Dietary adjustment has been studied for the control and prevention of the Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease. This work studied the influence of the amount of water and food digestibility on water intake and excretion (urinary and fecal). Ten adult female cats housed in metabolic cages were used. Four treatments were tested: low price dry food, low price dry food with 50% added water, super-premium dry food and canned food. Water intake with food and by drinking, fecal and urinary water excretion and food's digestibility coefficient were determined, in a Latin square experimental design with repetitions over time. The results were submitted to variance analysis; to Tukey's test to compare means and to Pearson's Correlation to test the association between variables (p<0.05). Moist food led to the highest water intake and the largest urine volume with the lowest density. The cats balanced the higher water intake with food by drinking less water. Adding 50% water to the food did not result in a higher total water intake and urine excretion. The lowest consumption of dry matter and highest food digestibility resulted in lower fecal water excretion. Dry foods with high and low digestibility had a urine:feces water excretion rate of 0.7:1 and 1.6:1, respectively. Among the nutrients, fat intake had a positive correlation with the urine volume. Foods with higher digestibility resulted in lower fecal water loss. Canned food (high water:dry matter ratio) led to the highest total water intake and urinary volume excretion, and lower urinary density. | A modificação dietética tem sido estudada e empregada no controle e prevenção da Doença do Trato Urinário Inferior dos Felinos. Este trabalho estudou a influência do teor de água e da digestibilidade das rações sobre a ingestão, excreção urinária e excreção fecal de água. Utilizaram-se 10 gatas adultas castradas, alojadas em gaiolas metabólicas.Testaram-se quatro tratamentos: ração enlatada; seca super-premium; seca econômica e seca econômica acrescida de 50% de água. Determinou-se a ingestão de água via alimento e bebedouro, a excreção de água via fezes e urina e o coeficiente de digestibilidade das rações. Foi empregado um quadrado latino com repetições no tempo. Os resultados foram avaliados por análise de variância seguido pelo teste de Tukey para a comparação de médias e a Correlação de Pearson para se verificar a associação entre variáveis (p<0,05). O consumo de ração enlatada proporcionou uma maior ingestão total de água e uma maior excreção de urina, que apresentou menor densidade. Os gatos compensaram a maior ingestão de água alimentar bebendo menos água. Quanto menor a ingestão de matéria seca e maior a digestibilidade do alimento, menor a excreção fecal de água, pois as rações secas de baixa e alta digestibilidade obtiveram, respectivamente, relação excreção de urina:excreção de água fecal de 0,7:1 e 1,6:1. A ingestão de gordura apresentou correlação positiva com o volume urinário. Rações de maior digestibilidade promovem menor perda fecal de água, mas somente a ração enlatada (alta relação água:matéria seca) proporcionou maiores ingestão total de água e volume urinário.

Let it Reign highlights key facts, conditions and trends regarding water aspects of food production, consumption and ecological sustainability. It presents policy recommendations within governance, capacity building/awareness raising and financing in order to improve water productivity and increase the possibility to produce the food needed, improve diets, and raise consumer awareness â all in an equitable and ecologically sustainable manner. | SIWI, 'Let it reign: The new water paradigm for global food security', , IFPRI, 2005

Let it Reign highlights key facts, conditions and trends regarding water aspects of food production, consumption and ecological sustainability. It presents policy recommendations within governance, capacity building/awareness raising and financing in order to improve water productivity and increase the possibility to produce the food needed, improve diets, and raise consumer awareness – all in an equitable and ecologically sustainable manner.

The underlying historical perception of people, in most countries of the region, that water is a free natural resource supports the dominating influence of traditional, political and social factors in the management and use of the resource. The increasing use of the limited resource in response to the increasing demands is not only reducing its availability but also jeopardizing its quality. In view of the vital importance of water for sustaining life and promoting development, appropriate policies are needed to deal with the problems of water scarcity and the challenges ahead. In the Middle-East region we certainly need continuing innovation and rationalization in our handling of water, but foremost and above all we need to develop and put into action, in countries of the region, a balanced system for the management of the resources. We must work toward a framework for management functions that will integrate consideration of the present and future, of economics and environmental preservation, of technology and building the capacities and of growth and food and water security and sustainability.

This report gives an overview of current and future (time horizon 2050) irrigation development in the Mediterranean environment. Moreover, the paper analyses the results of the most recent and advanced General Circulation Models for assessing the hydrological impacts of climate change on crop water requirements, water availability and the planning and design process of irrigation systems. Finally, a five-step planning and design procedure is proposed that is able to integrate, within the development process, the hydrological consequences of climate change.

Let it Reign highlights key facts, conditions and trends regarding water aspects of food production, consumption and ecological sustainability. It presents policy recommendations within governance, capacity building/awareness raising and financing in order to improve water productivity and increase the possibility to produce the food needed, improve diets, and raise consumer awareness – all in an equitable and ecologically sustainable manner. | Non-PR | IFPRI2 | EPTD

Dissertation (MSc (Microbiology))--University of Pretoria, 2007. | A total of 94 Salmonella isolates were collected from three catchments areas in Eritrea. These isolates were recovered from clinical and environmental sources. Biochemical tests using gelatin hydrolysis and tartrate utilization test were employed to differentiate between Salmonellasubspecies. All Salmonellaisolates were identified as Salmonellasubspecies I and were then subjected to molecular characterization. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) were employed to identify and establish possible relationships between the clinical isolates and environmental sources. Two sets of oligonucleotide primers specific for genes from S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis were used for the PCR reaction. Of the 94 Salmonellaisolates characterized only 6 were S. Typhimurium strains. To type the Salmonellaisolates AFLP was used. Clustering the AFLP patterns using the un-weighed pair-group method using arithmetic means (UPGMA) revealed 15 clusters. Of the 94 Salmonellaisolates collected, 48 (51%) strains were serologically identified. These serotypes include, 21 SalmonellaEmek (43.7%), 19 SalmonellaHeidelberg (39.5%), 7 of the 13, 22, 23; z undetermined serotype (14.5%), and 2 SalmonellaTyphimurium strains (4.1%). The AFLP data in the present study indicated a possible relationship between the clinical isolates and those obtained from environmental sources. | Microbiology and Plant Pathology | unrestricted