In irrigated as well as in rainfed areas, it is essential to work on the increase in water/ moisture-use efficiency of the crops. Since water is precious, suitable methods of irrigation and in-situ moisture conservation practices are to be adopted by the farmers on the basis of the suggestions made by the agricultural scientists of the country. In rainfed areas, suitable tillage can play a significant role in the conservation of moisture. Selection of crops and their varieties, fertilizer management and proper methods of sowing are the factors for increasing the moisture-use-efficiency and productivity. Methods of irrigations are to be modified in irrigated areas mainly to check the unnecessary loss of water.

Air tanah sangat potensial untuk mengairi tanaman pangan terutama palawija di lahan tadah hujan. Salah satu cara pemanfaatan air tanah tersebut dengan membuat sumur pantek. Hal ini memungkinkan karena kedalaman air tanah relatif dangkal (10-15 m dari permukaan tanah). Pengembangan air tanah tersebut akan berdaya guna apabila manfaat yang diperoleh cukup besar dibandingkan dengan biaya yang dikeluarkan. Frekuensi pemberian air tiap 14 hari tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap hasil kedelai dan jagung di Sukamandi (Subang), Haurgeulis (Indramayu) dan Adipala (Cilacap) dibandingkan pemberian air tiap 7 maupun 10 hari. Penyaluran air yang berasal dari pompa menggunakan slang plastik untuk mengurangi kehilangan air selama penyaluran sehingga menghemat bahan bakar pompa. Besar biaya untuk pengoperasian pompa rata-rata Rp 240.000,- dan Rp 265.000,- masing-masing untuk kedelai dan jagung sedangkan keuntungan bersih rata-rata budidaya kedelai dan jagung masing-masing Rp 374.000,-/ha dan Rp 321.000,-/ha

Water is an essential recurring input for agriculture productivity and key to food security. Its availability in space and time has been a matter of great concern in many parts of the world. In India there is growing awareness about the scarcity of water under the increased water demand from agriculture and other sectors. Further, the projected reduction in water availability to the agriculture sector from the share of 89

An experiment were conducted to evaluate The effect of feeding frequencies and stocking size on growth and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of rainbow trout (O. mykiss) in brackish water for 102 days. Three stocking sizes (10, 25 and 40 g/fish) of rainbow trout and three feeding frequencies (feeding fish twice, three times and four times per day) were examined as the same time. Fish were fed at a restricted feeding program according to the rainbow trout standard table in the definite times during the light period. The results showed that in the group with 10 g initial weight increasing the feeding frequency, some growth factors like final weight, daily growth, and weight gain. But the other factors such as food conversion rate (FCR) and specific growth rate (SGR) decrease. It means in this group (10 g) two times feeding per day is not enough for an acceptable growth rate. In the two other groups with (initial weight 25 and 40 g) although by increasing the feeding frequency, some growth factors a little increase but these differences in 95% level (p،ـ0.05) are not significant. Therefore in rainbow trout culture with initial weight at least 25 g two times feeding per day was enough. The results of carcasses analysis of fish, showed that by increasing the feeding frequency there were no significantly difference at 95% level between the body compositions in all of treatments. With connivance of feeding frequencies, the best FCR was in the group with 10 g initial body weight and there was not any significant difference in SGR. So according to the results, it suggests that fish should be stocked with 10 g initial body weight.

An experiment on feeding preferences of the white sea-bass fingerlings (Lates calcarifer (Bloch)) fed with four different kinds of food; fresh fish meat mixed with one percent of vitamins, fish silage and living preys, in the circulation-water system (closed-type) was conducted. This was performed twice by using completely randomized design in sixteen fiber-glass tanks which could contain forty liters of brackish water to compare growth rate, survival rate and also to observe their behavior. The results show that the four different kinds of food used in the experiment had cannibalistic effects on these fingerlings which was the main cause of the low survival rate and the variation in size of the fingerlings. Those fed with living preys had low production. The fingerlings fed with fresh-fish meat had both low growth rate, low survival rate and also low production. This result occurred after nursing fingerlings for a certain period of time, and they had abnormal bones on the upper and lower jaws. The lowest growth rate and lowest production occurred in fingerlings fed with fish silage

Summaries (En, Ru) | 2 ill. | The influence of fruit food additives "Yabochnaya" and "Grushevaya" obtained from secondary resources of fruit processing, on the forms of water connection in the wheat flour dough was evaluated. The additives are added to the test samples from wheat flour of the 1st grade in the amount of 6, 8 and 10% by weight of flour. Measurement of the nuclear magnetic relaxation characteristics of dough samples was performed using an NMR-analyzer AMV-1006M at a temperature of 23 deg C. It was found that the introduction additives "Yabochnaya" and "Grushevaya" to the dough samples in an amount of 10% by weight of flour allows increasing the content of strongly bound water in the dough by 6.5 or 4.9% respectively, which is explained by the higher content in the additive "Yabochnaya" compared to the additive "Grushevaya"of pectin (3.7% vs. 2.1%), largely showing water-retaining ability. The results, obtained using the NMR method, correspond to the data obtained in the study of the effect of these food additives on the water absorption capacity of the dough. Increasing in the dough the content of water, which is in a strongly bound state, will allow for further baking of dough blanks to reduce baking loss and, consequently, increase yield of products. | 6 ref. | Оценено влияние фруктовых пищевых добавок "Яблочная" и "Грушевая", полученных из вторичных ресурсов переработки фруктов, на формы связи воды в тесте из пшеничной муки. Добавки вносили в образцы теста из пшеничной муки 1-го сорта в количестве 6, 8 и 10% к массе муки. Измерение ядерно-магнитных релаксационных характеристик образцов теста осуществляли на ЯМР-анализаторе АМВ-1006М при температуре 23 град. С. Установлено, что внесение в образцы теста добавки "Яблочная" или "Грушевая" в количестве 10% к массе муки позволяет повысить содержание прочносвязанной воды в тесте на 6,5 или 4,9% соответственно, что объясняется более высоким содержанием в добавке "Яблочная" по сравнению с добавкой "Грушевая" пектина (3,7% против 2,1%), в значительной степени проявляющего водоудерживающую способность. Результаты, полученные с применением метода ЯМР, согласуются с данными, полученными при исследовании влияния указанных пищевых добавок на водопоглотительную способность теста. Повышение в тесте содержания воды, находящейся в прочносвязанном состоянии, позволит при дальнейшей выпечке тестовых заготовок снизить упек хлебобулочного изделия и, следовательно, увеличить его выход.