ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to document the heretofore unrecorded natural occurrence of the larval parasitoid Digonogastra sp. on Diatraea flavipennella Box, 1931 (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in sugarcane fields. The collections were made in the Usina Santa Clotilde area, in Rio Largo municipality, Alagoas State, Brazil. This is the first record of Digonogastra sp. parasitizing caterpillar of D. flavipennella in Brazil. The parasitism rate was found to be 14.06%. The occurrence of this parasitoid indicates potential for natural regulation of that pest in sugarcane crop. | RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi registrar a ocorrência natural do parasitoide larval Digonogastra sp. em Diatraea flavipennella Box, 1931 (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) em cana-de-açúcar. As coletas foram realizadas na Usina Santa Clotilde (9º25’S, 35º49’W, 127m de altitude), no município de Rio Largo, Estado de Alagoas, Brasil. Este é o primeiro registro do gênero Digonogastra parasitando lagartas de D. flavipennella no Brasil. A taxa de parasitismo verificada foi de 14,06%. A ocorrência deste parasitoide indica um potencial de regulação natural da referida praga em cana-de-açúcar.

The aim of this study is to document the heretofore unrecorded natural occurrence of the larval parasitoid Digonogastra sp. on Diatraea flavipennella Box, 1931 (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in sugarcane fields. The collections were made in the Usina Santa Clotilde area, in Rio Largo municipality, Alagoas State, Brazil. This is the first record of Digonogastra sp. parasitizing caterpillar of D. flavipennella in Brazil. The parasitism rate was found to be 14.06%. The occurrence of this parasitoid indicates potential for natural regulation of that pest in sugarcane crop.

ABSTRACT Intercropping is a cropping system that involves cultivating two or more crops in the same area with different cycles and vegetative architectures. One of the ways to increase productivity and efficiency in this cropping system is through green manuring and by properly considering crop combinations, cultivation timing, and planting configuration of the component crops. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the productive performance of carrot and lettuce intercropping systems under different amounts of rooster tree biomass incorporated into the soil and under different spatial arrangements. The study was conducted at the experimental farm Rafael Fernandes, RN, Brazil, in the period from September 2012 to January 2013, in an experimental design of randomized complete blocks in a 4 x 3 factorial scheme, with twelve treatments and 3 replicates. The treatments consisted of the combination of four rooster tree biomass amounts incorporated into the soil (10, 25, 40 and 55 t ha-1 on a dry basis) with three predetermined spatial arrangements between the component crops (2:2, 3:3 and 4:4), which correspond to the rows of carrot alternating with the rows of lettuce. The agronomic performance of the carrot and lettuce intercropping system was optimized in the amount of approximately 46.36 t ha-1 of rooster tree incorporated into the soil. There was no influence of the spatial arrangements on the agronomic efficiency of the carrot and lettuce intercropping. The use of rooster tree as green manure is agronomically viable in intercropped systems of carrot and lettuce. | RESUMO A consorciação de culturas é um sistema de cultivo que envolve o cultivo de duas ou mais culturas na mesma área com diferentes ciclos e arquiteturas vegetativas. Uma das maneiras de aumentar a produtividade e a eficiência neste sistema de cultivo é através de adubação verde e considerando adequadamente as combinações de culturas, o tempo e a configuração de plantio das culturas componentes. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho produtivo de sistemas consorciados de cenoura e alface em diferentes quantidades de biomassa de flor-de-seda incorporadas no solo e em diferentes arranjos espaciais. O estudo foi realizado na fazenda experimental Rafael Fernandes, RN, Brasil, no período de setembro de 2012 a janeiro de 2013, em um delineamento experimental de blocos completos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 4 x 3, com doze tratamentos e 3 repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram da combinação de quatro quantidades de biomassa de flor-de-seda incorporadas no solo (10, 25, 40 e 55 t ha-1 em base seca) com quatro arranjos espaciais predeterminados entre as culturas componentes (2:2, 3:3 e 4:4), que correspondem às fileiras de cenoura alternadas com as fileiras de alface. O desempenho agronômico do sistema de consórcio de cenoura e alface foi otimizado na quantidade de aproximadamente 46.36 t ha-1 de flor-de-seda incorporada no solo. Não houve influência dos arranjos espaciais sobre a eficiência agronômica do consórcio de cenoura e alface. O uso da flor-de-seda como adubo verde é agronomicamente viável em sistemas consorciados de cenoura e alface.

