ABSTRACT Pochonia chlamydosporia (Pc) is a nematophagous fungus with saprotrophic activity. However, little is known about the interaction between Pc and green manure. This study aimed to investigate the interaction effects of different green manures and Pc on the control of Meloidogyne javanica in soybean. Two greenhouse experiments were conducted in different periods using a 6 × 2 factorial design, with six replicates. The first factor was green manure application (oat, brachiaria, crotalaria, millet, buckwheat, and untreated control) and the second factor was treatment with Pc (in-furrow application and untreated control). Cover crops were grown separately and applied to pots as green manure 15 days before soybean sowing. At 5 days after sowing, soybean was inoculated with 2 000 eggs and juveniles of M. javanica. At 60 days after inoculation, nematode and vegetative variables were determined. All green manures reduced nematode population levels, especially oat, crotalaria, and buckwheat. Pc treatment did not influence nematode population levels. Soybean plants treated with oat or crotalaria green manure had greater height than untreated plants in both experiments. The effects of factors on shoot fresh and dry weights differed between experiments, and green manure application did not affect root development. The findings confirmed the potential of plant residues to control M. javanica.

ABSTRACT Chalcididae is a family of parasitoids with wide distribution and great richness, with almost 1,500 described species. Its diversity might be greater than that known today, mainly due to the few existing studies and its taxonomic complexity. Studies in semiarid regions are scarce and necessary to contribute to the biogeographic knowledge of the neotropical fauna. Therefore, the objective of this work was to record Chalcididae species that occur in the municipality of Barra do Choça, in the Semiarid region of the state of Bahia, Brazil. Five Malaise traps were distributed in two areas with native vegetation and an area with eucalyptus plantation, which were monitored monthly for two consecutive years. The insects were sorted and specimens of the family Chalcididae were identified at the species level, when possible. A total of 182 specimens from five genera (Aspirrhina Kyrbi, 1883; Brachymeria Westwood, 1829; Conura Spinola, 1837; Dirhinus Dalman, 1818, and Haltichella Spinola, 1811), and 18 species were identified and 32 were morphotyped. The genus Conura was the most abundant and the most diverse, with 12 species identified and 30 potential new species. The native vegetation presented higher abundance and higher taxonomic wealth, mainly in the area at initial stage of succession (capoeira). The eucalyptus area presented low diversity, with predominance of Brachymeria species. The species C. nigricornis presented the highest relative frequency. This study constitutes the first list of Chalcididae species in the Semiarid region of Brazil. The sampling carried out in the state Bahia showed an important diversity of Chalcididae species when compared to other regions of Brazil.

ABSTRACT Vegetables intercropping of results in a better use of natural resources, water, light, and nutrients, when properly managed. The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of lettuce and radish in single crop and intercropping systems under different irrigation water depths. The experiment was conducted in a protected environment at the State University of Maringá, in Maringá, Paraná, Brazil. A randomized block experimental design was used in a 4×2 factorial arrangement, with four replications. The first factor consisted of four irrigation water depths (60%, 80%, 100%, and 120% ETc), and the second factor consisted of two crop systems (single crop and intercrop). A drip irrigation system was used, consisting of constant water table lysimeters. The variables evaluated were: shoot fresh weight, root dry weight, and leaf area for the lettuce crop; total fresh weight, root fresh weight, and root diameter for the radish crop; and yield, water use efficiency, and land use efficiency index for both crops. Shoot fresh weight, leaf area, and yield of lettuce, and total fresh weight, root fresh weight, and yield of radish increased as the irrigation water depth applied was increased. Total fresh weight, root fresh weight, root diameter, and yield of the radish crop were higher in the intercropping system. The water use efficiency of both crops was higher in the single crop, and the land use efficiency index was higher in the intercropping system.

