The article delinks food security challenges from the challenge of supplying water to meet the needs of the industrial, livestock, domestic and environmental sectors to analyze the food security and water management challenges of individual nations. For this, three indices are developed: the water adequacy index, water-land index and water-land-pasture index. Their values are computed for 172 countries. The analysis suggests that the criteria for assessing the magnitude of food insecurity and water scarcity problems should include agricultural land, particularly cultivated land and pastureland, along with renewable water.

Concerns about impacts of biomass growth for biofuel production emphasize the importance of planning energy crops expansion considering land, water, food and biodiversity. Brazil is the second largest ethanol producer worldwide and sugarcane is cultivated in many regions, including the Brazilian Cerrado (a Savannah-type biome). This paper analyses the impacts of first-generation sugarcane expansion in the Paranaíba basin (Goiás State), focusing on how future demand for ethanol could affect local resources availability. The study area is a sugarcane expansion frontier in Brazil, thus, the Cerrado biome should be focus of research considering competition for land and water uses. An economic-ecologic Input-Output (IO) framework was applied to develop a water-energy-food (WEF) nexus analysis. The Goiás’ IO table was expanded to assess water, energy and land uses, GHG emissions and employment levels through six different ethanol supply scenarios.Results show that if sugarcane expansion projected to 2030 considers the Goiás’ extended IO structure for the year 2008, it should cause little impact on land and water availability in the state, due to both the ample availability of suitable pasturelands for sugarcane expansion as well as water in most of the Paranaíba basin. The WEF nexus analysis is a valuable tool on guiding the sustainable management of natural resources considering water, energy, land use and GHG emissions as goals to the same policy. In particular, the hybrid extended IO-WEF nexus framework is useful to design effective biofuel policies, collectively addressing impacts on environmental, social and economic spheres, in a local or broader context.

Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis is the etiologic agent of Johne’s disease in ruminants and is hypothesized to be an infectious cause of Crohn’s disease, as well as some other human diseases. Due to key knowledge gaps, the potential public health impact of M. paratuberculosis is unknown. This scoping review aims to identify and characterised the evidence on potential sources and vehicles of M. paratuberculosis exposure for humans to better understand how exposure is likely to occur. Evidence from 255 primary research papers is summarized; most examined the prevalence or concentration of M. paratuberculosis in animals (farmed domestic, pets and wildlife) (n=148), food for human consumption (62) (milk, dairy, meat, infant formula) or water (drinking and recreational) and the environment (farm, pasture and areas affected by runoff water) (20). The majority of this research has been published since 2000 (Figure- abstract). Nine case-control studies examining risk factors for Crohn’s disease highlighted significant associations with the consumption of processed meats and cheese, while direct contact with ruminants, high risk occupations (farmer, veterinarian), milk consumption and water source were factors not associated with the disease and/or M. paratuberculosis exposure status. Molecular epidemiology studies demonstrated strain-sharing between species. Produce and seafood were the only previously suggested sources of human exposure for which there was no supporting evidence identified in this scoping review. The results of this review indicate that ruminant populations from around the globe are infected with M. paratuberculosis and many non-ruminant species have also been found to carry or be infected with M. paratuberculosis. Several potential sources for human exposure to M. paratuberculosis were identified; however there remain important gaps in quantitative information on the prevalence and concentration of M. paratuberculosis in contaminated sources of exposure. This information is critical to understanding the risk of exposure, opportunities for risk mitigation interventions and modelling exposures to distill the importance of various sources of human exposure to M. paratuberculosis including direct contact with animals and the environment as well as consumption of contaminated foods and water. Results of this study may be used to prioritize future research and to support evidence-informed decision-making on the M. paratuberculosis issue.

