RESUMO Em florestas tropicais sazonalmente secas, como a Caatinga brasileira, fatores como tipo de solo e luminosidade são conhecidos por causar alterações nos tecidos foliares que possibilitam a sobrevivência de espécies nesses locais. O presente estudo teve como objetivo descrever a morfoanatomia foliar de Senna cana e observar a plasticidade em tecidos foliares que recebem radiação de luz direta e indireta. O estudo foi realizado no Parque Nacional do Catimbau em Buíque, PE, Brasil. Amostras de folhas maduras foram coletadas sob plena luz do sol e plena sombra em três áreas com solos de cores diferentes. Lâminas histológicas foram preparadas para visualização das faces epidérmicas, estrutura foliar interna e testes histoquímicos. A plasticidade foi notada no tipo de tricoma que recobriu as faces epidérmicas, e no número de camadas dos parênquimas paliçádico e esponjoso, mesmo sob efeito indireto da radiação. Compostos fenólicos e lipídios também apresentaram plasticidade. Esses resultados demonstram que Senna cana é uma espécie com alta plasticidade para o fator de luminosidade. Além disso, percebeu-se que a luz indireta também promove alterações anatômicas e deve ser considerada em análises futuras. | ABSTRACT In seasonally dry tropical forests such as the Brazilian Caatinga, factors such as soil type and luminosity are known to cause changes in foliar tissues that enable the survival of species in such places. The present study aimed to describe the leaf morphoanatomy of Senna cana and to observe the plasticity in leaf tissues receiving both direct and indirect light radiation. The study was carried out in the Catimbau National Park in Buíque, PE, Brazil. Mature leaf samples were collected from under full sunlight and full shade in three areas with soils of different colors. Histological slides were prepared for visualization of epidermal faces, internal leaf structure, and histochemical tests. Plasticity was noted in the type of trichome that covered the epidermal faces, and in the number of layers of the palisade and spongy parenchymas, even under the indirect effect of radiation. Phenolic compounds and lipids also showed plasticity. These results demonstrate that Senna cana is a species with high plasticity for the luminosity factor. Further, it was noticed that indirect light also promotes anatomical changes and should be considered in future analyses.

ABSTRACT The soils of the Semiarid region of Brazil lack studies regarding sorption processes and availability of phosphorus (P). Therefore, the objective of this work was to quantify the sorption of P in ten soils representative of the Semiarid region of Brazil and correlate them with the soil phosphorus storage capacity. The P concentrations in the equilibrium solutions used to model the sorption isotherms were: 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 55, 70, and 80 mg L-1 for the soils Typic Quartzipsamment (Neossolo Quartzarenico), Typic Hapludox (Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo), Typic Hapludult (Argissolo Vermelho Amarelo), Typic Quartzipsamment (Neossolo Flúvico), and Typic Dystrudept (Cambissolo Haplico); and 0, 10, 15, 25, 40, 55, 80, 100, 130, and 150 mg L-1 for the soils Typic Calciudolls (Chernossolo Rendzico), Typic Dystrudept (Cambissolo Haplico), Typic Dystrudept (Cambissolo Haplico), Typic Hapludult (Argissolo Vermelho Amarelo), and Typic Hapludert (Vertissolo Haplico). The Langmuir and Freundlich sorption isotherms were fitted to non-linear regression models and the values of the model parameters were estimated. The sorption isotherms were adequate to quantify the sorption of P in the soils of the Semiarid region of Brazil, with maximum P sorption capacity varying from 50.4 mg kg-1 to 883.5 mg kg-1. The sorption of P was higher in soils with more clayey textures, alkaline, and rich in iron and calcium, denoting the importance of evaluating the effect of these characteristics on the sorption of P in these soils. | RESUMO Os solos do semiárido brasileiro ainda não foram suficientemente estudados quanto aos processos de sorção e de disponibilidade de fósforo (P). Nesse sentido objetivou-se com este trabalho quantificar a sorção de P em dez solos representativos da região semiárida e correlacioná-las com o Fator Capacidade de Fósforo do Solo (FCP). As concentrações de P das soluções de equilíbrio utilizadas para o ajuste dessas isotermas corresponderam a 0; 5; 10; 15; 20; 30; 40; 55; 70 e 80 mg L-1 de P para os solos Neossolo Quartzarênico (Entisol), Latossolo Vermelho Amarelo (Oxisol), Argissolo Vermelho Amarelo (Ultisol), Neossolo Flúvico (Entisol) e Cambissolo Háplico (Inceptsol); e a 0; 10; 15; 25; 40; 55; 80; 100; 130 e 150 mg L-1 para os solos Chernossolo Rêndzico (Mollisol), Cambissolo Háplico (Inceptsol), Cambissolo Háplico (Inceptsol), Argissolo Vermelho Amarelo (Ultisol) e Vertissolo Háplico (Vertisol). As isotermas de Langmuir e de Freundlich foram ajustadas por meio da técnica de regressão não-linear e estimados os valores dos parâmetros desses modelos. As isotermas mostraram-se adequadas para quantificar a sorção de P nos solos do semiárido, com valores de capacidade máxima de sorção de P (CMSP) variando de 50,4 mg kg-1 a 883,5 mg kg-1. O P foi sorvido em maior quantidade nos solos mais argilosos, alcalinos e ricos em ferro e cálcio, evidenciando a importância da avaliação dessas características na sorção de P nesses solos.