Intercropping is a cropping system that involves cultivating two or more crops in the same area with different cycles and vegetative architectures. One of the ways to increase productivity and efficiency in this cropping system is through green manuring and by properly considering crop combinations, cultivation timing, and planting configuration of the component crops. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the productive performance of carrot and lettuce intercropping systems under different amounts of rooster tree biomass incorporated into the soil and under different spatial arrangements. The study was conducted at the experimental farm Rafael Fernandes, RN, Brazil, in the period from September 2012 to January 2013, in an experimental design of randomized complete blocks in a 4 x 3 factorial scheme, with twelve treatments and 3 replicates. The treatments consisted of the combination of four rooster tree biomass amounts incorporated into the soil (10, 25, 40 and 55 t ha-1 on a dry basis) with three predetermined spatial arrangements between the component crops (2:2, 3:3 and 4:4), which correspond to the rows of carrot alternating with the rows of lettuce. The agronomic performance of the carrot and lettuce intercropping system was optimized in the amount of approximately 46.36 t ha-1 of rooster tree incorporated into the soil. There was no influence of the spatial arrangements on the agronomic efficiency of the carrot and lettuce intercropping. The use of rooster tree as green manure is agronomically viable in intercropped systems of carrot and lettuce.

RESUMO O presente estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar três populações naturais de mangabeira (Hancornia speciosa Gomes) localizadas em áreas de Cerrado na região de Porto Nacional-TO e estudar a variabilidade fenotípica através de atributos físico-químicos de frutos. Foram selecionados dez genótipos em cada população e coletados vinte frutos de cada genótipo para análise. Nos frutos foram mensurados: o diâmetro transversal e longitudinal, a massa total, a massa e o rendimento de polpa, o número de sementes e a massa fresca das sementes. De cada fruto foram retiradas duas sementes e mensurados o diâmetro longitudinal, transversal e espessura. Da polpa total de cada genótipo foram mensurados o pH e sólidos solúveis. Para caracterização morfológica foi realizada estatística descritiva, a comparação entre as populações foi realizada através do teste de Kruskal-Wallis seguido do teste de Dunn a 5% de probabilidade. A relação entre as variáveis foi estimada pelo coeficiente de correlação de Spearman. Para o estudo da variabilidade fenotípica foi realizada a análise de componentes principais. As populações naturais de mangabeira estudadas apresentam características semelhantes quanto à morfologia do fruto e pH, sendo encontrado diferenças significativas apenas para o diâmetro transversal da semente, com maior valor para Canaã e sólidos solúveis totais, com maior valor para Providência. As correlações significativas em cada população ocorrem para as mesmas variáveis morfológicas e pH, com exceção das correlações negativas que ocorreram na população Canaã que se destacou por apresentar frutos mais homogêneos. Providência apresentou frutos maiores e com maior massa. Nas populações São Judas Tadeu e Providência foram observadas maiores variabilidades fenotípicas. | ABSTRACT This study aimed to characterize three natural populations of mangabeira (Hancornia speciosa) located in parts of the Cerrado in the region of Porto Nacional, State of Tocantins, as well as to evaluate phenotypic variability in individual plants based on the physicochemical properties of their fruits. Ten genotypes were selected from each population, and 20 fruits of each genotype were collected for analysis. Fruits were analyzed for transverse and longitudinal diameters, total mass, pulp mass and yield, and number and fresh mass of seeds. Two seeds were taken from each fruit for the measurement of longitudinal and transverse diameter and thickness. Furthermore, pH and soluble solids were measured in the total pulp of each genotype. Descriptive statistics were performed on the data from morphological characterization, and populations were compared by the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by Dunn's test at 5% probability level. The relationship between variables was estimated by the Spearman’s correlation coefficient. Phenotypic variability was verified using the principal component analysis. All three natural populations of mangabeira investigated here exhibited similar characteristics regarding fruit morphology and pH. Significant differences were detected only in the transverse diameter of the seed (Canaã had the highest value) and for total soluble solids content (Providência had the highest value). Significant correlations were found for corresponding morphological variables and pH in each population, except for several negative correlations that were observed in the Canaã population, which produced more homogeneous fruit. The Providência population presented the largest and most massive fruit. The greatest phenotypic variabilities were observed in the São Judas Tadeu and Providência populations.

