In the search for more sustainable energy sources, it has been invested in renewable energy sources like the biodiesel. However, for certification sustainable it is necessary that the energy generated by the biofuel is greater than the energy required for the entire production process. In this context, nitrogen fertilization has been a challenge because are large energy expenditures to obtain it, then, the use of alternative sources of nitrogen in agriculture may enable the environmentally friendly biodiesel. Thus, the objective this study was to evaluate the influence of the use of treated domestic sewage in the production of sunflower. The statistical design used was randomized blocks in split plots with four replications. In the plots, we evaluated the effect of two types of irrigation water; plots were distributed five irrigation, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00 and 1.25 of the evaporation of class “A” PAN. In subsubplots, we evaluated the effect of four doses of nitrogen fertilization 25, 50, 75 and 100 kg ha-1. The more positive energy balance of 1:1,30 and 1:1,36 was obtained with irrigation of 222.48 mm and nitrogen levels of 50 and 25 kg ha-1, irrigated with well water and sewage, respectively.

Elevated productivity of castor and common bean in intercropping is obtained with the use of quality seeds, where boron plays an important role in plant nutrition. The objective of the this study was to evaluate the physiological quality of seeds of the common bean and castor grown in intercropping syste ms, subject to different sources and levels of boron. A completely randomized design was used in a 2 x 5 + 2 facto- rial scheme with four replications. Treatments cons isted of two sources of boron (borax = 11% B and bo ric acid = 17% B), combined with five boron doses (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 kg ha -1 of B in the soil) in intercropping of the common bean with castor, plus additional treatm ents of common bean and castor in monoculture. It w as concluded that boric acid permitted for acquisition of common bean seeds with the highest germination per- centage when intercropped with castor. Use of the d ose of 1.5 kg ha -1 of boron in the soil resulted in acquisition of seeds of the common bean with vigor of 79% when intercropped with castor, regardless of the boron s ource. Employing 2.3 kg ha -1 of boron, with the source being either boric acid or borax, influenced the vigor of castor seeds produced when intercropped with the common be an. The addition of boron by soil fertilization, in de- pendent of the source used, did not affect the phys iological quality of common bean seeds or castor se eds pro- duced in monoculture.

The supply adequate of lime and phosphorus fertiliz er for cowpea beans can contribute for the increased of the productivity and the nutritional v alue of the grains. Therefore the effect of the pho sphate fer- tilization and the base saturation was evaluated on the growth and the productivity of the cowpea bean s of a Typic Hapludox. The experimental delineation was bl ock randomized, with eight replicates in factorial project 4 x 2, corresponding to the combination of four of phosphorus (P) levels (0, 25, 50 and 100 kg ha -1 of P 2 O 5 ) and two base saturations (50 and 60%). It was used to c ultivate BR3-Tracuateua, sown to provide 80,000 pla nts/ha. In period of flowering were collected two samples r epresentative in each plot for the determination of the dry mass aerial part. The dry mass aerial part producti on had a significant effect for interaction between the base saturation and phosphorus rate, the maximum product ion was reached in saturation of 50%, corresponding to the dose of 45 kg ha -1 . The components of output and weight of dry mass o f pods and grains also had signifi- cant effects on the interaction P x base saturation , and the highest production occurred in the base s aturation of 60% with the initial dose (25 kg ha -1 of P 2 O 5 ) of phosphorus. The maximum production estimated o f grains that corresponding to 90% was hit with the doses of 11.3 and 10.2 kg ha -1 P 2 O 5 , with base saturation of 60%.

