivo solteiro, com a maior massa de grãos no consórcio 1M x 2C-0,50, em relação aos outros. Por outro lado, o consórcio 1M x 1C-0,75 não é recomendável para o local.

The benefits of integrating agricultural components into silvopastoral systems are widely known, but the limited knowledge about ecological processes in the establishment phase impedes the use of this technology. The objective of this study was to evaluate interactions between fruit tree species and the sward layer under canopies of trees in the establishment phase of silvopastoral systems in Mato Grosso, Brazil. The experiment was implemented in October 2013, with an evaluation period from January to July 2015. The systems were composed of eight fruit trees intercropped with Tifton 85 grass. A completely randomized block design was adopted, with two replications per area per treatment. We evaluated the agronomic performance of the fruit trees, the categories of the light environment, and the plant accumulation under the canopies. The acerola fruit trees of the variety Roxinha had higher Leaf area index (LAI) and Light interception (LI) values, showing a denser canopy with small porosity and the lowest light quality available to the plants beneath the canopy (lower red/far-red ratio), thereby decreasing plant accumulation under trees. The guava fruit trees showed higher growth rates than the other fruit trees, but lower LAI and LI values and a higher red/far-red ratio, allowing higher plant growth under the canopy. Cajá trees showed a similar behavior; however, this species is deciduous, which limits its potential use in integrated systems. Banana and coconut trees were highly dependent on irrigation during the dry season. The remaining species showed an adequate growth and potential to control plant species growth under their canopies.

RESUMO Os benefícios de integrar os componentes agrícolas já são bastante conhecidos, porém o conhecimento sobre os processos ecológicos da competição das plantas ainda é uma barreira para essa tecnologia. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a interação entre espécies fruteiras e a vegetação sob suas copas na fase de estabelecimento de sistemas silvipastoris no Mato Grosso, Brasil. O experimento foi implantado em 2013 e avaliado em 2015. Estes sistemas foram compostos por oito espécies de fruteiras consorciadas com Tifton-85. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos completos casualizados com duas repetições de área por tratamento. Foi avaliado o desempenho agronômico das espécies fruteiras, caracterização do ambiente luminoso e o acumulo de material vegetal sob as copas. A aceroleira Roxinha apresentou os maiores valores de índice de área foliar (IAF) e interceptação luminosa (IL) devido a um dossel mais denso com baixa porosidade e a menor qualidade de luz disponível sob as copas das árvores (menor relação vermelho/vermelho distante - V/Vd), condicionando a uma redução no acúmulo de material vegetal sob as copas. As goiabeiras cresceram mais do que as outras espécies, contudo apresentaram os menores valores de IAF e IL e alta relação V/Vd, permitindo a presença de mais plantas sob sua copa. Cajazeira demonstrou resposta similar, contudo esta espécie é decídua, podendo apresentar um potencial mais limitado em sistemas integrados. Bananeira e coqueiro mostraram uma grande dependência de irrigação durante a estação seca. As demais espécies apresentaram um crescimento adequado e potencial para controlar o crescimento das plantas sob suas copas. | ABSTRACT The benefits of integrating agricultural components into silvopastoral systems are widely known, but the limited knowledge about ecological processes in the establishment phase impedes the use of this technology. The objective of this study was to evaluate interactions between fruit tree species and the sward layer under canopies of trees in the establishment phase of silvopastoral systems in Mato Grosso, Brazil. The experiment was implemented in October 2013, with an evaluation period from January to July 2015. The systems were composed of eight fruit trees intercropped with Tifton 85 grass. A completely randomized block design was adopted, with two replications per area per treatment. We evaluated the agronomic performance of the fruit trees, the categories of the light environment, and the plant accumulation under the canopies. The acerola fruit trees of the variety Roxinha had higher Leaf area index (LAI) and Light interception (LI) values, showing a denser canopy with small porosity and the lowest light quality available to the plants beneath the canopy (lower red/far-red ratio), thereby decreasing plant accumulation under trees. The guava fruit trees showed higher growth rates than the other fruit trees, but lower LAI and LI values and a higher red/far-red ratio, allowing higher plant growth under the canopy. Cajá trees showed a similar behavior; however, this species is deciduous, which limits its potential use in integrated systems. Banana and coconut trees were highly dependent on irrigation during the dry season. The remaining species showed an adequate growth and potential to control plant species growth under their canopies.