RESUMO: Objetivou-se comparar por meio do Fator de Bayes (FB), modelos para estimar componentes de covariância, parâmetros genéticos e valores genéticos para os pesos ajustados aos 205 (P205), 365 (P365) e 550 (P550) dias de idade em animais da raça Tabapuã, criados a pasto no Nordeste do Brasil. Foram utilizadas informações de 26.838 animais no período entre 1975 a 2007 provenientes do controle de desenvolvimento ponderal da Associação Brasileira de Criadores de Zebu (ABCZ). Os componentes de covariância e parâmetros genéticos foram estimados pela abordagem bayesiana em análises uni e bicaracterísticas utilizando-se o programa GIBBS3F90. O modelo completo proporcionou melhor ajuste para a estimativa dos parâmetros genéticos para as características P205 e P365. Quanto à característica P550, o modelo que proporcionou o melhor ajuste foi o que não incluiu o efeito de ambiente permanente. As tendências genéticas de efeito direto foram significativas para as características P205, P365 e P550, correspondendo a incrementos de 2,67 kg, 7,35 kg e 8,32 kg, respectivamente, durante os 32 anos avaliados. As tendências fenotípicas foram significativas apenas para as características P205 e P365, correspondendo a incrementos de 26,82 kg e 22,42 kg, respectivamente. As correlações genéticas entre o peso aos 205, 365 e 550 dias de idade foram de alta magnitude (P205P365=0,90; P205P550=0,90 e P365P550=0,98), podendo-se obter ganhos genéticos via resposta correlacionada para os pesos aos 365 e 550 dias de idade ao selecionar o P205. | ABSTRACT: The objective was to compare models by Bayes factor (BF) to estimate the (co)variance components, genetic parameters and genetic values for the adjusted weights at 205 (W205), 365 (W365) and 550 (W550) days of age in Tabapuã animals reared on pasture in the Brazilian Northeast. Information about 26,838 cattle born in the period from 1975 to 2007 originally from the weight-development-control system of the Brazilian Association of Zebu Farmers (Associação Brasileira de Criadores de Zebu, ABCZ) was used. The (co)variance components and genetic parameters were estimated by the Bayesian approach, in single- and two-trait analysis, using the GIBBS3F90 software. The full model provided the best fit to estimate the breeding value for W205 and W365 characteristics parameters. For trait W550, the model that provided the best fit was the one that did not include the effect of permanent environment. Genetic trends of direct effect were significant for the W205, W365 and W550 features, corresponding to increments of 2.67 kg, 7.35 kg and 8.32 kg, respectively, during the 32 years evaluated. Phenotypic trends were significant only for W205 and W365 characteristics corresponding to increments of 26.82 kg and 22.42 kg, respectively. The genetic correlations between weight at 205, 365 and 550 days of age were of high magnitude (P205P365 = 0.90, = 0.90 and P205P550 P365P550 = 0.98); you can obtain genetic gains via correlated response to the weights at 365 and 550 days old when selecting for W205.

ABSTRACT: The phenotypic manifestations of genetic knowledge of important agronomic traits in plants is an activity of great importance, whose results are widely used in plant breeding. The objective was to study the type of genetic segregation that occurs when crossing a dwarf genotype versus indeterminate growth habit genotype. Their plant was found growing spontaneously in Piracicaba (SP), on-site disposal of fruits per tomatoes producers along with normal plants. Seeds of both plants were harvested separately for baseline and coded as follows: a plant with a normal phenotype (FN) and plant with atypical phenotype with characteristics of dwarfism (FA). The methodology consisted of biparental and reciprocal backcrosses of the F1 to the parent FA and obtained the F2 generation. The data derived from the plant count populations obtained (F1, F2 and backcrosses) were tested using the χ2 according to the expected frequency and observed the normal phenotype (FN) and plant with atypical phenotype with characteristics of dwarfism (FA), under the hypothesis Mendelian segregation 3:1, obtained by monogenic inheritance. From the results, it can be concluded that the phenotype observed in the plant in this study is recessive genetic origin can be inserted into other plants by crossing. | RESUMO: O conhecimento genético de manifestações fenotípicas de características de importância agronômica em vegetais é uma atividade de grande importância, cujos resultados são amplamente utilizados por fitomelhoristas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar o tipo de segregação genética que ocorre ao se cruzar um genótipo anão versus genótipo de hábito de crescimento indeterminado. A referida planta foi encontrada vegetando espontaneamente no município de Piracicaba (SP) em local de descarte de frutos por tomaticultores juntamente com as plantas normais. As sementes de ambas as plantas foram colhidas separadamente para início do estudo e codificadas da seguinte forma: planta com fenótipo normal (FN) e planta com fenótipo atípico com características de porte anão (FA). A metodologia constou de cruzamentos biparentais recíprocos e retrocruzamentos da geração F1 com o genitor FA e obtenção de geração F2. Os dados obtidos oriundos da contagem de plantas das populações obtidas (F1, F2 e F1RC1) foram submetidos ao teste de χ2 de acordo com a frequência esperada e observada do fenótipo normal (FN) e planta com fenótipo atípico com características de porte anão (FA), tendo como hipótese uma segregação mendeliana 3:1, obtida para herança monogênica. Pelos resultados obtidos foi possível concluir que o fenótipo observado na planta no presente estudo é de origem genética recessiva, podendo ser transmito para outras plantas via cruzamento.