This study aimed to characterize three natural populations of mangabeira (Hancornia speciosa) located in parts of the Cerrado in the region of Porto Nacional, State of Tocantins, as well as to evaluate phenotypic variability in individual plants based on the physicochemical properties of their fruits. Ten genotypes were selected from each population, and 20 fruits of each genotype were collected for analysis. Fruits were analyzed for transverse and longitudinal diameters, total mass, pulp mass and yield, and number and fresh mass of seeds. Two seeds were taken from each fruit for the measurement of longitudinal and transverse diameter and thickness. Furthermore, pH and soluble solids were measured in the total pulp of each genotype. Descriptive statistics were performed on the data from morphological characterization, and populations were compared by the Kruskal-Wallis test, followed by Dunn's test at 5% probability level. The relationship between variables was estimated by the Spearman’s correlation coefficient. Phenotypic variability was verified using the principal component analysis. All three natural populations of mangabeira investigated here exhibited similar characteristics regarding fruit morphology and pH. Significant differences were detected only in the transverse diameter of the seed (Canaã had the highest value) and for total soluble solids content (Providência had the highest value). Significant correlations were found for corresponding morphological variables and pH in each population, except for several negative correlations that were observed in the Canaã population, which produced more homogeneous fruit. The Providência population presented the largest and most massive fruit. The greatest phenotypic variabilities were observed in the São Judas Tadeu and Providência populations.

ABSTRACT The interaction Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) x nematode and the genetic variability of Foc are the main problems with potential to affect the use of resistant varieties in the management of the Panama disease. The objective of this work was to evaluate the interaction between Foc and Meloidogyne javanica on the banana of the Prata Anã, Grande Naine and BRS Princesa cultivars. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, with six treatments and ten replications, which differed in the inoculation time of each pathogen. Simultaneous inoculation with Foc and M. javanica, inoculation with Foc one week before inoculation with M. javanica, and inoculation with M. javanica one week before inoculation with Foc. In addition to the controls, Foc isolated, M. javanica isolated, and cultivars without the pathogens. The seedlings were transplanted in 3-liter pots with sterile soil infested with 40 grams of Foc inoculum at the concentration of 1x106CFU/gram and 1000 eggs and J2 of M. javanica. At the end of 56 days, the treatments with 'Grande Naine' presented the highest reproduction factors of M. javanica. In the 'Prata Anã' no interaction was observed between Foc x M. javanica. The treatments with simultaneous inoculation of the two pathogens, and with Foc a week before, in the 'BRS Princesa', presented the highest external disease indices (DI), which promoted the highest AUDPC. The highest internal DI were observed in the treatments Foc+Mj+Grande Naine, Foc+Mj+BRS Princesa, Mj+Grande Naine+Foc and Foc+BRS Princesa+Mj. The simultaneous presence of M. javanica and Foc increases the severity of the Panama disease in Grande Naine and BRS Princesa cultivars. | RESUMO A interação Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) x nematoide e a variabilidade genética de Foc são os principais problemas com potencial de afetar o uso de variedades resistentes no manejo do mal-do-Panamá. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a interação entre Foc e Meloidogyne javanica sobre as cultivares de bananeiras, Prata Anã, Grande Naine e BRS Princesa. O experimento foi conduzido em DBC, com seis tratamentos e dez repetições, os quais se diferenciaram no tempo de inoculação de cada patógeno. Inoculação simultânea de Foc e M. javanica, inoculação de Foc uma semana antes de M. javanica e inoculação de M. javanica uma semana antes de Foc. Além dos controles, Foc isolado, M. javanica isolado e cultivares sem patógenos. As mudas foram transplantadas em vasos de três litros com solo estéril infestado com 40 gramas de inóculo de Foc na concentração de 1x106UFC/grama e 1000 ovos e J2 de M. javanica. Ao final de 56 dias, os tratamentos em 'Grande Naine' apresentaram os maiores fatores de reprodução de M. javanica. Em 'Prata Anã' não foi observado interação entre Foc x M. javanica. Os tratamentos com inoculação simultânea dos dois patógenos e com Foc uma semana antes, em 'BRS Princesa', apresentaram os maiores índices de doença (ID) externos, o que proporcionou as maiores AACPD. Os maiores ID internos foram observados nos tratamentos, Foc+Mj+Grande Naine, Foc+Mj+BRS Princesa, Mj+Grande Naine+Foc e Foc+BRS Princesa+Mj. A presença conjunta de M. javanica e Foc aumenta a severidade do mal-do-Panamá nas cultivares Grande Naine e BRS Princesa.

