Human societies depend on limited natural resources of our planet for their existence and economic development. Rise in human population and per capitaconsumption increases the human share of natural resources. In particular development in agriculture to meet the escalating demand for food has resultedin various environmental problems. The share of agriculture in water use represents the 70 % of the global total making water quantity and quality relatedproblems foremost impacts of agriculture on the environment. In this brief review environmental costs of agriculture on our limited freshwater resources havebeen summarized to draw attention to this critical issue.

The intense and unconscious use of antibacterial drugs or vitamins to protect fisheries production, fight against fish diseases and promote growth in fish can lead to the emergence of microorganisms resistant to antibiotics and serious public health problems through consumption. Little is known about the food-borne pathogens detected by molecular methods in fish which are grown in fish farms in Turkey and about the antimicrobial resistance genes of food-borne pathogens. In this study, DNA isolations were first made from collected fish muscle samples. Extended spectrum beta lactamase (blaCTX-M, blaSHV and blaTEM) and carbapanemase (blaKPC, blaOXA-48, blaVIM, blaIMP) genes were investigated in fish tissue and DNA was found to be positive with qPCR. As a result of isolation in 50 fish samples, 70 bacteria were detected by qPCR. Of the 11 samples with E.coli, 3 were identified as E. coli O157: H7. In the fish samples, Aeromonas spp. was detected at the highest percentage (46%), followed by P.shigelloides. When the distribution of the extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes were examined with qPCR in the samples with positive results, blaCTX-M was detected in 22 samples, teblaSHV in 19 samples and blaTEM genes were detected in 10 specimens. In 17 samples of P. shigelloides positive, no antimicrobial resistance gene was detected. When the distributions of the carbapenemase genes were found in the positive samples, the blaKPC gene was found to be positive in 6 samples and Aeromonas spp. was detected in 5 of these samples. The aim of this study was to analyze the status of food-borne pathogens detected in trout species in the Euphrates River and to analyze and demonstrate the antimicrobial resistance genes of these bacteria using the qPCR method. Food-borne pathogens and antimicrobial resistance genes such as extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) and carbapanemases, were determined by molecular methods. To be able to reduce the currently increasing rates of antimicrobial resistance, the unconscious use of drugs should be reduced in the treatment of aquatic diseases and the data of the resistance genes in the pathogens detected in fish should be followed molecularly and epidemiologically.

Afrika'da 2030 yılına kadar Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Hedefleri (SDG) arasında yer alan SDG 2: Sıfır Açlık hedefine yaklaşmak için, tarımsal uygulamalar ve su mevcudiyeti gibi çeşitli faktörlerle ilgili olarak gıda güvencesi sorunlarının yeniden gözden geçirilmesi gerekmektedir. Teff ürünü Etiyopya’da önemli bir yere sahiptir, ancak yağışa dayalı yetiştiricilik uygulamaları nedeniyle verim düşüktür. Su ayak izi (WF) kavramı, ürünlerin yağışa bağımlılığı hakkında yararlı bir bakış açısı sağlayarak sulama ihtiyacını ortaya koyar. Bu nedenle, teff üretiminin WF analizi, çiftçilerin verimi artırmasına ve su verimliliğini korumasına yardımcı olabilir. Bu çalışmada, Etiyopya'daki teff üretiminin yeşil ve mavi su ayak izleri, CROPWAT 8.0 ve CLIMWAT 2.0 modelleri kullanılarak 2019/2020 sezonu için tahmin edilmiştir. Sonuçlar, yeşil su ayak izi (WFgreen)'nin Tigray bölgesinde 1170 m3 ton-1, SNNPR bölgesinde ise 1481 m3 ton-1 değeriyle baskın olduğunu göstermektedir. Öte yandan, mavi su ayak izi (WFblue), Amhara'da 264 m3 ton-1 ile Tigray'da 1022 m3 ton-1 arasında önemli ölçüde değişmektedir. Bu sonuç, bitki su ihtiyacının etkili yağıştan çok daha yüksek olması nedeniyle sulama ihtiyacını göstermektedir. Teff'in ekonomik su verimliliği, mısır gibi diğer ürünlerden daha yüksek olarak 0,68 USD m-3 olarak bulunmuştur. İklim değişikliğinin ve kuraklığın potansiyel etkisi göz önüne alındığında, bu çalışma teff üretimine su tahsisini artırmayı ve ulusal düzeyde uygun sulama uygulamalarının gerçekleştirilmesini önermektedir. Su ayak izi analizini nehir havzası düzeyindeki su tahsis planlarına entegre etmek, sürdürülebilir su kaynakları yönetimi ve gıda güvencesi için faydalı olacaktır. | Achieving Sustainable Development goal (SDG)2; Zero Hunger by 2030 in Africa requires reconsidering the challenges of food security in relation to several factors including agricultural practices and water availability. Teff crop plays a significant role in Ethiopia but the yield is low due to rain-fed production practices. The water footprint (WF) concept provides a useful perspective on the dependency of crops on precipitation, revealing the need for irrigation. So, WF analysis of teff production can help farmers to increase the yield and maintain water efficiency. In this study, the green and blue water footprints of teff production in Ethiopia were estimated for 2019/2020 season using the CROPWAT 8.0 and CLIMWAT 2.0 models. The results show that WFgreen is dominant with a value of 1170 m3 ton-1 in Tigray region to 1481 m3 ton-1 in SNNPR region. On the other hand, the WFblue varied significantly from 264 m3 ton-1 in Amhara to 1022 m3 ton-1 in Tigray, respectively, indicating the need for irrigation since water requirement is much higher than the effective precipitation. The economic water productivity of teff was found to be 0.68 USD m-3, which is higher than other crops such as maize. Given the potential impact of climate change and droughts, this study suggests increasing water allocation to teff production and implementing appropriate irrigation practices at a national level. Integrating water footprint analysis into river basin-level water allocation plans would be beneficial for sustainable water resource management and food security.