There are few studies related to the in vitro cultivation of plants from theTheobroma genus and no effective micropropagation protocols for T.grandiflorum. The aim of this study was to evaluate the calli formation in cupuassu floral explants, targeting their organogenic or embryogenicdevelopment. Experiments were conducted in the Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory of EMBRAPA, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil. Floral parts from unopened immature flower buds taken from seedless cupuassu trees were sterilized and employed as a source of explants. These explants were cultivated in Petri dishes in an induction medium consisting of MS salts and vitamins, supplemented with glycine(3 mg.L-1), lysine (0,4 mg.L-1), leucine (0,4 mg.L-1), arginine (0,4 mg.L-1), tryptophan (0,2 mg.L-1), 2,4-D (1 mg.L-1), kinetin (0,25 mg.L-1), coconut water (50 ml.L-1), sucrose (40 g.L-1), Gelrite (2,2 g.L-1) and pH adjusted to 5,8. Cultures were maintained in the dark for 3 weeks at 27°C and then subcultured for six weeks in medium without growth regulators supplemented with glycine (1 mg.L-1), lysine (0,2 mg.L-1), leucine (0,2 mg.L-1), arginine (0,2 mg.L-1), tryptophan (0,1 mg.L-1), coconut water (100 ml.L-1), sucrose (40 g.L-1), Gelrite (2,2 g.L-1) and pH 5,8. We used a completely randomized design with 10 replications of 5 explants per plate and four different explant sources: staminode, petal, ligule and ovary. As a result, we obtained a highercalli formation in theinduction medium when ovaries were used as source of explants. However, there was no development of somatic embryosor organogenic response in medium without growth regulators and further studies are being conducted.

The objective of this study make a characterization of production systems of goat milk in the Cariris Paraiba. Were visited units processing and receiving points of the goat milk in 17 cities and interviewed 540 farmers in the regions of Cariris. The information was obtained through the application of questionnaire consisting of questions relating to ownership, herd management and health and the results were analyzed according to frequency of responses between the regions. There were significant differences (P<0.05) between the western and eastern Cariris with respect to ownership and size of properties and with respect to the species created in the properties of the two regions. The family system of production with low use of technologies and small herds predominates in Cariri. An interaction between race, environment and management should exist for the maximum production is reached. The use of conservation techniques fodder as hay and silage can help standardize production in semi-arid northeast.

This work aimed to evaluate the effect of mechanical injuries caused by impact, abrasion and cut in guavas cv. 'Paluma' under fruit quality during cold storage at 10°C, and at environment temperature. Was to adopt the completely randomized design in a split-plot in time considering as plots, the mechanical injuries and subplots, the storage periods (0, 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17 days) with four replicates of two fruits per experimental unit. The mechanical injuries were induced considering the following criteria: T1, witness, without fruit visible damage; T2, fruits impacts, two impacts per fruit at a height of 85 cm; T3, fruits subjected two cuts, on opposite sides, depth of 2 mm and length 30 mm; T4, fruits subjected to abrasion, area of 10 cm2. Was evaluated the exterior color, the external appearance, the internal appearance, the severity of disease. Injury due to impact, abrasion and cut no influence on in exterior color, external appearance, internal appearance and severity of diseases of guava cv. 'Paluma' during storage for 11 days at 10oC. But, the quality was impaired by mechanical injuries six days after exposure to 30°C.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the emergence and development of lettuce seed- lings, cv. Babá de Verão, when produced with organi c substrates made from sheep manure. The experiment was accomplished at a nursery in the Universidade F ederal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Unidade Acadêmica de Serra Talhada (UAST), Serra Talhada to wn, State of Pernambuco, during the month of April 2011. It was used a completely randomized design wi th four replications. The treatments were: T1 – com mer- cial substrate (Tropstrato HT ® ); T2 – sheep manure + sand (1:1); T3 – sheep manur e + sand (2:1); T4 – sheep manure + sand (3:1); T5 – sheep manure + soil (1:1) ; T6 – sheep manure + soil (2:1); T7 – sheep manure + soil (3:1); T8 – sheep manure + sand + soil (1:1:1); T9 – sheep manure + sand + soil (2:1:1); T10 – sheep m anure + sand + soil (3:1:1). Emergence indicators were: per centage, speed index and average time of emergence. Re- garding the development characteristics of seedling s were analyzed: leaf number, seedling height, root length, shoot dry matter and root dry matter. Whereas the i ndicators of emergence and development, it can be i nferred that substrates T3 [EO + A (2:1)], T4 [EO + A (3:1) ], T6 [EO + S (2:1)], T7 [EO + S (3:1)] and T10 [EO + A + S (3:1:1)] provided similar results to those observ ed in the production of lettuce seedlings with the commercial substrate, thus providing the formation of vigorous seedlings more sustainable for the initial stage o f cultivation of this vegetable.

