Para evaluar el efecto de dos estrategias alimentarias y presencia de sustrato para perifiton sobre el perfil de ácidos grasos, características sensoriales y microbiológicas en filetes de tilapia y bocachico, se realizó un policultivo bajo un diseño factorial 2x2 con tres réplicas. El primer factor, A1: alimento con 20% de proteína bruta (PB) y A2: alimentación con niveles decrecientes de PB, (38, 32, 24 y 20%). El segundo factor B1: presencia y B2: ausencia de sustrato para perifiton. Al final de un periodo de cultivo de ocho meses fueron analizados los filetes de las dos especies. Las muestras cumplieron con los parámetros microbiológicos del INVIMA. No hubo diferencias significativas sensoriales entre tratamientos. En tilapia, la estrategia alimentaria tuvo efectos sobre el perfil de ácidos grasos, no en bocachico. En bocachico se encontraron relaciones &#937;-6/&#937;-3 de 0,7±0,12, en tilapia de 3,9±1,2 y en perifiton de 0,7±0,007. Por la relación &#937;-6/&#937;-3 menor a 1 y la presencia de DHA y EPA, el bocachico reúne características para ser identificado como un alimento funcional. El perifiton presentó niveles altos de ALA, siendo una fuente apropiada para peces. Tilapia tiene más alta relación de &#937;-6: &#937;-3, pero con adecuados niveles de DHA y EPA.<br>Para avaliar o efeito de duas estratégias alimentarias e a presença de substrato para perifiton no perfil dos ácidos graxos, características sensoriais e microbiológicas dos files de tilápia e bocachico, foi feito um policultivo sob um desenho fatorial 2x2 com três repetições. O primeiro fator com dois níveis, A1: alimento de 20% de proteína bruta (PB) e A2: alimentação com níveis decrescentes de PB, (38, 32, 24 y 20%). O segundo fator B1: presença e B2: ausência de substrato para perifiton. No final do cultivo de oito meses, foram analisados os filés das duas espécies. Todas as amostras tiveram os parâmetros microbiológicos segundo o INVIMA. No painel sensorial não se encontraram diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos. Em tilapia, a estratégia alimentaria teve efeitos no perfil de ácidos graxos, mas não em bocachico. Em bocachico se encontraram relações &#937;-6/&#937;-3 de 0,7±0,12, em tilapia de 3,9±1,2 e no perifiton de 0,7±0,007. Pela relação &#937;-6/&#937;-3 e a presença de DHA e EPA, o bocachico tem características para ser identificado como um alimento funcional. O perifiton apresentou níveis altos de ALA, sendo uma fonte apropriada para peixes. Tilápia tem mais alta relação de &#937;-6/&#937;-3, mas com bons níveis de DHA e EPA.<br>To evaluate the effect of two feeding strategies and the presence of substrate for periphyton on the fatty acid profile, sensory and microbiological characteristics in tilapia and bocachico fillets, we performed a polyculture under a 2x2 factorial design with 3 replicates. The first factor with two levels, A1: food with 20% crude protein &#91;CP&#93; and A2: a meal plan with decreasing levels of PB, (38, 32, 24 and 20%). The second factor B1 substrate and B2 absence of substrate for periphyton. At the end of the cultivation of eight months were analyzed both fish fillets. All samples met the standard microbiological parameters as INVIMA. The sensory panel found no significant differences between treatments. There was no effect of the presence of substrate on fatty acid profile in fish. In tilapia, the feeding strategy had effect on fatty acid profile, not in bocachico. &#937;-6/&#937;-3 ratio was 0.7 ± 0.12 in bocachico, in tilapia was 3.9 ± 1.2 and 0.7 ± 0.007 for periphyton. &#937;-6/&#937;-3 ratio was less than 1 and the presence of DHA and EPA, bocachico can be identified as a functional food. Periphyton showed high levels of ALA, which makes it an appropriate source for fish. Tilapia has a higher ratio of &#937;-6/&#937;-3, but with good levels of DHA and EPA.