ABSTRACT Residues from turkey production are often used as fertilizers in pastures near producing regions. These residues can contribute to the increase of carbon and nitrogen stocks in the soil. This study aimed to evaluate the cumulative effects of nine applications of turkey litter rates on C and N fractions and stocks in a Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico (Oxisol) cultivated under rotational grazing. The experimental area was divided into 16 pickets of 0.5 ha each and cultivated with Urochloa decumbens in a rotational grazing system. The treatments consisted of accumulated doses of turkey litter (38.3; 54.8 and 69.2 Mg ha−1), with applications carried out between 2008 and 2017, in addition to a control treatment, without application of this material. After nine years of application, total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) stocks in the soil increased as turkey litter rates increased, reaching increments in the 0-0.2 m layer of 11.2 Mg ha−1 and 1.03 Mg ha−1, respectively, when compared to the control treatment. In the same 0-0.2 m layer, the maximum increments in carbon stock in particulate organic matter (POC) and nitrogen stock in particulate organic matter (N-POM) were obtained with the estimated total doses of 62 and 66 Mg ha−1, respectively. In addition to increasing the amount, the use of turkey litter improved the quality of the carbon present in the soil, since the carbon management index, in the 0-0.2 m layer, was increased by 124% when using the highest accumulated dose.

ABSTRACT The South American fruit fly, Anastrepha fraterculus (Diptera: Tephritidae) is the most important insect pest in pear tree crops in Southern Brazil. Several studies pointed to the controversial efficacy of some food lures used for capture and monitoring this species in various fruit species. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of food lures available in the Brazilian market in capturing and monitoring A. fraterculus in relation to grape juice. The experiment was conducted during the 2014/2015 and 2015/2016 crop seasons in an Asian pear (Pyrus spp.) orchard located in Caçador, State of Santa Catarina, Brazil. The food lures evaluated were CeraTrap®, BioAnastrepha®, Torula®, Isca Mosca®, BioFruit®, and grape juice (a standard food lure in Southern Brazil). For each attractant substance, population fluctuations of A. fraterculus were recorded as well as the average number of female and male specimens captured, the FTD (fly/trap/day) rate of capture, the number of control indications, and mean weekly evaporation. The first A. fraterculus adults were captured in November, and in both crop seasons the population peak was found in January. CeraTrap® was more effective in capturing females and males and indicated a higher number of control indications compared to the other food lures. Grape juice presented lower effectiveness compared to CeraTrap®, including the evaporation parameter. It was concluded that CeraTrap® is the most effective food attractant in capturing adults of A. fraterculus and more accurate in detecting its population levels in Asian pear orchards, therefore, it is recommended rather than the usual grape juice.

ABSTRACT The rich genetic diversity and wide adaptation of rice (Oryza sativa L.) to different environments provide fundamental resources for its conservation and improvement. The analysis of canonical correlations can be used to increase the efficiency of selecting superior genotypes, as several traits are evaluated simultaneously. Thus, this study aimed to compare morphoagronomic traits and estimate the magnitude of the association and interdependence between two groups of traits in genotypes of special types of rice. The experiment was carried out between November 2020 and April 2021 at the Department of Plant Science of the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica - RJ. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks, with four replications. Seventeen genotypes were evaluated, five of them consisting of white rice and eleven special types of rice. Two groups of variables were used to determine the canonical correlations, with group I composed of four morphological traits and group II composed of four yield components. Significant differences (P<0.01) were observed between genotypes for the eight evaluated traits. The first, second, and third pairs showed significant canonical correlations at a 5% probability, demonstrating that these groups are not independent. The selection of superior genotypes for production can be based on choosing plants with higher flag leaf thickness, higher height, and lower flag leaf angle.

ABSTRACT The characterization of genetic divergence in common bean cultivars for various traits related to plant architecture and grain yield is unprecedented. This study proposes to determine whether common bean cultivars of different grain types differ for 12 traits of plant architecture and grain yield; examine the correlations between these traits; analyze the genetic divergence of these cultivars; and select superior cultivars for these traits. A total of 22 common bean cultivars with the grains types most produced in Brazil were evaluated in two growing seasons. Plant architecture was analyzed based on 12 traits, and grain yield was determined at maturity. Significant genotype and genotype × environment interaction effects were obtained, indicating the existence of genetic variability for all evaluated traits. Several plant architecture traits were correlated, but none was highly correlated with grain yield. Firstand second-internode lengths are more important in differentiating common bean cultivars. Principal component and Tocher’s analyses resulted in the formation of four and seven groups of cultivars, respectively. Both methods are efficient in analyzing genetic divergence; however, Tocher's method is more informative. Cultivars BRS Campeiro, SCS 205 - Riqueza, BRS Esteio, IAC Imperador and Guapo Brilhante have a high grain yield potential, but only BRS Campeiro, BRS Esteio and Guapo Brilhante have upright plant architecture.