El azufre es un macroelemento esencial en rumiantes. Niveles elevados de azufre y sulfatos consumidos por rumiantes a través de las plantas, agua y otros alimentos pueden reducir el apetito y la tasa de crecimiento en los animales, afectar la absorción de otros elementos y causar afecciones respiratorias y/o neurológicas. El propósito de este estudio fue medir los niveles de azufre en la dieta, analizando las praderas (3 muestras por predio) y el agua (1 muestra por predio) en 45 predios dedicados a la producción de carne, de las regiones de La Araucanía, Los Ríos y Los Lagos de Chile durante los períodos de primavera 2008 y verano 2009. Adicionalmente, se obtuvieron muestras de gas ruminal de 5 animales por predio, muestreándose un total de 225 animales por período. Posteriormente, se analizaron las diferencias en las concentraciones de azufre en agua y pradera y H2S en gas ruminal de los predios provenientes de las zonas de la costa, depresión intermedia y precordillera. Los resultados obtenidos indican que las concentraciones promedios de azufre en la pradera fueron de 1.482 ± 592 ppm y de 1.472,1 ± 448 ppm en el periodo primavera y verano respectivamente, no evidenciándose diferencias significativas. La concentración de azufre en agua fue de 1,12 ± 0,1 y 1,14 ± 0,09 ppm durante el período de primavera y de verano, respectivamente. Los resultados de los análisis por región y zona geográfica (costa, depresión intermedia y precordillera) no mostraron diferencias significativas. La concentración de H2S en gas ruminal en los animales en estudio fueron de 273,1 ± 187,5 y de 245,4 ± 180 ppm en primavera y en verano, respectivamente. El análisis de correlación entre variables indicó una asociación positiva entre los niveles de azufre en alimento y H2S en gas ruminal para el período de primavera y verano. El consumo promedio total de azufre estimado considerando las fuentes de pradera y agua en 45 predios durante ambos períodos fue < 0,2% de azufre en la dieta. En conclusión, los resultados indican que las concentraciones de azufre encontradas en los predios ganaderos de las regiones de La Araucanía, Los Ríos y Los Lagos de Chile no representan riesgo para el consumo en bovinos. | Sulphur is an essential element for the metabolism of ruminant animals. However, high dietary concentrations of sulphur are potentially harmful. The purpose of this study was to measure the forage and water sulphur content in samples from 45 beef herds from the La Araucanía, Los Ríos y Los Lagos regions of Chile. Additionally, ruminal gas hydrogen sulphide (H2S) concentrations were obtained from 5 animals on each farm. Samples were collected during the spring 2008 and summer 2009. Pasture sulphur content was 1,482 ± 592 ppm in the spring and 1,471 ± 448 ppm in the summer. Water sulphur concentrations in all farms was < 1.5 ppm each season. Ruminal gas H2S concentrations in animals was 273 ± 187.5 ppm and 245.4 ± 173 ppm in spring and summer, respectively. Positive and significant correlations were found between pasture sulphur content and ruminal H2S concentration for both periods. Estimated total sulphur intake considering pastures and water was < 0.2% sulfur on a dry matter basis. The results of this study suggest that forage and water sulphur concentrations in Southern Chile do not represent a potential risk of intoxication in grazing beef cattle.

El azufre es un macroelemento esencial en rumiantes. Niveles elevados de azufre y sulfatos consumidos por rumiantes a través de las plantas, agua y otros alimentos pueden reducir el apetito y la tasa de crecimiento en los animales, afectar la absorción de otros elementos y causar afecciones respiratorias y/o neurológicas. El propósito de este estudio fue medir los niveles de azufre en la dieta, analizando las praderas (3 muestras por predio) y el agua (1 muestra por predio) en 45 predios dedicados a la producción de carne, de las regiones de La Araucanía, Los Ríos y Los Lagos de Chile durante los períodos de primavera 2008 y verano 2009. Adicionalmente, se obtuvieron muestras de gas ruminal de 5 animales por predio, muestreándose un total de 225 animales por período. Posteriormente, se analizaron las diferencias en las concentraciones de azufre en agua y pradera y H2S en gas ruminal de los predios provenientes de las zonas de la costa, depresión intermedia y precordillera. Los resultados obtenidos indican que las concentraciones promedios de azufre en la pradera fueron de 1.482 ± 592 ppm y de 1.472,1 ± 448 ppm en el periodo primavera y verano respectivamente, no evidenciándose diferencias significativas. La concentración de azufre en agua fue de 1,12 ± 0,1 y 1,14 ± 0,09 ppm durante el período de primavera y de verano, respectivamente. Los resultados de los análisis por región y zona geográfica (costa, depresión intermedia y precordillera) no mostraron diferencias significativas. La concentración de H2S en gas ruminal en los animales en estudio fueron de 273,1 ± 187,5 y de 245,4 ± 180 ppm en primavera y en verano, respectivamente. El análisis de correlación entre variables indicó una asociación positiva entre los niveles de azufre en alimento y H2S en gas ruminal para el período de primavera y verano. El consumo promedio total de azufre estimado considerando las fuentes de pradera y agua en 45 predios durante ambos períodos fue < 0,2% de azufre en la dieta. En conclusión, los resultados indican que las concentraciones de azufre encontradas en los predios ganaderos de las regiones de La Araucanía, Los Ríos y Los Lagos de Chile no representan riesgo para el consumo en bovinos. | Sulphur is an essential element for the metabolism of ruminant animals. However, high dietary concentrations of sulphur are potentially harmful. The purpose of this study was to measure the forage and water sulphur content in samples from 45 beef herds from the La Araucanía, Los Ríos y Los Lagos regions of Chile. Additionally, ruminal gas hydrogen sulphide (H2S) concentrations were obtained from 5 animals on each farm. Samples were collected during the spring 2008 and summer 2009. Pasture sulphur content was 1,482 ± 592 ppm in the spring and 1,471 ± 448 ppm in the summer. Water sulphur concentrations in all farms was < 1.5 ppm each season. Ruminal gas H2S concentrations in animals was 273 ± 187.5 ppm and 245.4 ± 173 ppm in spring and summer, respectively. Positive and significant correlations were found between pasture sulphur content and ruminal H2S concentration for both periods. Estimated total sulphur intake considering pastures and water was < 0.2% sulfur on a dry matter basis. The results of this study suggest that forage and water sulphur concentrations in Southern Chile do not represent a potential risk of intoxication in grazing beef cattle.