External publication used this dataset: Oyekale, Abayomi Samuel; and Vutela-Tekana, Sibongile Sylvia. 2012. A factor component analysis of the sources of income inequality in the Limpopo River Basin of South Africa. Life Science Journal 9(3): 720-725. http://www.lifesciencesite.com/lsj/life0903/101_8983life0903_720_725.pdf | This household survey was conducted as part of a project aimed to provide policymakers and stakeholders in South Africa with tools to better understand, analyze, and form policy decisions to adapt to global change. The survey was conducted in the Limpopo River Basin in South Africa during 2005. A total of 794 households from 19 districts, in 5 Water Management Areas (WMAs), across 4 provinces of South Africa were sampled. The South Africa sample was designed to capture the diverse agricultural patterns in the basin area: farming strata, type of cultivation (dry land and irrigation), major and minor crops and livestock, and all the sub-catchment areas in each of the 5 WMAs. Topics covered include household roaster including background information, farm and non-farm activities, assets, basic services, disease, shocks; land ownership and land holdings; farm machinery, farm buildings, wells and pumps, and wage rates; crop production including production cost and income for seasonal crops and for perennial crops; crop water use; livestock production; access to extension, markets and credit; expenditures on food and income; and climate change and adaptation options. | IFPRI1 | EPTD | The survey was conducted by the Center for Environmental Economics and Policy in Africa (CEEPA), University of Pretoria, in collaboration with the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). Funding for the survey was provided by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (Germany). The project forms part of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR)’s Challenge Program on Water and Food (CPWF).; Dataset Citation: Food and Water Security under Global Change: Developing Adaptive Capacity with a Focus on Rural Africa. South Africa Limpopo Basin Climate Change Adaptation dataset. 2010. Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) (datasets).; Data file format(s): STATA, EXCEL; Principal contact: Yan Sun; Principal researcher: Claudia Ringler

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Food Business Operators (FBO) are responsible for the safety of the food they produce and in Ireland those under the regulatory control of the Department of Agriculture, Food and Marine are required to provide summary data on microbiological tests undertaken as part of their food safety controls. These data are provided to the National Reference Laboratory through the 25 private laboratories undertaking the testing.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Over the five-year period <it>Salmonella</it> sp. was isolated from 0.7% of the 254,000 raw meat or raw meat products tested with the annual prevalence ranging from 0.5 to 1.1%. Poultry meats were consistently more contaminated than other meats with higher recovery rates in turkey (3.3%), duck (3.3%), and chicken (2.5%) compared with meats of porcine (1.6%), ovine (0.2%) and bovine origin (0.1%). <it>Salmonella</it> sp. was also isolated from 58 (0.06%) of the 96,115 cooked or partially cooked meat and meat products tested during the reporting period with the annual percentage positive samples ranging from 0.01 to 0.16%. A total of 50 different serotypes were recovered from raw meats over this period with the greatest diversity found in poultry samples (n = 36). Four serotypes, Kentucky, Typhimurium, Agona and Derby accounted for over 70% of all isolates detected on FBO testing over the period 2005 to 2009.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Capturing microbiological data generated by Food Business Operators allows the regulatory sector access to a substantial amount of valuable data with the minimum financial outlay.</p>

Freeze-dried aqueous phenolic extracts with possible application as natural antioxidant functional food ingredients were prepared from marama bean seed coats by extracting with water. Phenolic acids, flavonoids and proanthocyanidins in the extracts were characterised by HPLC/MS. The major flavonoids were the flavanols methyl (epi)afzelechin-3-O-gallate (40%) and methyl (epi)catechin-3-O-gallate (28%), and the major phenolic acid was gallic acid (10%). Proanthocyanidins in the extracts were predominantly prodelphinidins composed of epicatechin-3-O-gallate and epigallocatechin present as major terminal and extension units and epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate and epicatechin present as minor extension unit constituents. The polymer structure was found to be unique compared with other legumes because of the high percentage of galloylated units. Extracts showed a high DPPH free radical scavenging activity (707 μmol TE g−1), protective effect against AAPH-induced human red blood cell haemolysis and copper-catalysed human LDL oxidation suggesting that the extracts may have potential health benefits. | The EU for supporting this work through the EU FP-grant (FP6-2004- INCO-DEV-3-MARAMA II-032059), Development of Innovative and Healthful Marama bean (Tylosema esculentum) Products Targeting Niche Markets (http:// www.marama.life.ku.dk/). | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1365-2621

