Background. Roach, Rutilus rutilus (Linnaeus, 1758), is an omnivorous fish species that is able to utilise a range of food resources. Both juvenile and older roach can negatively affect zooplankton abundance in freshwater bodies of water; hence populations are often reduced (biomanipulated) in order to increase zooplankton populations. The aim of this study was to assess the roach diet after large-scale removal of cyprinids (bream, roach) from a reservoir. The study was done to clarify the roach diet after three years of intensive reduction of cyprinid fish and also to find out how the roach feeding behaviour impacts the quantity of filtering zooplankton. As such, this study may help to explain more general relations within the aquatic food web and specify the roach diet during the vegetative season (from spring to autumn). Materials and methods. This study was undertaken at the Hamry water supply reservoir in the Czech Republic. Samples of macrozoobenthos, periphyton, and zooplankton were collected as representative food resources. Fish were caught using a 100-m littoral beach seine during the April to October growing season in 2011. Supplementary fish were caught using a pelagic Nordic gillnet in August and September 2012 and a 15-m beach seine in June and August 2012. Gut contents were preserved in 4% formaldehyde for later laboratory analysis (frequency of occurrence, index of preponderance, index of gut fullness). Results. ‘Detritus’ was the major component found in roach guts, with no difference observed in age category or locality (littoral vs. open water areas). Significant differences were observed, however, between younger (0+ and 1+, 36–92 mm) and older (>3 years, >92 mm) fish. The 0+ and 1+ age groups also fed on zooplankton (P < 0.008), accompanied by Chironomidae (1+), while diet of older roach (3–4+; 6–8+) included macrophytes and periphyton, together with Cladocera (fish from open water; P < 0.008). Conclusion. The results demonstrate that detritus was the main ‘dietary’ component of roach during the growing season, with macrophytes and periphyton as complementary dietary items. Zooplankton was an important dietary component of mainly younger roach age classes. Roach appear to be an important component in ichthyo-eutrophication of the Hamry Reservoir, mainly through transfer of phosphorous from plants to water.

Background. Roach, Rutilus rutilus (Linnaeus, 1758), is an omnivorous fish species that is able to utilise a range of food resources. Both juvenile and older roach can negatively affect zooplankton abundance in freshwater bodies of water; hence populations are often reduced (biomanipulated) in order to increase zooplankton populations. The aim of this study was to assess the roach diet after large-scale removal of cyprinids (bream, roach) from a reservoir. The study was done to clarify the roach diet after three years of intensive reduction of cyprinid fish and also to find out how the roach feeding behaviour impacts the quantity of filtering zooplankton. As such, this study may help to explain more general relations within the aquatic food web and specify the roach diet during the vegetative season (from spring to autumn). Materials and methods. This study was undertaken at the Hamry water supply reservoir in the Czech Republic. Samples of macrozoobenthos, periphyton, and zooplankton were collected as representative food resources. Fish were caught using a 100-m littoral beach seine during the April to October growing season in 2011. Supplementary fish were caught using a pelagic Nordic gillnet in August and September 2012 and a 15-m beach seine in June and August 2012. Gut contents were preserved in 4% formaldehyde for later laboratory analysis (frequency of occurrence, index of preponderance, index of gut fullness). Results. &amp;#8216;Detritus&amp;#8217; was the major component found in roach guts, with no difference observed in age category or locality (littoral vs. open water areas). Significant differences were observed, however, between younger (0+ and 1+, 36&amp;#8211;92 mm) and older (&amp;#62;3 years, &amp;#62;92 mm) fish. The 0+ and 1+ age groups also fed on zooplankton (P &amp;#60; 0.008), accompanied by Chironomidae (1+), while diet of older roach (3&amp;#8211;4+; 6&amp;#8211;8+) included macrophytes and periphyton, together with Cladocera (fish from open water; P &amp;#60; 0.008). Conclusion. The results demonstrate that detritus was the main &amp;#8216;dietary&amp;#8217; component of roach during the growing season, with macrophytes and periphyton as complementary dietary items. Zooplankton was an important dietary component of mainly younger roach age classes. Roach appear to be an important component in ichthyo-eutrophication of the Hamry Reservoir, mainly through transfer of phosphorous from plants to water.

Liqa Raschid-Sally, Sarath Abayawardana, 'Wastewater as a non-traditional source of livelihoods, city food security and water for agriculture', 2014

Charlotte de Fraiture, 'Integrated water and food analysis at the global and basin level: an application of WATERSIM', 2014

Food contact materials can release low levels of multiple chemicals (migrants) into foods and beverages, to which individuals can be exposed through food consumption. This paper investigates the potential for non-carcinogenic effects from exposure to multiple migrants using the Cefic Mixtures Ad hoc Team (MIAT) decision tree. The purpose of the assessment is to demonstrate how the decision tree can be applied to concurrent exposures to multiple migrants using either hazard or structural data on the specific components, i.e. based on the acceptable daily intake (ADI) or the threshold of toxicological concern. The tree was used to assess risks from co-exposure to migrants reported in a study on non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) eluting from food contact-grade plastic and two studies of water bottles: one on organic compounds and the other on ionic forms of various elements. The MIAT decision tree assigns co-exposures to different risk management groups (I, II, IIIA and IIIB) based on the hazard index, and the maximum cumulative ratio (MCR). The predicted co-exposures for all examples fell into Group II (low toxicological concern) and had MCR values of 1.3 and 2.4 (indicating that one or two components drove the majority of the mixture’s toxicity). MCR values from the study of inorganic ions (126 mixtures) ranged from 1.1 to 3.8 for glass and from 1.1 to 5.0 for plastic containers. The MCR values indicated that a single compound drove toxicity in 58% of the mixtures. MCR values also declined with increases in the hazard index for the screening assessments of exposure (suggesting fewer substances contributed as risk potential increased). Overall, it can be concluded that the data on co-exposure to migrants evaluated in these case studies are of low toxicological concern and the safety assessment approach described in this paper was shown to be a helpful screening tool.

El consumo adecuado del agua puede ser un problema para algunas personas con problemas de tragar, especialmente para aquellos que tienen dificultad para tragar los líquidos ligeros. Los ejemplos de líquidos ligeros son el agua, la leche, el café, el té, y la mayoría de los jugos de frutas. This 4-page fact sheet was written by Wendy J. Dahl and published by the UF Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, January 2014.

El consumo adecuado del agua puede ser un problema para algunas personas con problemas de tragar, especialmente para aquellos que tienen dificultad para tragar los líquidos ligeros. Los ejemplos de líquidos ligeros son el agua, la leche, el café, el té, y la mayoría de los jugos de frutas. This 4-page fact sheet was written by Wendy J. Dahl and published by the UF Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, January 2014.

El consumo adecuado del agua puede ser un problema para algunas personas con problemas de tragar, especialmente para aquellos que tienen dificultad para tragar los líquidos ligeros. Los ejemplos de líquidos ligeros son el agua, la leche, el café, el té, y la mayoría de los jugos de frutas. This 4-page fact sheet was written by Wendy J. Dahl and published by the UF Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, January 2014.

Robyn M. Johnston et al., 'Water for food and energy in the GMS (Greater Mekong Subregion): issues and challenges to 2020', 2014