RESUMO A caracterização da diversidade genética, com base na avaliação da germinação e do vigor de sementes, é uma etapa fundamental para dar inicio ao desenvolvimento do sistema de cultivo de C. procera. Dessa maneira, objetivou-se estimar a divergência genética em genótipos de C. procera baseada na germinação e no vigor de sementes armazenadas por doze meses. Foram utilizados 35 genótipos, oriundos de áreas de ocorrência natural na Paraíba, coletados e armazenados em março de 2014. Para a avaliação do potencial fisiológico das sementes, foram realizados dois experimentos entre março e abril de 2015. O primeiro constou de um ensaio de germinação conduzido em câmara de germinação, enquanto o segundo, de um ensaio de emergência em areia lavada, realizado em bandejas de polietileno no interior de ambiente de telado em condições não controladas. Em ambos os experimentos foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições de 25 sementes por genótipo. As características avaliadas foram germinação, a germinação média diária, a velocidade diária de germinação, o índice de velocidade de germinação, o tempo médio de germinação, o índice de vigor de plântulas, a emergência, o índice de velocidade de emergência, o comprimento total e a fitomassa seca total. Entre os genótipos de C. procera existe variabilidade genética para variáveis de germinação e vigor de sementes armazenadas por um ano. As características de emergência, fitomassa seca total de plântula e germinação são as que mais contribuem para a divergência genética em genótipos de C. procera. | ABSTRACT Characterizing genetic diversity based on evaluations involving germination and seed vigor, is a fundamental stage in starting the development of a cultivation system for Calotropis procera. Thus, this study aimed to estimate genetic diversity among 35 C. procera genotypes based on germination and vigor of seeds stored for 1 year. The genotypes, which originated from areas in Paraíba (Brazil), where they occur naturally, were collected and stored in March 2014. In order to evaluate the physiological potential of the seeds, two experiments were conducted between March and April 2015. The first involved a propagation test conducted in a germination chamber, while the second involved an emergence test in washed sand, performed in polyethylene trays in a screened environment under uncontrolled conditions. In both experiments, an entirely randomized design was used, with four repetitions of 25 seeds per genotype. The characteristics evaluated were germination, average daily germination, daily germination speed, the speed of germination index, the plantlet vigor index, emergence, the speed of emergence index, total length, and total dry mass. The results showed that genetic variability exists among the C. procera genotypes for variables involving germination and vigor of seeds stored for 1 year. Also, emergence, total dry plantlet mass, and germination characteristics contribute most to the genetic divergence among C. procera genotypes.

RESUMO Objetivou-se, com esse trabalho, a avaliação técnica e econômica da produtividade do tomateiro cultivado com diferentes frequências de irrigação no litoral cearense. O experimento foi conduzido em campo na área experimental da Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, durante o período de agosto a dezembro nos anos de 2011 e de 2012. O delineamento experimental utilizado nos dois ciclos de avaliações foi de blocos ao acaso, composto de seis tratamentos equivalentes às frequências de irrigação: F2 (dois dias); F3 (três dias); F4 (quatro dias), F5 (cinco dias), F6 (seis dias) e F7 (sete dias), com quatro repetições. Aos vinte dias após o transplantio (DAT), quando as plantas já estavam aclimatizadas no campo, foram diferenciados os tratamentos. A colheita se iniciou aos setenta DAT e foi concluída aos noventa DAT. Foram analisadas as seguintes variáveis: comprimento, diâmetro e massa do fruto, número de frutos por planta e a produtividade, sendo também realizada a análise econômica do cultivo. Os produtores da região litorânea do estado do Ceará, que visem um maior rendimento econômico quanto a receita liquida devem adotar uma Frequência de irrigação de dois dias (F2). | ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to technically and economically evaluate the productivity of tomato grown under different irrigation frequencies in the coast of Ceará, Brazil. The experiment was conducted in the experimental area of the Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, State of Ceará, Brazil, from August to December of 2011 and 2012. A randomized block experimental design was used in the two crop cycles, with six irrigation frequencies, consisted of 2 (F2), 3 (F3), 4 (F4), 5 (F5), 6 (F6) and 7 (F7) days of interval between irrigations, and four replications. The treatments were evaluated at twenty days after transplanting (DAT), when the plants were fully acclimated to the field. The harvesting began at seventy DAT and ended at ninety DAT. The variables analyzed were fruit length, diameter and weight, number of fruits per plant and fruit yield. The economic performance of the crop was also evaluated. Tomato producers of the coastal region of the State of Ceará, who aim to increase economic return, i.e., net income, must adopt a two- day irrigation frequency (F2).