A new kind of solid phase extraction (SPE), which we named in situ surfactant-based solid phase extraction (ISS-SPE), represents a simple, selective and rapid method for preconcentration and determination of manganese from food and water samples. This method has distinct advantages: extraction times are short and recoveries are high; further, we can see formation of fine particles of large specific surface and their good dispersion in the solution. In this work, a small amount of cationic surfactant, n-dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) was injected into the water sample containing Mn ions, which were complexed by 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN). After shaking, a little volume of NaPF6 as an ion-pairing agent was added into the solution by a microsyringe. After preconcentration, the settled phase was dissolved in a specific volume of ethanol and then aspirated into the flame atomic absorption spectrometer by using a homemade microsample introduction system. The effective parameters such as pH, concentration of surfactant, concentration of chelating agent, concentration of ion-pairing agent and effect of salt concentration were optimized by a fractional factorial design to identify the most important parameters and their interactions, and central composite methodology was used to achieve the optimum point of effective parameters to the response. Under the optimum conditions, preconcentration of 10 ml of the sample solution permitted detection of 0.88 μg l−1 with enhancement factor of 45.6, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) for five determinations of Mn ions was 3.5%. The developed method was applied to the determination of trace manganese in various real samples with satisfactory results.

De acuerdo con el Índice Global del Hambre (GHI, por sus siglas en inglés) de 2012, el hambre a nivel mundial ha disminuido algo desde 1990 pero continúa siendo “serio”. El promedio global enmascara diferencias dramáticas entre regiones y países. A nivel regional, los mayores puntajes del GHI se encuentran en Asia meridional y en el África Subsahariana. Asia meridional redujo sus puntajes de GHI de forma significativa entre 1990 y 1996 —principalmente a través de una reducción en la proporción de niños con bajo peso— pero no pudo mantener este rápido progreso. Y aunque el África Subsahariana progresó menos que Asia meridional en la década de 1990, ha logrado reducir la brecha a partir del nuevo milenio, con un puntaje del GHI en 2012 apenas por debajo del obtenido por Asia meridional. | Non-PR | IFPRI2; GRP24 | COM; MTID; DGO; EPTD; PHND; WCAO

A. Castro et al., 'Sistema Agroforestal Quesungual (SAQ): Mejorando la productividad del agua la seguridad alimentaria y la calidad de los recursos en el trópico sub-húmedo', 2012

Text retained for oral presentation during the 2012 African Econometrics Society (AES) Conference to be held in Kampala, from 25 to 27 of July 2012 | Economics is all about rationality in resource allocation rather than greedy maximization of profits. Water suppliers enjoy high water productivities under drought conditions but are unable to ensure supply sustainability to the expense of water users. This study attempted to explain food shortage in the water scarce Muooni Catchment in the course of climate change. It used operational research, and particularly hydro-economic inventory models to address three specific questions: (i) what anthropogenic and environmental factors undermine water storage in Muooni Dam? (ii) to what extent do fluctuations of the active water storage capacity of Muooni Dam affect agricultural water productivity and food security in the catchment? (iii) how can farmers optimize their water demands and supplies in this catchment under fluctuating rainfall regimes? Hydro-economic inventory models were specifically used to evaluate farmers’ water Economic Order Quantity (EOQ), Limit Average Cost (LAC) and Minimum Efficient Scale (MES). This approach enabled useful recommendation on the rationalization and optimization of crop water requirements and crop yields under three different rainfall regimes: Above Normal (ANOR), Normal (NOR), and Below Normal (BNOR) [JEL Classification Number: Q 25 ].

Consideración de los requerimientos medio ambientales en el diseño de productos -- Ingeniería sostenible y proceso robusto -- Metodología de diseño robusto de TAGUCHI -- Síntomas, causas, tratamientos y clasificación de la anemia -- Tratamiento contra la anemia según su tipología --Estadísticas generales sobre la anemia y su prevalencia en El Salvador -- Diseño de una planta para la elaboración de una bebida saborizada y fortificada con hierro a partir de agua naturalmente enriquecida bajo el enfoque de ingeniería sostenible y proceso robusto -- Bombeo a los equipos del proceso de fabricación -- Artículo sobre agua potable como un portador de hierro para controlar la anemia en niños de edad preescolar en una guardería