This study was conducted in the Private Reserve Mata do Jambreiro (912 ha), localized in the Iron Quadrangle, Minas Gerais, southeastern portion of the Espinhaço Range, which is predominantly covered by semideciduous seasonal montane forest. Three topographically and physiognomic similar areas located within a continuum forest fragment, distant by 1.3 to 1.5 km were sampled by the point-quadrat method. In each area, 30 points were marked. Individuals with a minimum perimeter at the breast height (PBH) of 15 cm were sampled, totaling 111 species belonging to 40 families. The most representative family was Fabaceae, with 14.29% of the total number of species. Low floristic similarity (5.3% to 34.4%) was observed between the areas, pointing out the importance of distribution of sample units in continuous fragments. Shannon diversity index (H') found was 4.22 and Pielou equability (J) 0.894. Soil analysis showed some differences in chemical composition between the three studied areas and was an important component for the interpretation of the floristic variation found. The low floristic similarity observed here for close areas justify the requirement of more detailed inventories by Brazilian Environmental Agencies for the legal authorization procedures prior to the establishment of new enterprising projects. Also, the professionals that conduct rapid inventories, mainly the Environmental Consultants, should give more attention to this kind of floristic variation and to the methods used to inventory complex forests.

This research performed an evaluation of the water distribution on the soil surface and in its profile in a subunit irrigated by microsprinkle cultivated with Annona muricata L., with the purpose of verifying the spatial distribution and quantification of the water availability in the soil profile. The data were collected in 28 spaced emission points of 10 x 24 m, forming a mesh for application of the geostatistics. In the surface evaluation it was determined the coefficient of emission uniformity and the irrigation efficiency, while in the subsurface evaluation the water availability was esteemed in three layers of the soil profile, 0-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm, one and twenty-four hours after the irrigation, using a neutrons probe. The coefficient of irrigation uniformity found was of 84.69% with an irrigation efficiency of 76.22%. It was verified that, twenty-four hours after irrigation, the water content in the most superficial layers of the soil profile is below the correspondent to the wilting point, while in the deepest layers the water content overcomes the maximum capacity of soil water retention, in other words, humidity superior to field capacity.

The objective of this paper was to evaluate the effect of water availability in the initial development of maize, sorghum and millet. The experiment was carried at Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Campus Rondonopolis the period from May to June 2010. The design was completely randomized in factorial 3x3, with three water availability (30, 60% field capacity and flooded soil), three grasses (maize, sorghum and millet) and three replications. Soil moisture was maintained by the weight of the experimental plots. The variables were: plant height, dry weight of shoots, leaf number and SPAD. Maize, sorghum and millet gets greater development in water availability of 60% of field capacity, and this condition provides the highest SPAD reading. The sorghum is tolerant to flooding and drought, unlike maize which is sensitive to these conditions and millet that is tolerant to drought only.

We analyzed the viability and effectiveness of restricted-use protected areas aiming to identify gaps in the definition of priorities to protect wild regions from Ceará. Based on the creation of legal documents and interviews with managers of protected areas, we analyzed the size, we verified the existence of the management plan, monitoring activities and the criteria used in selecting the area. We found that in eight of the sixteen protected areas had not followed technical-scientific criteria, nor had carried through previous studies of the resources when they had chosen the areas to be transformed into completely protected areas. Fifteen do not possess management plans and 13 do not have environmental monitoring activities. Eleven protected areas have less than 10,000 ha, and insufficient studies that accurately ascertain the extent appropriate to maintain the biodiversity of the ecosystems of Ceará. It is necessary to deploy tools for maintaining these forests to protect the wildlife and the environmental services provided by these areas.

There was evaluated the effect of protein supplementation on the diurnal behavior activities of non-castrated Nellore steers at rainy season, from January to April of 2007. The grazing method was continuous with variable stocking rate. The treatments consisted of mineral supplement with 0% of crude protein (CP) and multiple supplements with 20 and 40% of CP. The behavior activities evaluated were grazing time, idling time, rumination time, bite rate and permanence time of the animals in the trough. The experimental design used was the completely random design, with seven replications. To evaluate the effect of the time of day there was use a split-plot design. With the supplementation the animals reduced at 1.1 hours razing time, offsetting part of the time for the activities of idling and permanence in the trough. The animals did not alter the rumination time, according to supplementation, and maintained the same bite rate, because of the homogeneity of the structural and chemical characteristics of pasture.