The interaction Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) x nematode and the genetic variability of Foc are the main problems with potential to affect the use of resistant varieties in the management of the Panama disease. The objective of this work was to evaluate the interaction between Foc and Meloidogyne javanica on the banana of the Prata Anã, Grande Naine and BRS Princesa cultivars. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, with six treatments and ten replications, which differed in the inoculation time of each pathogen. Simultaneous inoculation with Foc and M. javanica, inoculation with Foc one week before inoculation with M. javanica, and inoculation with M. javanica one week before inoculation with Foc. In addition to the controls, Foc isolated, M. javanica isolated, and cultivars without the pathogens. The seedlings were transplanted in 3-liter pots with sterile soil infested with 40 grams of Foc inoculum at the concentration of 1x106CFU/gram and 1000 eggs and J2 of M. javanica. At the end of 56 days, the treatments with 'Grande Naine' presented the highest reproduction factors of M. javanica. In the 'Prata Anã' no interaction was observed between Foc x M. javanica. The treatments with simultaneous inoculation of the two pathogens, and with Foc a week before, in the 'BRS Princesa', presented the highest external disease indices (DI), which promoted the highest AUDPC. The highest internal DI were observed in the treatments Foc+Mj+Grande Naine, Foc+Mj+BRS Princesa, Mj+Grande Naine+Foc and Foc+BRS Princesa+Mj. The simultaneous presence of M. javanica and Foc increases the severity of the Panama disease in Grande Naine and BRS Princesa cultivars.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the interaction of microorganisms and phosphorus dosages in the development of gliricidia. The experimental design was completely randomized with six treatments (control, native microbial inoculant, and four arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi isolates: UFLA05 - Gigaspora albida, UFLA351 - Rhizoglomus clarum, UFLA372 - Claroideoglomus etunicatum, and UFLA401 - Acaulospora morrowiae), with four replicates. The parameters evaluated were: height plant, the number of branches, shoot and root dry mass matter, root length and volume, leaf phosphorus, mycorrhizal colonization, the number of spores of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, the number of nodules of nitrogen fixing bacteria, and the presence of endophytic dark septate fungi, after 95 days of inoculation. The high mycorrhizal colonization of gliricidia does not guarantee an increase in biomass, which depends on the interaction of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, the endophytic dark septate fungi, the nitrogen fixing bacteria, and the endophytic bacteria. Gliricidia was responsive to the inoculation of the native microbiota, UFLA372 and UFLA401. Mycorrhizal colonization by UFLA401 was influenced by the presence of nitrogen fixing bacteria. Gliricidia was not responsive to the inoculation of UFLA05 and UFLA351. The presence of the endophytic dark septate fungi did not inhibit mycorrhization and the formation of nodules of nitrogen fixing bacteria in gliricidia. | RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a interação de micro-organismos no desenvolvimento da gliricídia. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente aleatorizado composto por seis tratamentos (controle; inoculante microbiano nativo e quatro isolados fúngicos micorrízicos arbusculares: UFLA05 - Gigaspora albida, UFLA351 - Rhizoglomus clarum, UFLA372 - Claroideoglomus etunicatum e UFLA401 - Acaulospora morrowiae), com quatro repetições. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: altura da planta, número de ramos, massa da matéria seca da parte aérea e da raiz, comprimento e volume de raiz, teor de fósforo foliar, colonização micorrízica, número de esporos de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares, número de nódulos de bactérias fixadoras de nitrogênio, presença de fungos endofíticos "dark septate", após 95 dias da inoculação. A elevada colonização micorrízica da gliricídia não garante incremento da biomassa, a depender da interação de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares, de fungos endofíticos “dark septate”, de bactérias fixadoras do nitrogênio e de bactérias endofíticas. A gliricídia foi responsiva à inoculação da microbiota nativa, UFLA372 e UFLA401. A colonização micorrízica por UFLA401 foi influenciada pela presença de bactérias fixadoras do nitrogênio. A gliricídia não foi responsiva à inoculação de UFLA05 e UFLA351. A ocorrência de fungos endofíticos “dark septate” não inibiu a micorrização e a formação de nódulos de bactérias fixadoras do nitrogênio, em gliricídia.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the interaction of microorganisms and phosphorus dosages in the development of gliricidia. The experimental design was completely randomized with six treatments (control, native microbial inoculant, and four arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi isolates: UFLA05 - Gigaspora albida, UFLA351 - Rhizoglomus clarum, UFLA372 - Claroideoglomus etunicatum, and UFLA401 - Acaulospora morrowiae), with four replicates. The parameters evaluated were: height plant, the number of branches, shoot and root dry mass matter, root length and volume, leaf phosphorus, mycorrhizal colonization, the number of spores of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, the number of nodules of nitrogen fixing bacteria, and the presence of endophytic dark septate fungi, after 95 days of inoculation. The high mycorrhizal colonization of gliricidia does not guarantee an increase in biomass, which depends on the interaction of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, the endophytic dark septate fungi, the nitrogen fixing bacteria, and the endophytic bacteria. Gliricidia was responsive to the inoculation of the native microbiota, UFLA372 and UFLA401. Mycorrhizal colonization by UFLA401 was influenced by the presence of nitrogen fixing bacteria. Gliricidia was not responsive to the inoculation of UFLA05 and UFLA351. The presence of the endophytic dark septate fungi did not inhibit mycorrhization and the formation of nodules of nitrogen fixing bacteria in gliricidia.