F. graminearum is the main causal agent of Head blight in cereals in Argentina. This is a disease that develops during the host floral state. When the reproductive structures in the host are invaded, grains may be shriveled and reduced in weight, causing a decrease in yield. Physiological diagnostic techniques on seeds detect the damages produced by this fungus could be used to take decisions related to the quality of seed lots. The objective of this study was to evaluate the possible physiological damage caused by F. graminearum isolates in soybean seeds and wheat caryopsis. Seeds and caryopsis were obtained from plants exposed to fungal infection and were evaluated under two situations: artificial inoculations under greenhouse conditions and natural infection from fields of Santa Fe Province (33°43’22’’S; 62°14’46’’W). Seed weight, topographical tetrazolium test, standard germination test, electrical conductivity test and X-ray test were performed in soybean seeds and wheat caryopsis from each treatment. Differential behaviors of F. graminearum strains in susceptible soybean and wheat cultivars under greenhouse conditions revealed specific interactions among soybean and wheat genotypes with this fungus. F. graminearum infection in susceptible cultivars under greenhouse conditions produced a significant decrease in the physiological quality of soybean seed and wheat caryopsis. These behaviors were not detected under field conditions in the evaluated locations. All seed quality tests used in this experiment were useful to show differences in infection in soybean and wheat independently of F. graminearum infectio

Sorghum is grown in areas and environmental situations very dry and/or too hot, where produc- tivity of other cereals is uneconomical. Aiming to evaluate the production of three sorghum hybrids, because of potassium and management systems, grown in Oxisol with low productive capacity, an experiment was con- ducted in the field, in the area of the Federal Rural University of Amazonia/UFRA, Belém campus The experi- mental design was randomized in blocks, arranged in a factorial 4 x 3 x 2 with four replications. The factors were: four doses of potassium (50, 100, 200 and 300 kg ha - 1 ) as KCl, three sorghum hybrids (Qualimax, Volumax and AG 2005 - E) and two tillage systems (no - till and conventional). The tillage produced a higher shoot dry weight of sorghum, and the hybrid and Volumax and Qualimax had incomes above the AG2005 - E. The contents of the elements N, P, K, Ca and Mg in the leaves of sorghum grown with tillage were higher than those found in conventional tillage. Doses of potassium resulted in greater increase in MSPA tillage using 40% less potash fertilizer with the conventional system.

This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro behavior of the fungus Fusarium guttiform in different conditions of temperature and luminosity and determine the most efficient inoculation method for evaluating the resistance of pineapple to fusariosis. To determine the in vitro behavior, two experiments was performed, with the same design, conduction, and evaluation. It was used a completely randomized experimental design in a factorial arrangement of 3x3 (three temperatures and three light regimes), with five replications. The evaluations of inoculation methods were conducted in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement 3x4 (methods x distance of inoculation). D leaves of pineapple, cultivar Pearl, were inoculated at two, five, eight and eleven centimeters from the base by the methods of infected toothpick, mycelium disc without injury and mycelium disc with injury on the leaf. There was no significant difference on in vitro behavior of the isolates analyzed. The indicated temperature and luminosity for the multiplication of F. guttiform were 25°C and 12 hours, respectively, since they showed significant my celial growth and increased production of reproductive structures. The indicated method for evaluation of resistance to fusariosis in pineapple was the inoculation by infected toothpick at a distance between 2 - 11 cm from the base of the leaf. It becomes necessary to perform an injury at the site to be inoculated for the infection of the pathogen F. guttiform occurs.

This research aimed to evaluate the physiological quality of pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) var. Bode Vermelha seeds, obtained from fruits at different ripening stages. The fruits of C. Chinese were separated according to the ripening stages, based on pericarp color (green fruits – stage 1, orange fruits – stage 2, light red fruits – stage 3, red fruits – stage 4, and carmine-red fruits – stage 5). To evaluate the ripeness and the physiological quality of the seeds were determined the biometric characteristics of the fruits and seeds, mass of thousand seeds, seeds water content, electrical conductivity, standard germinations test, speed of germination index, percentage of normal seedlings, speed of seedlings formation, accelerated aging, and seedling length. The characters length, diameter, weight, and number of seeds of the fruits and length, width, thickness, and mass of the seeds were analyzed by the estimated parameters using descriptive statistics. For the other variables was used the completely randomized design. The results were submitted to variance analysis and comparison of means by the Scott-Knott test at 5% probability. The ripeness stage affects the physiological quality of C. chinense Jacq. var. Bode Red seeds, being the seeds from red (stage 4) to carmine-red (stage 5) fruits those with the best performance thus, they are physiologically ripe, being the most indicated to seeds obtaining.