The aim of this paper was to evaluate the influence of priming and efficiency of two methods of scarification on dormancy break of brave peanut seeds. After scarification with sulfuric acid and sandpaper, seeds were placed in mannitol solutions at concentrations 0.0 (control), -0.25, -0.50, -0.75 and -1.00 MPa for six days at 10 °C. Water content and germination percentage were determined. It was observed that, at 0.0 MPa, the seeds were scarified with H2SO4 had higher water content than the scarified with sandpaper, this may be related to uniform wear in the seed coat caused by H2SO4. For the water content, due the concentrations of mannitol, there was a significant linear response, only for the chemical scarification. However, it was observed null for both. The maximum responses of germination were 79.36% (chemical scarification) and 95.56% (scarification) with a maximum point of -0.41 MPa either. The scarification with sandpaper was most effective, however, at concentrations above -0.41 MPa, it was observed reduction in germination percentage.

Due the fast growing in flowers and ornamental plants production and their high export potential, it is important to identify the insects species associated with Alpinia purpurata (Vieill.) K. Schum crops and to establish their role in this agroecosystem/production system The insects were collected from A. purpurata cv. Pink Ginger and Red Ginger plants cultivated in two farmswith different agroecological characteristics, located in two recognized tropical flower production areas/regions, Maceió and Río Largo cities/localities, Alagoas state, during one year. They were identified and its frequency analyzed according with a numerical scale. According to the results was collected 790 insects of which 69 were identified to specific level, belonging to 59 families of 9 ordens. Results showed Hymenoptera individuals as the most frequent, mainly predator ants and/or associated with phytophagous insects (sucking), besides natural enemies, followed by Hemiptera and Lepidoptera orders, which involved recognized agricultural pests. Insects belonging to the order Odonata and Orthoptera were found less frequently.

This study was carried out in a mixed orchard in the municipality of Belmonte, in the southernmost region of Bahia and it aimed at characterizing the fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) population using faunistic analysis and studying its population fluctuation. The study was conducted from August 2007 to August 2009. Fruit fly captures were carried out using McPhail traps baited with protein hydrolisate at 5%. Weekly, the captured insects found in traps were transferred to plastic vials, one vial per trap, filled with 70% ethanol and taken to the laboratory for identification. A total of 9,709 fruit flies was captured, out of which 9,477 specimens were Anastrepha (5,908 females and 3,569 males) and 232 specimens were Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (201 females and 31 males). Nine species of Anastrepha were recorded: Anastrepha bahiensis (Lima) (2.59%), Anastrepha distincta (Greene) (2.71%), Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann) (59.37%), Anastrepha leptozona (Hendel) (0.02%), Anastrepha manihoti (Lima) (0.02%), Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart) (2.98%), Anastrepha serpentina (Wiedemann) (0.07%), Anastrepha sororcula Zucchi (29.14%), Anastrepha zenildae Zucchi (0.22%), and C. capitata (2.88%). Anastrepha fraterculus and A. sororcula were the dominant species and only A. fraterculus was constant on the orchard. The values of the Simpson (0.51) and of Shannon (01.35) indices were intermediate and the modified Hill index was 0.49, indicating a medium diversity. The high est capturevalues of Anastrepha spp. occurred from July to December 2008, with a population peak in September.

The present work had as objective to carry through the agroclimatic zoning of the culture of surinam cherry in the state of Pernambuco. They had been used given average annual of minimum and maximum pluvial precipitation and pertaining temperatures of air the 201 climatologic station located in the main representative cities of the regions of the State for the elaboration of the water balance and the attainment of the thermal and water limits. The function density of probability of the distribution gamma was used to classify the dry, regular and rainy years. The maps of dry, regular and rainy years had been produced using interpolation for kriging. The results had presented 19 cities with full aptitude for dry years, 50 cities for regular years and 66 cities for rainy years apt to the culture of surinam cherry. The cities of Cortês, Gameleira and Palmares had revealed with better aptitudes agroclimatic for the culture of the surinam cherry in Pernambuco.

Lettuce has highlight as an important crop for human consumption, to having good flavor and important nutritional characteristics and potassium is one of the main nutrients that crop. This work aimed to evaluate the influence of potassium in morphological and physiological lettuce responses in South of Tocantins State. The experimental design was randomized block in factorial scheme of 4 x 6 with three replications. Four levels were evaluated of K2O: 0; 100; 200 and 300 kg ha-1 in six development stages: 15; 22; 29; 36; 43 and 50 days after emergency. Was determine the specific leaf area, net assimilation rate, relative growth rate and abso-lute growth rate, as well as the leaf, stem and root weight. During the duration of the experiment occurred high temperatures that caused a physiological disorder known as tipburn, which compromises calcium uptake by the plant. The potassium levels did not influence the morphological and physiological responses of lettuce as well did not significant differences among levels for leaf, stem and root weight. The partition of assimilates in the plants was influenced by crop management whit significant variation among evaluation times.