ABSTRACT Plasma technology is a fast, cost-effective, and pollution-free method that can be used in place of conventional methods to overcome seed dormancy. The goal of the present study was to determine the effect of different application times of atmospheric plasma on soaking and germination of Hybanthus calceolaria seeds in order to accelerate these processes. Helium plasma jet produced by dielectric barrier discharge was used to treat H. calceolaria seeds with applications of 1, 5, and 10 minutes. The treated seeds were characterized considering their weight variation during soaking, changes in electrical conductivity, and pH. It was found that germination depended on the plasma application time. The treatment of H. calceolaria seeds with atmospheric plasma for 1 minute provided 3.5 times greater germination in comparison to untreated seeds. Atmospheric plasma technology obtained by dielectric barrier discharge had potential of being used as a germination accelerant in H. calceolaria seeds. The treatment of H. calceolaria seeds using atmospheric plasma for 1 minute favored germination. | RESUMO A tecnologia de plasma constitui-se em um método rápido, econômico e livre de poluição que pode ser utilizada na superação de dormência de sementes em substituição aos métodos convencionais. O objetivo com esse estudo foi verificar o efeito do tempo de aplicação de plasma atmosférico sobre a embebição e germinação de sementes de Hybanthus calceolaria visando à aceleração destes processos. Jato de plasma de gás hélio, produzido por descarga em barreira dielétrica (DBD), foi utilizado para tratar as sementes de H. calceolaria por 1, 5 e 10 minutos de aplicação. As sementes tratadas foram caracterizadas quanto à variação de peso durante a embebição, variações da condutividade elétrica e pH. Verificou-se que a germinação depende do tempo de aplicação do plasma. O tratamento de sementes de H. calceolaria com plasma atmosférico por 1 min. proporcionou incremento na germinação de 3,5 vezes em comparação com as não tratadas. A tecnologia de plasma atmosférico, obtido por barreira dielétrica, apresenta potencial de utilização como acelerador da germinação de sementes de H. calceolaria. O tratamento de sementes de H. calceolaria à plasma atmosférico durante 1 minuto favorece a germinação.

Plasma technology is a fast, cost-effective, and pollution-free method that can be used in place of conventional methods to overcome seed dormancy. The goal of the present study was to determine the effect of different application times of atmospheric plasma on soaking and germination of Hybanthus calceolaria seeds in order to accelerate these processes. Helium plasma jet produced by dielectric barrier discharge was used to treat H. calceolaria seeds with applications of 1, 5, and 10 minutes. The treated seeds were characterized considering their weight variation during soaking, changes in electrical conductivity, and pH. It was found that germination depended on the plasma application time. The treatment of H. calceolaria seeds with atmospheric plasma for 1 minute provided 3.5 times greater germination in comparison to untreated seeds. Atmospheric plasma technology obtained by dielectric barrier discharge had potential of being used as a germination accelerant in H. calceolaria seeds. The treatment of H. calceolaria seeds using atmospheric plasma for 1 minute favored germination.

RESUMO O trabalho teve como objetivo estudar variações nos parâmetros envolvidos no teste do pH do exsudato e alagamento para caracterização da qualidade fisiológica de sementes de soja. Inicialmente, foi determinado o teor de água e realizados os testes de germinação, primeira contagem, emergência e índice de velocidade de emergência. No teste do pH do exsudato foram estudadas variações no período de embebição e temperatura; e no teste de alagamento foram estudadas variações na quantidade de água e temperatura. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro repetições, e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Scott-Knott a 5% de probabilidade. Foi estimado o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson entre os testes do pH do exsudato e alagamento com a emergência de plântulas. O teste do pH do exsudato pode ser utilizado na avaliação do potencial fisiológico de sementes de soja, sendo que este deve ser realizado na temperatura de 20 ºC por 30 minutos de embebição. O teste de alagamento é eficiente na avaliação do vigor de sementes de soja, podendo ser realizado nas combinações 25 ºC/50 mL ou 30 ºC/75 mL, durante 4 h. | ABSTRACT The present study aimed to assess the variations in the parameters of the exudate pH and flooding tests to evaluate the physiological quality of soybean seeds. We subjected the lots of soybean seeds to germination, emergence, exudate pH, and flooding tests. Further, water content of the seeds, first count of germination, and emergence speed index were also determined. The exudate pH test studied the variations in the soaking period and temperature, while the flooding test assessed the variations in the amount of water and temperature at different periods of immersion. The experiment design was completely randomized. The results were presented as means and were compared using the Scott-Knott test at 5% probability. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient between the exudate pH and emergence of seedlings, and also between the flooding test result and emergence of seedlings were calculated. The results of the study indicated that the exudate pH test can be used to evaluate the physiological quality of soybean seeds after 30 min of imbibition at 20 °C. Further, the flooding test was efficient in evaluating the vigor of soybean seeds after 4 h of immersion either in 50 mL of distilled water at 25 °C or in 75 mL of distilled water at 30 °C.