ABSTRACT The soybean-corn succession in no-tillage system (DSS) is the most common cultivation practice in the state of Mato Grosso. Soils submitted to this type of system are prone to the formation of fertility gradients and surface compaction, restricting crop productivity. The objective of this work was to evaluate the physical-chemical attributes of an Oxisol after 11 years of continuous succession of soybean and corn in direct seeding, using geostatistical analysis techniques and main components. The experiment was conducted at the Chão Nativo farm located in the municipality of Sinop, Mato Grosso, Cerrado-Amazonian ecotone. For this, a rectangular mesh was installed with 103 sampling points distributed in an area of 7.02 ha, in which the grain yield of the soybean was determined as well as the physical and chemical attributes of the soil in the layers 0-10 and 0.10 - 0.20 m. Soybean showed a grain yield between 2.83 and 3.70 Mg ha-1, which was positively correlated with the spatial distribution of pH, phosphorus and potassium. The soil presented low physical quality due to high soil resistance to penetration and macroporosity less than 10%; however, no spatial correlation of physical attributes with soybean yield was observed. | RESUMO A sucessão soja-milho em semeadura direta (SSD) é a prática de cultivo mais comum no estado de Mato Grosso. Os solos submetidos a este tipo de sistema estão propensos à formação de gradientes de fertilidade e compactação superficial, restringindo a produtividade das culturas. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar os atributos físico-químicos de um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo após 11 anos de sucessão contínua de soja e milho em semeadura direta, utilizando-se técnicas de análise geoestatística e componentes principais. O experimento foi conduzido na fazenda Chão Nativo localizada no município de Sinop, Mato Grosso, ecótono Cerrado-Amazônia. Para isso instalou-se uma malha retangular com 103 pontos amostrais distribuídos em uma área de 7,02 ha, nos quais se determinou a produtividade de grãos da soja e os atributos físicos e químicos do solo nas camadas de 0-10 e 0,10-0,20 m. A soja apresentou amplitude na produtividade de grãos entre 2,83 e 3,70 Mg ha-1, que foi correlacionada de forma positiva com a distribuição espacial do pH, fósforo e potássio. O solo apresentou baixa qualidade física devido a elevada resistência do solo à penetração e macroporosidade menor que 10 %, contudo, não foi observada correlação espacial dos atributos físicos com a produtividade da soja.

RESUMO O uso da tecnologia de biofloco (BFT) pode contribuir para a produção de peixes em regiões com reduzida água. Portanto, compreender a dinâmica da qualidade da água é essencial para o sucesso do cultivo de peixes. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a qualidade da água no cultivo de tilápia do Nilo em sistema sem troca de água, durante a fase de alevinagem, utilizando diferentes fontes de carbono e relações C:N. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o arranjo fatorial 2x3, contendo duas relações carbono (C) e nitrogênio (N) (10:1 e 20:1) e três fontes de carbono (açúcar, melaço e amido de mandioca). Ambas as relações C:N e fontes de carbono influenciaram as variáveis alcalinidade, sólidos sedimentáveis (SS), turbidez e sólidos suspensos totais (SST) demonstrando valores significativamente mais elevados na relação C:N 20:1 (P < 0,05). As melhores fontes de carbono para a formação de flocos microbianos foram observados na utilização do melaço e açúcar na relação C:N de 10:1 e 20:1. A estabilidade dos parâmetros de qualidade de água monitorados ocorreu entre a 6 e 7 semanas de cultivo. O desempenho de tilapia do Nilo em sistema BFT fertilizado com diferentes fontes de carbono orgânico não foi significativamente diferente (P < 0,05) entre os tratamentos. A escolha de melaço para a fertilização do sistema BFT também pode ajudar a reduzir o custo de produção em regiões onde há disponibilidade deste produto. | ABSTRACT The use of biofloc technology (BFT) can improve fish production in regions with low water availability. Therefore, information on dynamics of water quality is essential for success in fish rearing. Thus, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the water quality for Nile tilapia farming in a system without water exchange, during the fingerling stage, using different sources of carbon and C:N ratios. A completely randomized experimental design was used in a 2x3 factorial arrangement, with two carbon (C) to nitrogen (N) ratios (10:1 and 20:1) and three carbon sources (sugar, molasses and cassava starch). The C:N ratio and carbon source affected the variables alkalinity, settleable solids (SS), turbidity and total suspended solids (TSS), showing significantly higher values at C:N ratio of 20:1 (P < 0.05). The best carbon source for microbial floc formation were the molasses and sugar, under C:N ratios of 10:1 and 20:1. The stability of the monitored water quality parameters occurred from 6 to 7 weeks of rearing. The growth performance of Nile tilapia in BFT system fertilized with different organic carbon sources was not significantly different (P < 0.05) between treatments. The use of molasses to fertilize BFT systems can reduce costs of production in regions where this product is available.