The objective of the work was to evaluate the decoctions of Hyptis marrubioides, Aloysia gratissima and Cordia verbenacea and the mixture of those decoctions with the commercial fungicide pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole on the control of powdery mildew in eucalyptus. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using ministumps of Eucalyptus urophylla x E. camaldulensis (“urocam”) VM1 hybrid, considered highly susceptible to powdery mildew. The treatments consisted of three decoctions at 50%, of the fungicide at 0,75 mL L-1 and the mixture of the decoction with the fungicide at the proportions of 50:50, 25:75 and 75:25, respectively. The treatments were sprayed every 14 days and the disease severity evaluations were carried out every 7 days. The direct fungitoxic effect of the treatments on the powdery mildew of the eucalyptus was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was verified that the fungicide and decoctions of H. marrubioides, A. gratissima and C. verbenacea and all the mixtures of those decoctions with the fungicide were efficient in reducing the severity of powdery mildew in eucalyptus ministumps. The mixture of decoctions with the fungicide pyraclostrobin + epoxiconazole allowed us to reduce fungicide dose by 75% and increase the efficiency of control. Through the images obtained by SEM verified the fungitoxic action of the decoctions, the fungicide and combinations of these products on the powdery mildew of the eucalyptus, such as hyphal wall and conidiophore lysis and wilting of the fungal conidia.

The mama-cadela (Brosimum gaudichaudii Trécul) is a species of the Brazilian cerrado consid- ered a priority for conservation and management of plant genetic resources. The roots of B. gaudichaudii are used to obtain psoralen and bergapten to produce medicine against vitiligo. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of seed size and levels of shading in the early development of seedlings of B. gaudichaudii. It was used a completely randomized experimental design in factorial scheme 3 x 3, three seed sizes (small, medium and large) and three shade conditions (0%, 30% and 60%), with four replications of 25 seeds. These characteristics were percentage of emergence and survival, height, basal diameter, height/diameter and number of leaves of seedlings until 120 days after sowing. The highest percentage emergence occurred in 60% shading and large seeds (70%). These seeds originate seedlings with higher height (20.4 cm) and smaller basal diameter (1.4 cm), while small seeds at the same level of shading formed smaller height (8 cm) and basal diameter (2 4 cm) of seedlings. The number of leaves was higher in cultivated plants in full sun and was not influenced by the size of the seed. The height/diameter was lower for seedlings grown in full sun. The highest quality of seedlings of B. gaudichaudii is obtained with large seeds provided no shading.

The pollination is currently recognized as impor tant factor of production in the driving of many crops. The objective of this research was to study the reproductive biology of fennel in the field int ercropped with colored cotton (BRS Safira) in the presence an d absence of insecticide Actara and evaluate the pe rform- ance of their floral visitors. The evaluations were conducted in an experimental field in the municipa lity of Lagoa Seca-PB. Plots were evaluated: P 1 = fennel in the absence of insecticide; P 2 = fennel in the presence of insecticide; P 3 = fennel intercropped with cotton in the absence o f insecticide; P 4 = fennel intercropped with cotton in the presence of insecticide. In each plot data were recorded on the inflorescence and flower s such as floral morphology, color, time, duration and sequen ce of anthesis and observed aspects related to time , fre- quency, duration and visiting behavior. For analysi s of the reproductive system was evaluated the natu ral polli- nation and self-pollination by the number of fruits formed, weight of thousand seeds and number of see ds/kg. The hermaphrodite flowers are yellow in color, have 5 mm in diameter, have five petals, have short cor olla and inferior ovary containing two ova. After anthesis, the flowers remained open for approximately 24 hour s. Ob- served self-pollination in this species, but there is increased production of fruits and seeds in the natural polli- nation. The bee Apis mellifera is the most efficient pollinator of this species, with a higher number of visits to the plots without insecticide application, regardle ss of single planting or intercropping system.