The present study aimed to assess the variations in the parameters of the exudate pH and flooding tests to evaluate the physiological quality of soybean seeds. We subjected the lots of soybean seeds to germination, emergence, exudate pH, and flooding tests. Further, water content of the seeds, first count of germination, and emergence speed index were also determined. The exudate pH test studied the variations in the soaking period and temperature, while the flooding test assessed the variations in the amount of water and temperature at different periods of immersion. The experiment design was completely randomized. The results were presented as means and were compared using the Scott-Knott test at 5% probability. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient between the exudate pH and emergence of seedlings, and also between the flooding test result and emergence of seedlings were calculated. The results of the study indicated that the exudate pH test can be used to evaluate the physiological quality of soybean seeds after 30 min of imbibition at 20 °C. Further, the flooding test was efficient in evaluating the vigor of soybean seeds after 4 h of immersion either in 50 mL of distilled water at 25 °C or in 75 mL of distilled water at 30 °C.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to quantify the necromass stock in a Mixed Ombrophilous Forest (MOF) fragment in the National Forest of Irati, State of Paraná, Brazil. Two sampling methods were tested: FA1, consisting of a fixed area (FA) approach with sample units measuring 2,500 m2 (50 m × 50 m); and FA2, consisting of fixed area sampling units measuring 500 m2 (10 m × 50 m) and line intercept sampling (LI) using 50 m lines. Data were collected on permanent sample plots installed in the area, consisting of 25 square blocks of 1 ha. Fallen dead wood pieces with a diameter = 10 cm were used in the analysis. The dead wood was classified into three degrees of decomposition, and masses were calculated as the corresponding density at each class. The tested sampling methods were evaluated using coefficient of variation and relative sampling error, and the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the results between the methods. Volume size of fallen dead wood did not statistically differ between the methods, but variation in necromass volume was lower in the FA1 method, whereas the FA2 method had a smaller sampling error. Overall sampling error ranged from 23.4-27.92%; lowering the sampling error to 15% would require a high sampling intensity (FA1: 42 area units [a.u.], FA2: 99 a.u., and LI: 236 a.u.). Total necromass weights amounted to 4.67 Mg.ha-1 (FA1); 5.16 Mg.ha-1 (FA2) and 4.58 Mg.ha-1 (IL), and carbon stock estimates were 2.00 Mg.C.ha-1 (FA1); 2.20 Mg.C.ha-1 (FA2) and 1.96 Mg.C.ha-1 (IL). | RESUMO O estudo teve por objetivo quantificar o estoque de necromassa, em um fragmento de Floresta Ombrófila Mista, na Floresta Nacional de Irati, estado do Paraná. Dois métodos de amostragem foram testados, sendo área fixa (AF) com unidades amostrais de 2500 m2 (50 m x 50 m) -AF1; área fixa com unidades amostrais de 500 m2 (10 m x 50 m) - AF2 e método de amostragem por Linha Interceptadora (LI), com linhas de 50 m. Os dados foram coletados em parcelas permanentes instaladas na área, constituídas por 25 blocos quadrados de 1 ha. Foram medidas peças de madeira morta caída com diâmetro = 10 cm. A madeira morta foi classificada em três graus de decomposição e a massa foi calculada conforme a densidade correspondente a cada classe. Os métodos de amostragem testados foram avaliados por meio do Coeficiente de Variação e do Erro de Amostragem Relativo. Para comparações dos resultados entre os métodos utilizou-se o teste não paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis. Os volumes para madeira morta caída não diferiram estatisticamente entre os métodos, porém o método AF1 teve menor variação do volume de necromassa e o método AF2 apresentou menor erro de amostragem. O erro amostral variou de 23,4 % a 27,92 % entre os métodos. Para atingir um erro de amostragem de 15% seria necessária uma elevada intensidade amostral (AF1: 42 unidades de área [u.a.], AF2: 99 u.a., e LI: 236 u.a.). O peso total de necromassa foi de 4,67 Mg.ha-1 (AF1); 5,16 Mg.ha-1 (AF2), e 4,58 Mg.ha-1 (LI) e o estoque de carbono foi de 2,00 Mg.C.ha-1(AF1); 2,20 Mg.C.ha-1 (AF2), e 1,96 Mg.C.ha-1 (LI).