In order to determine the water requirement and crop coefficient for the different phenological stages on corn plants ( Zea mays L.) and cowpea plants ( Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) in intercropping and sole cropping systems under the climatic conditions of the Brazilian semiarid. The experiment was conducted in the city of Petrolina, PE. Shoots total dry mass and photosynthetically active radiation intercepted for both crops were monitored. Furthermore, it was obtained the evapotranspiration (ETc) by the soil water balance method. With these data and reference evapotranspiration it was obtained crop coefficient (Kc), which were subsequent- ly used to adjust models as a function of accumulated degree days. With the results, it was found the water re- quirements from maize and cowpea intercropped system were greater than the sole system. Kc in the inter- cropped system was 0.90, 1.30, 1.20 and 0.72 for maize and 0.86, 1.30, 1.21 and 0.91 for cowpea, respectively, for the vegetative, flowering, grain filling and ripening stages. In the sole system, these values were, 0.86, 1.23, 0.97 and 0.52 for maize and 0.68, 1.02, 1.06 and 0.63 for cowpea in those phases mentioned. The variations of the Kc values for both systems and cultures have been associated to the increase of biomass and light intercep- tion. The Gaussian model adjusted properly described the relationship between Kc and accumulated degree days.

Cultivars of the genus Nopalea are known in Brazil for being tolerant to cochineal carmine attacks, thus making the cultivation of this genus a promising alternative for mitigating the negative effects of this insect on the production of biomass. With the objectives of characterizing morphologically spineless forage cactus varieties and identify morphological characteristics that may be the focus in spineless forage cactus breeding programs, an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized block design with 11 treatments and four replications. The variety Alagoas showed the highest values of weight, area and volume of cladodes. The varieties Negro Michoacan F7 and V7, Tamazunchale V12 showed the highest values of the cladode area index, the total volume of cladodes and total fresh mass production. The varieties Negro Michoacan V7 and F7 presented the highest water use efficiency and dry mass yield. Cladode volume showed the highest correlation coefficients with the fresh weight of cladodes. Aiming the release of varieties for biomass production, varieties Negro Michoacan F7, V7 and Tamazunchale V12 may substitute the Miúda variety. The number and cladode area index may be used as criteria for selection of superior varieties in breeding programs.

The selection of common bean lines for seed coat standard, sanitary and physiological quality seed is recent in breeding programs. The objectives of this research were to evaluate if common bean lines differ for seed coat standard, sanitary and physiological quality seed, to investigate the correlation between these characters and to select common bean lines with high seed quality. For this, 16 inbred common bean lines were evaluated in normal rainy growing season. The common bean lines showed significant difference for the weight of thousand seeds, seed coat color, lignin content, length, width and thickness seeds, Fusarium sp. incidence, germination, first germination count, accelerated ageing, length of shoot, root and total of seedling, dry matter of shoot and total of seedling and emergency of seedling in field. A positive correlation coefficient was found between emergency of seedling in field and germination (r = 0.650), first germination count (r = 0.600), accelerated ageing (r = 0.793) and electric conductivity (r = 0.635). The indirect selection by germination, first germination count and accelerated ageing is effective to identify common bean lines with the highest emergency of seedling in field and germination. The selection of TB 02-07, SM 1810, Carioca, LP 08-90, SM 1107, LP 07 -80, Pérola, CNFP 10104 and TB 02-24 lines is recommended for use in controlled hybridization programs for improvement of news common bean cultivars of high seeds quality.

The classification of the onion made based on the diameter of the bulbs and the quality measured by soluble solids, titratable acidity, relation soluble solids /acidity e a pungency due to nitrogen and planting times were evaluated in two experiments conducted from december 2011 to April 2012 and August tha december to 2012, horta in the Department of Plant Sciences Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árida em Mossoró-RN. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications. The treatments consisted of N rates: 0, 34, 67, 101, 134 and 168 kg ha -1 N. Each experimental unit consisted of a bed of 3,0 x 0,8 m, satisfaction eight rows of plants spaced 0.10 x 0.10 m. Was used as floor area, the six central rows of plants in the flowerbed. The bulb pungency increased with the supply of nitrogen to the dose of 93 kg ha-1 . Acidity and soluble solids reduced with the application of nitrogen. The onion planting in August 2012 favored the production of better quality bulbs.