ABSTRACT Pulse irrigation may be more advantageous for peanut crops than continuous irrigation, when using brackish water. However, studies on pulse irrigation with brackish water considering the environmental conditions of the Northeast region of Brazil using are incipient. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of using brackish water for pulse and continuous dripping irrigations on the grain yield and production characteristics of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) crops. A completely randomized block design with four repetitions was used, in a 6*2 factorial arrangement consisted of six electrical conductivities of the irrigation water (EC; 0.2, 1.6, 2.8, 4.0, 5.2, and 6.4 dS m-1) set by adding NaCl to the irrigation water, which originally had 0.2 dS m-1, until reaching the respective EC; and two irrigation methods (pulse and continuous). The evaluated variables were fresh and dry weights of shoot, 10 grains, pods, grains, and production; number of pods and grains; and percentages of empty pods (EP%) and perfect grains (PG%). The addition of salt to the irrigation water negatively affected all variables studied, except for EP% and PG%. The lowest EP% were found for the pulse irrigation, which increased the pod and grain yields, regardless of the EC of the irrigation water. Under the conditions of the present study, the use of brackish waters with electrical conductivities of up to 2.98 dS m-1 is viable for peanut production. | RESUMO A irrigação por pulsos pode proporcionar maiores rendimentos para a cultura do amendoim em comparação a irrigação contínua com a utilização de águas salobras, contudo, estudos para as condições do Nordeste brasileiro utilizando esta técnica de manejo da irrigação associada ao uso de águas salobras são incipientes. Diante disso, objetivou-se com o trabalho avaliar o efeito do uso de águas salobras e da irrigação por gotejamento pulsado e contínuo sobre a produção de grãos e características produtivas do amendoim (Arachis hypogaea L.). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial de 6 x 2, composto por seis condutividades elétricas da água de irrigação (CEa: 0,2; 1,6; 2,8; 4,0; 5,2 e 6,4 dS m-1), na qual foi adicionada NaCl a água de abastecimento (CEa: 0,2 dS m-1) até atingir as respectivas CEa, e duas formas de aplicação da irrigação por gotejamento (com pulsos e contínua), com quatro repetições. As variáveis analisadas foram: a massa fresca e seca da parte aérea de 10 grãos, das vagens, dos grãos e da produção, além do número de vagens, do número de grãos, da percentagem de vagens chochas (PerVC) e da percentagem de grãos perfeitos (PerGP). A salinidade influenciou negativamente todas as variáveis estudadas, com exceção do PerVC e da PerGP. As menores percentagens de vagens chochas foram obtidas com a irrigação pulsada que por sua vez demonstrou a maior produção de vagens e de grãos independentemente dos níveis de condutividade elétrica da água avaliados. Nas condições desta pesquisa, é viável produzir amendoim utilizando águas salobras com condutividade elétrica de até 2,98 dS m-1.

RESUMO A mangabeira (Hancornia speciosa Gomes) é uma espécie frutífera nativa do Brasil, pertencente à família Apocynaceae. Seu cultivo é predominantemente extrativista e suas propriedades antioxidantes têm sido recentemente relatadas. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os compostos bioativos e atividade antioxidante em frutos de acessos oriundos do Banco Ativo de Germoplasma da Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros (BI, CA, LG, PR, PT e TC). Os extratos foram analisados em cromatografía líquida de alta eficiência (HPLC) e identificou-se o ácido clorogênico (93,71 - 131,66 mg.100g-1); ácido ferúlico (0,85 - 2,27 mg.100g-1) e rutina (238,59 - 442,94 mg.100g-1). Os acessos CA e PR apresentaram os maiores valores de fenóis totais (1179,39 e 1167,05 mg EAG.100g-1, respectivamente). Os acessos CA e TC apresentaram a maior concentração do composto majoritário rutina (436,78 e 442,94 mg.100g-1, respectivamente). Os valores da atividade antioxidante variaram entre 125,95 e 158,67 g.g-1 DPPH. A análise de componentes principais agrupou os acessos em quatro grupos, em consequência da variabilidade genética previamente verificada em estudos anteriores. Os resultados serão úteis para direcionar ações de seleção e futuro programa de melhoramento genético da espécie. | ABSTRACT Mangaba (Hancornia speciosa Gomes) is a fruit species native to Brazil, belonging to the Apocynaceae family. Its cultivation is predominantly extractivist and its antioxidant properties have been recently reported. The objective of this study was to evaluate the bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity in fruits of accession from the Active Germplasm Bank of Embrapa Coastal Tablelands (BI, CA, LG, PR, PT and TC). The extracts were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), which identified chlorogenic acid (93.71 - 131.66 mg.100g-1), ferulic acid (0.85 - 2.27 mg.100g-1) and rutin (238.59 -442.94 mg.100g-1). The accessions CA and PR showed the highest values of total phenols (1179.39 and 1167.05 mg GAE.100g-1, respectively). The accessions CA and TC had the highest concentration of the major compound rutin (436.78 and 442.94 mg.100g-1, respectively). Antioxidant activity values ranged from 125.95 to 158.67 g.g-1 DPPH. Principal component analysis grouped the accessions into four groups, due to the genetic variability verified in previous studies. The results will be useful to guide actions of selection and future breeding program of the species.