The objective of this study was to quantify the necromass stock in a Mixed Ombrophilous Forest (MOF) fragment in the National Forest of Irati, State of Paraná, Brazil. Two sampling methods were tested: FA1, consisting of a fixed area (FA) approach with sample units measuring 2,500 m2 (50 m × 50 m); and FA2, consisting of fixed area sampling units measuring 500 m2 (10 m × 50 m) and line intercept sampling (LI) using 50 m lines. Data were collected on permanent sample plots installed in the area, consisting of 25 square blocks of 1 ha. Fallen dead wood pieces with a diameter = 10 cm were used in the analysis. The dead wood was classified into three degrees of decomposition, and masses were calculated as the corresponding density at each class. The tested sampling methods were evaluated using coefficient of variation and relative sampling error, and the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare the results between the methods. Volume size of fallen dead wood did not statistically differ between the methods, but variation in necromass volume was lower in the FA1 method, whereas the FA2 method had a smaller sampling error. Overall sampling error ranged from 23.4-27.92%; lowering the sampling error to 15% would require a high sampling intensity (FA1: 42 area units a.u., FA2: 99 a.u., and LI: 236 a.u.). Total necromass weights amounted to 4.67 Mg.ha-1 (FA1); 5.16 Mg.ha-1 (FA2) and 4.58 Mg.ha-1 (IL), and carbon stock estimates were 2.00 Mg.C.ha-1 (FA1); 2.20 Mg.C.ha-1 (FA2) and 1.96 Mg.C.ha-1 (IL).

ABSTRACT The Brazilian bocachico, Prochilodus brevis, is a rheophilic fish. Although there is evidence that this species shows reproductive seasonality in the wild, in captivity hormonal induction techniques allow semen sampling in different seasons. This study aimed to compare the kinetics, morphology and biochemical composition of the semen of Brazilian bocachico in captivity when hormonally induced to breed in the reproductive and non-reproductive seasons. During sampling spermiation was hormonally induced in breeders. The concentrations of total protein, glucose, fructose, triglyceride, calcium and chloride were evaluated with biochemical kits. The pH data (6.5 to 8.5) suggest semen requires alkaline conditions, as expected for freshwater fish. Seminal plasma contained more protein (1.51 ± 0.06 dL g-1), glucose (79.44 ± 1.88 mg dL-1) and triglycerides (61.59 ± 8.10 mg dL-1) in the non-reproductive than the reproductive season, but calcium ions (15.98 ± 1.02 mg dL-1) showed the opposite pattern. There was a significant seasonal difference in sperm morphology, with a higher percentage of normal sperm in the reproductive season. From these data it can be concluded that the physical, kinetic, morphological and biochemical characteristics of semen of captive Prochilodus brevis are influenced by reproductive season. | RESUMO O curimatã comum Prochilodus brevis caracteriza-se como um peixe reofílico. Na natureza, esses animais apresentam sazonalidade reprodutiva, porém em cativeiro, técnicas de indução hormonal, permitem a coleta de sêmen em diferentes períodos do ano. Objetivou-se comparar a cinética, a morfologia e a composição física e bioquímica do sêmen de curimatã comum induzidos à reprodução em cativeiro com uso de hormônio, na estação reprodutiva e não reprodutiva. As concentrações de proteínas totais, glicose, frutose, triglicerídeo, cálcio e cloreto foram avaliadas através de kits bioquímicos e analisadas em espectrofotômetro. Os dados de pH do sêmen, sugerem condição alcalina do sêmen dentro do esperado para peixes de água doce (6,5 a 8,5). A quantidade de proteínas totais (1,51 ± 0,06 g dL-1), glicose (79,44 ± 1,88 mg dL-1) e triglicerídeos (61,59 ± 8,10 mg dL-1) no plasma seminal apresentaram uma maior concentração na estação não reprodutiva. Enquanto que o oposto foi verificado para os íons cálcio (15,98 ± 1,02 mg dL-1). Houve diferença significativa, na morfologia do espermatozoide na estação reprodutiva, com uma porcentagem de espermatozoides normais superior em relação à estação não reprodutiva. Assim, pode-se concluir que características físicas, bioquímicas, cinéticas e morfológicas do sêmen de curimatã comum, mantidos em cativeiro, sofrem influência da estação reprodutiva.