ABSTRACT The Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) is a worldwide pest of Brassicaceae. Resistance has evolved against various insecticides including chlorfenapyr one of the most recently registered molecules to control this pest. The failure of chlorfenapyr to control this pest could be related to resistance in P. xylostella in the state of Pernambuco (Brazil), but there is currently no information on its heritability. Here, we estimated the heritability of resistance of P. xylostella to chlorfenapyr and the number of genes involved in the resistance in a field-derived population (PxClf-SEL). A field population was selected in the laboratory with increasing doses of chlorfenapyr (for five generations), and the LC50s were estimated for every generation using the leaf dip bioassay. The selection increased resistance to chlorfenapyr in the PxClf-SEL as the LC50 shifted from 27.6 (F1) to 256.5 (F5) mg chlorfenapyr/L. As a result, the resistance ratio (RR) increased from 33-fold (F1) to 310-fold (F5). The heritability of resistance of P. xylostella to chlorfenapyr was 0.90 (h2), and the number of generations needed for a 10-fold increase in the resistance to chlorfenapyr was 5.20 (G). Other methods have shown different numbers of genes (0.64 and 1.88) involved in resistance of P. xylostella to chlorfenapyr. There was sufficient variation regarding resistance in the field population to account for a high realized heritability influenced mainly by additive genetic factors. Therefore, there is a high risk of chlorfenapyr resistance in the field. | RESUMO A Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) é uma praga mundial de Brassicaceae. A resistência tem evoluído para vários inseticidas incluindo clorfenapir, uma das moléculas registradas recentemente para o controle desta praga. As falhas de clorfenapir para controlar esta praga podem ser relacionadas com a resistência em P. xylostella no Estado de Pernambuco (Brasil), mas atualmente não há informações sobre sua herdabilidade. Aqui, foi estimada a herdabilidade da resistência de P. xylostella para clorfenapir e o número de genes envolvidos na resistência em uma população derivada do campo (PxClf-SEL). A população de campo foi selecionada no laboratório com doses crescentes de clorfenapir (por cinco gerações) e as CL50s foram estimadas para todas as gerações usando bioensaio de imersão de folha. A seleção aumentou a resistência para clorfenapir na PxClf-SEL, como também deslocou a CL50 de 27,60 (F1) para 256,50 (F5) mg de clorfenapir/L. Como resultado, a razão de resistência (RR) aumentou de 33 (F1) para 310 vezes (F5). A herdabilidade da resistência de P. xylostella para clorfenapir foi 0,90 (h2) e o número de gerações necessário para aumentar em 10 vezes a resistência foi 5,20 (G). Outros métodos tem mostrado diferente número de genes (0,64 e 1,88) envolvidos na resistência de P. xylostella para clorfenapir. Houve variação suficiente na população de campo em relação à resistência para justificar a alta herdabilidade, influenciada principalmente por fatores genéticos aditivos. Portanto, existe um alto risco de resistência no campo.

The objective of this research was to evaluate combinations of cultivars of coriander and arugula in two croppings with cultivars of carrot in a strip-intercropping system. The study was conducted from November 2014 to March 2015. The experimental design was a randomized complete block in a 2 x 2 x 2 + 2 factorial scheme, with four replications. The treatments consisted of the combination of two cultivars of coriander (Verdão and Português) with two cultivars of carrot (Brasília and Esplanada) and two cultivars of arugula (Cultivada and Folha Larga) in a strip-intercropping system plus two additional treatments, where the first represents the cultivars in monocropping and the second the cultivation types (monocropping and intercropping). The characteristics evaluated in the coriander and arugula were green mass yield and shoot dry mass. The following were evaluated in carrot: shoot dry mass, dry mass of roots, total and commercial productivity, and classified productivity of roots. In the intercropping system, the agronomic indices of land equivalent ratio, productive efficiency index, and score of the canonical variable were evaluated. The economic efficiency indicators determined were gross and net income, rate of return, profit margin, monetary advantage, and modified monetary advantage. There was no significant interaction among the cultivars of coriander, carrot, and arugula for coriander and arugula green mass yields, and for total and commercial productivities of carrot roots. The best polyculture was of that involved in the cultivars ―Português,‖ ―Esplanada,‖ and ―Cultivada‖.