RESUMO O trabalho teve por objetivo caracterizar, por meio de índices faunísticos, as populações de moscas-das-frutas no Brejo Paraibano, e analisar se essas populações são similares entre si. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em oito municípios situados na Mesorregião do Agreste Paraibano e Microrregião do Brejo Paraibano, nos quais foram selecionadas duas propriedades rurais de cada município, georreferenciadas, identificadas segundo o critério de diversidade de espécies frutíferas. Cada município foi considerado como tendo uma população das moscas-das-frutas com características próprias, determinadas pelos índices faunísticos de frequência, constância, dominância, índices de diversidade de Shannon-Wiener e de Margalef, além de equitabilidade. Foram capturados 3.159 espécimes de moscas-das-frutas, dos quais 85,57% pertenciam ao gênero Anastrepha e 14,43% o gênero Ceratitis. Foram capturadas onze espécies de moscas-das-frutas nas armadilhas. Anastrepha fraterculus foi a espécie mais frequente, dominante e constante, estando presente em todas as localidades; seguida das espécies A. obliqua, A. sororcula e Ceratitis capitata. Os municípios estudados apresentam similaridade de 54%, o que indica alta semelhança entre as áreas. A maioria das espécies capturadas no presente estudo ocorre em baixa frequência populacional. | ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to characterize, through faunistic indices, the populations of fruit flies in the Brejo Paraibano microregion and analyze whether these populations are similar to one another. The study was conducted in eight municipalities located in the Agreste Paraibano mesoregion and Brejo Paraibano microregion, Paraíba state, Brazil, where two rural properties of each municipality were selected, georeferenced and identified according to the diversity criterion of fruit species. Each municipality was assumed to have a population of fruit flies with its own characteristics, determined by the faunistic indices of frequency, constancy, dominance, Shannon-Wiener and Margalef diversity indices, as well as evenness. 3.159 specimens of fruit flies were captured, of which 85.57% belonged to the genus Anastrepha and 14.43% to the genus Ceratitis. 11 species of fruit flies were captured in the traps. Anastrepha fraterculus was the most frequent, dominant and constant species, being present in all locations; followed by A. obliqua, A. sororcula and Ceratitis capitata. The studied municipalities have a similarity of 54%, which indicates a high similarity between the areas. Most species captured in the present study occur at low population frequency.

ABSTRACT The success of the integrated crop-livestock system depends on the correct pasture management, particularly regarding nitrogen fertilization and grazing intensity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the total production of forage and the proportion of the botanical and structural components of black oat and annual ryegrass mixture. The experimental design was randomized blocks with three replicates and the treatments were arranged in a three-factorial scheme: seed inoculation (with and without Azospirillum brasilense inoculation), grazing management (conventional grazing, where the animals were kept in pasture with no control of pasture height; 30, 20 and 10 cm at the end of grazing, and a control without grazing), and nitrogen fertilization (0, 50 and 100 kg nitrogen ha-1). In treatments with pasture heights where grazing ended at 30, 20 and 10 cm, the height was monitored and biomass was collected when the animals entered and exited the plots. Manual separation of the components was used to determine the dry mass of green leaves, stems, senescent material and inflorescence. Total dry mass production was obtained based on the initial forage mass plus the daily accumulation rates. The proportion of structural components varied according to the different grazing managements, nitrogen doses and inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense. Biomass production of black oat and ryegrass mixture was increased by nitrogen application and Azospirillum brasilense inoculation.