ABSTRACT The use of resistant cultivars is one of the strategies for downy mildew management. The objective of this study was to evaluate the vertical and horizontal resistance of F5:6 progenies of carotenoidbiofortified lettuce to virulence phenotypes of Bremia lactucae 63/63/51/00, 63/31/19/00 and 63/63/19/00. The experimental design was completely randomized and subdivided into plots that were evaluated over time. In the plots, 12 genotypes of lettuce were used, and the subplots were monitored over time (7th to the 18th day after inoculation). For each virulence phenotypes of Bremia lactucae, a separate experiment was performed with three replicates. To select resistant genotypes, plants were inoculated with distilled water, sporangia removed from infected tissues and Tween 20. The genotypes were evaluated when sporulation appeared on cotyledonary leaves of the susceptible cultivar Solaris, verifying the proportion of necrotic and sporulated plants. There was a correlation between genotypes and times for all virulence phenotypes evaluated. Genotypes UFU-189#2, UFU-206#1, UFU-215#3 and UFU-215#14 showed vertical resistance to virulence phenotypes 63/63/51/00, 63/31/19/00, and 63/63/19/00 of B. lactucae. Horizontal resistance levels were observed in genotype UFU 206#1 for virulence phenotypes 63/63/51/00 and 63/31/19/00; in genotype UFU-66#7 for virulent phenotype 63/31/19/00; and in genotype UFU-215#10 for virulence phenotype 63/63/19/00.

ABSTRACT Aroeira-do-sertão is a Brazilian native species that has been widely explored. Thus, the population of this species has been reduced and techniques for its preservation are essential, such as the conservation of seeds in liquid nitrogen (LN). The objective of this work was to evaluate different cryoprotectant solutions for cryopreservation of aroeira-do-sertão seeds in LN (-196 °C). The treatments used were: control (7.5±1.5 °C); LN without cryoprotectant; sucrose 0.4 mol L-1; sucrose 0.8 mol L-1; glycerol 1 mol L-1; glycerol 2 mol L-1; PVS1 (plant vitrification solution); PVS2; PVS2 + 1% phloroglucinol; and PVS3. The seeds remained frozen for 120 days. The seeds were evaluated for germination and water content before cryopreservation. Several germination parameters were evaluated on the seventh day and plant growth variables were evaluated after 150 days. The seeds presented 9.2% water content and 74% germination before cryopreservation. The germination in the control treatment was 55%, whereas it varied from 61% to 69% under cryopreservation, denoting the positive effect of cryopreservation, even without cryoprotectants (69%). The seeds presented a triphasic water absorption model; the LN accelerated the germination, which started within 56 hours, whereas the germination in the control treatment started after 66 hours. The plant parts presented satisfactory development after 150 days, as shown by the Dickson quality index. The use of cryoprotectants did not affect seed germination and initial growth of seedlings. Aroeira-do-sertão seeds with 9.2% water content can be cryopreserved in LN without cryoprotectants.

ABSTRACT Basidiomycete fungi that decompose wood produce substances with promising biological activity for the alternative control of plant diseases. The production of these substances can change according to the climatic conditions and the substrate used for fungal cultivation. The objective of this study was to develop a substrate with sawdust from Eucalyptus sp. and to verify its influence on biomass and cinnabarin production by Pycnoporus sanguineus. Sawdust was used in two particle sizes: less than 500 microns (G1) and between 500–841 microns (G2). Four isolates of P. sanguineus were plated on Petri dishes containing potato broth and agar media added with 0%, 1%, 5%, 10%, and 15% sawdust for each particle size. The largest final diameter of the colony and speed of mycelial growth were observed in the substrate with G1 particle size, with the Ps14 isolate showing the highest averages. For these variables, the sawdust concentration did not influence G1 granulometry and provided the highest values in G2 granulometry. Fresh mycelium mass and cinnabarin production showed the highest values in G2, with the isolated Ps13 and Ps08 showing the highest averages, whereas in G1, Ps14 had the best performance for the analyzed variables. These results indicate that sawdust from Eucalyptus sp., at concentrations of 10% and 15%, is an alternative for the in vitro cultivation of P. sanguineus, and that particle size influences the growth speed, fresh mass production, and cinnabarin content.