Sugarcane management practices (unburned cane - UC and burned cane – BC) interfere with dynamics of soil magnetic properties. This study focused on determining the potential of magnetic susceptibility as soil quality indicator in areas under sugarcane cultivation. The experiment area is on the limit between basalt from São Bento Group, Serra Geral Formation, and sandstone from Bauru Group – Adamantina Formation. Twenty soil samples were collected from two management areas (burned and unburned sugarcane prior to harvest) at a depth range of 0.0 - 0.2 m. Local soil was classified as eutroferric Red Latosol (Oxisol), with highly clayey texture. Chemical and physical properties, CO 2 emissions and magnetic susceptibility (MS) in air - dried fine earth (MS ADFE ), total sand fraction (MS TS ) and clay fraction (MS CF ). The magnetic signature from MS was effective in identifying changes of physical, chemical and mineralogical traits in Latosols under burned and unburned sugarcane crop. The information provided here can guide further studies on the genesis of minerals with magnetic expression in environments and exposed to fire burning

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of the application of phosphogypsum and vinasse on soil chemical properties and productivity and nutritional characteristics of alfalfa (Medicago sativa). The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, using a 3×5 factorial arrangement, with three vinasse rates (0, 150 and 300 m3 ha-1) and five phosphogypsum rates (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 Mg ha-1). The alfalfa chemical composition and shoot dry matter (SDW) and soil chemical properties (in the layers 0.0-0.2 and 0.21-0.4 m) were evaluated. The vinasse rates increased the soil potassium contents, while the phosphogypsum rates promoted linear increases in soil calcium and sulfur contents. The base saturation was increased and the magnesium content showed a quadratic response on the layer 0.21-0.4 m with the increase in phosphogypsum rates. The calcium, magnesium and phosphorus contents in the alfalfa leaves were lower with vinasse application. The phosphogypsum rates promoted linear increases in alfalfa SDW. Vinasse rated 150 m3 ha-1 was been enough to SDW increase. Calcium and magnesium contents in the leaves fitted a quadratic model, with maximum calcium content in the phosphogypsum rate of 9.5 Mg ha-1 and the minimum magnesium content in the phosphogypsum rate of 8.7 Mg ha-1. The leaf sulfur contents in all vinasse rates and leaf potassium contents in the highest vinasse rate showed maximum accumulation at near 9 Mg ha-1 of phosphogypsum.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the response of sugarcane genotypes to Meloidogyne javanica and Pratylenchus zeae . Sugarcane seedlings of the genotypes RB985944, RB987932, RB877935, RB855156, RB935744, RB996961, RB925345, RB935581 and RB966928 obtained from tissue cultures and maintained in pots with sterilized soil in a greenhouse were inoculated with 5,000 eggs + second - stage juveniles of M. javanica or 1,600 of P. zeae per plant, using six replicates per treatment. Tomato (Rutgers) and sorghum (BRS506) plants were used as control and proof of viability of the inoculum for the M. javanica and P. zeae , respectively. The number of root - knot in the plants inoculated with M. javanica , final nematode population and reproduction factor (RF) of both nematodes were evaluated at 120 days after inoculation. The averages of the different variables were compared by the Scott - Knott's clustering test at 5%. The nematodes M. javanica and P. zeae showed RF>1.00 in all sugarcane genotypes assessed, however, different levels of susceptibility were found. The lowest reproduction of the nematodes was found in the genotypes RB008347, RB877935, RB975944 and RB987932 ( M. javanica ) and RB987932 and RB966928 ( P. zeae ).

The application of a bionematicide based on chlamydospores of Pochonia chlamydosporia (Pc-10) can be an important strategy for reducing the damage caused by Meloidogyne incognita on carrot. Based on this perspective, the nematicidal effects of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 kg ha-1 of Pc-10 were evaluated on carrot cv. Juliana under field conditions. Carrot yield and nematode population were influenced by increasing doses of Pc-10. The application of 3.0 kg ha-1 of Pc-10 increased the marketable production of carrot roots by 41.7% compared to the untreated control, whereas the production of unmarketable roots and the nematode population in the soil were reduced by 48.7% and 61.4%. The application of 3.0 kg ha-1 of Pc-10 reduces M. incognita population and improves carrot quality and yield.