ABSTRACT Commercial exploitation of the coffee crop is one of the most important activities in the world’s agricultural sector. One of the main phytosanitary problems affecting the crop is the presence of Meloidogyne incognita. Several measures have been tested for the management of this pathogen, albeit with low efficiency. The objective of this work was to quantify the damage and losses and to manage M. incognita race 1 with Pochonia chlamydosporia and Trichoderma harzianum biological nematicides, comparing them to a chemical nematicide. The experiment was carried out in a commercial area naturally infested by the nematode and cultivated with the conilon coffee variety ‘Vitória INCAPER 8142’, clone V02. The treatments were tested with Carbofuran nematicide and with biological nematicides composed of P. chlamydosporia Pc-10 and T. harzianum ESALQ 1306. The biological products were applied alone or in combination. The lowest NPF (final nematode population) occurred in plants treated with P. chlamydosporia and Carbofuran. P. chlamydosporia was the most effective biological agent in the management of M. incognita. There was a reduction in production with an increase in the nematode population. The highest application costs of management methods for M. incognita race 1 per hectare were for three and two applications of Carbofuran and three applications of P. chlamydosporia + T. harzianum. The treatments with lowest application costs were one application of T. harzianum and one application of P. chlamydosporia. It was concluded that all treatments were efficient for the management of M. incognita race 1, causing a decrease in the roots and soil population.

ABSTRACT Maize is one of the main cereals cultivated worldwide and wild poinsettia is among the weeds that cause damage in grain production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relative competitive ability of maize hybrids in the presence of a wild poinsettia biotype through experiments in replacement series. In preliminary experiments, it was determined the plant population in which the dry mass becomes constant. For the maize hybrids ‘Agroeste’, ‘Morgan’, ‘Nidera’, and ‘Velox’, as well as the wild poinsettia, the population was 20 individuals vase-1. Subsequently, experiments were carried out in replacement series in different combinations of species that varied the relative proportions (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100%). The analysis of the species' competitiveness was carried out using diagrams applied to the replacement experiments and by the relative competitiveness indexes. The height (PH), chlorophyll index (CI), leaf area (LA), and the shoot dry mass (DM) of the plants were evaluated 50 days after emergence. There was competition between the maize hybrids and the wild poinsettia; both were negatively affected, regardless of the proportion of plants, causing reductions in the species' PH, CI, LA, and DM. The competition between maize and wild poinsettia occurs for the same resources in the environment, and interspecific competition caused greater damage to maize and wild poinsettia than intraspecific competition. In general, it was observed that only the hybrids ‘Nidera’ and ‘Velox’ were more competitive than the wild poinsettia.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to characterize the commercial quantitative standards of floral stems of gladiolus plants grown under minimum tillage and conventional systems in two harvest seasons in the state of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Experiments were conducted in locations with subtropical climate using soils classified as Typic Dystrudept (Cambissolo) and Typic Hapludox (Nitossolo). Gladiolus plants were grown in beds with intensive soil turning, and under minimum tillage system, in which soil turning was done only in the planting rows. Plants of the cultivars Red Beauty and White Goddess were evaluated in two harvest seasons, Mothers' Day, and Valentine's Day. A completely randomized experimental design with 12 replications was used; the treatments consisted of two harvest seasons and two soil management systems. The flower stem and inflorescence lengths, stem thickness, and number of florets were measured when the plants were at the harvest point to characterize their commercial quantitative standards. These data were used to distribute the stems into four classes (75, 90, 110 and non-marketable). The stem standard of gladiolus plants grown under minimum tillage system and the edaphoclimatic conditions of the state of Santa Catarina in the Mother's Day harvest met the flower market requirements, with most stems classified into the classes 90 and 110. Therefore, gladiolus plants can be grown under minimum tillage system without affecting the flower stem development. This work is the first step to promote the growth of flowers under a conservationist perspective, focused on a more sustainable agriculture.

ABSTRACT Sourgrass (Digitaria insularis) is one of the main species causing significant losses in Brazilian soybean production systems. Thus, this paper aimed to evaluate sourgrass interference on soybeans grown under Cerrado conditions. Three field experiments were conducted, of which the first two (E1 and E2) simulated sourgrass after pre-sowing burndown, using plants already emerged by the time soybeans were sown; whereas the third (E3) simulated both sourgrass and soybeans emerged simultaneously. Both E1 and E2 were conducted in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with five treatments based on sourgrass infestation densities (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 plants m-2) and four replications. In turn, E3 was also carried out in an RCBD but with treatments arranged in a 2 x 5 factorial and four replications. The first factor comprised two soybean cultivars, while the second was sourgrass density levels, just as in E1 and E2. The results showed that increasing sourgrass densities reduced soybean yield regardless of the plant growth stage when the crop was sown. Yield losses were higher when sourgrass plants were already established by the time soybean was sown. Soybean yield losses reached up to 80% under higher sourgrass infestation levels.