The Brazilian bocachico, Prochilodus brevis, is a rheophilic fish. Although there is evidence that this species shows reproductive seasonality in the wild, in captivity hormonal induction techniques allow semen sampling in different seasons. This study aimed to compare the kinetics, morphology and biochemical composition of the semen of Brazilian bocachico in captivity when hormonally induced to breed in the reproductive and non-reproductive seasons. During sampling spermiation was hormonally induced in breeders. The concentrations of total protein, glucose, fructose, triglyceride, calcium and chloride were evaluated with biochemical kits. The pH data (6.5 to 8.5) suggest semen requires alkaline conditions, as expected for freshwater fish. Seminal plasma contained more protein (1.51 ± 0.06 dL g-1), glucose (79.44 ± 1.88 mg dL-1) and triglycerides (61.59 ± 8.10 mg dL-1) in the non-reproductive than the reproductive season, but calcium ions (15.98 ± 1.02 mg dL-1) showed the opposite pattern. There was a significant seasonal difference in sperm morphology, with a higher percentage of normal sperm in the reproductive season. From these data it can be concluded that the physical, kinetic, morphological and biochemical characteristics of semen of captive Prochilodus brevis are influenced by reproductive season.

ABSTRACT The genetic variability within the crop species Ipomoea batatas is broad, hence, in order to support future breeding programs it is of the utmost importance that germplasm banks be created, conserved, and characterized. Therefore, the objective of this work was to rescue and evaluate the genetic divergence in sweet potato accessions collected in traditional communities of Vale do Ribeira Paulista. Sweet potato samples were collected from quilombos, indigenous villages, caiçaras communities, and small farms. The study was conducted between February 2013 and August 2014 in a randomized block design with three replications. Genetic material included 95 collected accessions and two commercial cultivars. Morphological characteristics of the accessions were evaluated and distances in the genetic distance matrix were estimated by means of multi-category variables, the data being subsequently clustered by the Tocher method. Analysis of the relative contribution of each characteristic and phenotypic correlation of descriptors was also performed. Results evidenced wide genetic diversity among the sweet potato accessions collected in Vale do Ribeira, which were not grouped according to the collection point. The descriptors that contributed more than 60% of genetic diversity included: leaf size, general leaf profile, immature leaf color, petiole pigmentation, predominant branch color, branch secondary color, stem length, cortical thickness, predominant periderm color, and periderm color intensity. Correlations between morphological descriptors was observed in 22.26% of the paired traits. | RESUMO A variabilidade genética existente dentro da espécie Ipomoea batatas é amplo, assim, visando dar suporte a futuros programa de melhoramento genético da espécies é de suma importância que bancos de germoplasma sejam formados, conservados e caracterizados. Desta forma, objetivou com este trabalho resgatar e avaliar a divergência genética em acessos coletados em comunidades tradicionais do Vale do Ribeira Paulista. A condução do estudo foi realizada em campo da Fazenda da UNESP-Registro entre fevereiro/2013 a agosto/2014. O experimento foi conduzido em blocos casualizados, com 95 acessos coletados e duas cultivares comerciais, com três repetições. Foram avaliadas características morfológicas da parte aérea e da raiz dos acessos segundo a metodologia de Huamán. A estimativa da matriz da distância genética foi realizada por meio das variáveis multicategoricas, sendo posteriormente os dados agrupados pelo método de Tocher. Também realizou-se análise da contribuição relativa de cada característica e correlação fenotípica dos descritores. De acordo com os resultados, pode-se concluir que há ampla diversidade genética entre os acessos de batata-doce coletados no Vale do Ribeira; os acessos não agruparam em função do ponto de coleta; os descritores que contribuíram com mais de 60% da divergência genética foram o tamanho da folha, perfil geral da folha, cor da folha imatura, pigmentação do pecíolo, coloração predominante das ramas, cor secundária das ramas, comprimento da haste, espessura do córtex, cor predominante da periderme e intensidade da cor da periderme; A correlação entre os descritores morfológicos foi verificada em 22,26% dos pares.

The genetic variability within the crop species Ipomoea batatas is broad, hence, in order to support future breeding programs it is of the utmost importance that germplasm banks be created, conserved, and characterized. Therefore, the objective of this work was to rescue and evaluate the genetic divergence in sweet potato accessions collected in traditional communities of Vale do Ribeira Paulista. Sweet potato samples were collected from quilombos, indigenous villages, caiçaras communities, and small farms. The study was conducted between February 2013 and August 2014 in a randomized block design with three replications. Genetic material included 95 collected accessions and two commercial cultivars. Morphological characteristics of the accessions were evaluated and distances in the genetic distance matrix were estimated by means of multi-category variables, the data being subsequently clustered by the Tocher method. Analysis of the relative contribution of each characteristic and phenotypic correlation of descriptors was also performed. Results evidenced wide genetic diversity among the sweet potato accessions collected in Vale do Ribeira, which were not grouped according to the collection point. The descriptors that contributed more than 60% of genetic diversity included: leaf size, general leaf profile, immature leaf color, petiole pigmentation, predominant branch color, branch secondary color, stem length, cortical thickness, predominant periderm color, and periderm color intensity. Correlations between morphological descriptors was observed in 22.26% of the paired traits.