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Opportunities for building resilience and lessons for navigating risks: dams and the water energy food nexus 全文
2018
Matthews, Nathaniel | McCartney, Matthew P.
Opportunities for building resilience and lessons for navigating risks: dams and the water energy food nexus 全文
2018
Matthews, Nathaniel | McCartney, Matthew P.
After a hiatus through the 1990s and the early part of this century, rising energy demand, new private sector financing options and countries pursuing food security, modernization and economic growth have spurred a new era of large dam development. Currently an estimated 3700 dams are planned or under construction globally (Zarfl et al., [2015] 77, 161–170). Many of the challenges faced in the context of the water-energy-food nexus are brought into sharp focus by large dam construction. Dams can safeguard food production, provide an important source of income and relatively cheap electricity, and can have direct and indirect benefits for poor people. Too often, however, they have created significant and poorly mitigated environmental and social costs (WCD, [2000] London: Earthscan Publications Ltd). Adverse impacts on ecosystem services caused by dam construction can have profound implications for the health, resilience and livelihoods of the poor. This article explores the challenges facing decision makers with regards to building resilience and navigating risk within the water-energy-food nexus and dams. It draws from two progressive case studies, one in Africa and one in Asia, to highlight lessons learned from nexus approaches including the need for meaningful participation, transparency in decision making, and valuing ecosystem services. The case studies examined contain relevant lessons for global agreements including the Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Agreement because unlike the Millennium Development Goals, they are expected to address interlinkages and tradeoffs across the nexus. The implications of the increasing trend of public private partnerships to finance, build, and operate hydropower dams is discussed. The article concludes by demonstrating that although mitigating impacts across the nexus and social-ecological resilience presents challenges and requires overcoming complexity, the need to tackle these is greater than ever.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Opportunities for building resilience and lessons for navigating risks: dams and the water energy food nexus 全文
2018
Matthews, N. | McCartney, Matthew
After a hiatus through the 1990s and the early part of this century, rising energy demand, new private sector financing options and countries pursuing food security, modernization and economic growth have spurred a new era of large dam development. Currently an estimated 3700 dams are planned or under construction globally (Zarfl et al., [2015] 77, 161–170). Many of the challenges faced in the context of the water-energy-food nexus are brought into sharp focus by large dam construction. Dams can safeguard food production, provide an important source of income and relatively cheap electricity, and can have direct and indirect benefits for poor people. Too often, however, they have created significant and poorly mitigated environmental and social costs (WCD, [2000] London: Earthscan Publications Ltd). Adverse impacts on ecosystem services caused by dam construction can have profound implications for the health, resilience and livelihoods of the poor. This article explores the challenges facing decision makers with regards to building resilience and navigating risk within the water-energy-food nexus and dams. It draws from two progressive case studies, one in Africa and one in Asia, to highlight lessons learned from nexus approaches including the need for meaningful participation, transparency in decision making, and valuing ecosystem services. The case studies examined contain relevant lessons for global agreements including the Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Agreement because unlike the Millennium Development Goals, they are expected to address interlinkages and tradeoffs across the nexus. The implications of the increasing trend of public private partnerships to finance, build, and operate hydropower dams is discussed. The article concludes by demonstrating that although mitigating impacts across the nexus and social-ecological resilience presents challenges and requires overcoming complexity, the need to tackle these is greater than ever.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Ingestive behavior and thermoregulation in sheep fed forage cactus silage undergoing intermittent water supply | Comportamento ingestivo e termorregulação em ovinos alimentados com silagem de palma forrageira submetidos a oferta intermitente de água 全文
2018
Nobre, Ismael de Sousa | Araújo, Gherman Garcia Leal de | Santos, Edson Mauro | Carvalho, Gleidson Giordano Pinto de | Souza, Bonifácio Benicio de | Ribeiro, Ossival Lolato | Turco, Silvia Helena Nogueira | Cavalcante, Anderson Barbosa | Albuquerque, Italo Reneu Rosas de
Ingestive behavior and thermoregulation in sheep fed forage cactus silage undergoing intermittent water supply | Comportamento ingestivo e termorregulação em ovinos alimentados com silagem de palma forrageira submetidos a oferta intermitente de água 全文
2018
Nobre, Ismael de Sousa | Araújo, Gherman Garcia Leal de | Santos, Edson Mauro | Carvalho, Gleidson Giordano Pinto de | Souza, Bonifácio Benicio de | Ribeiro, Ossival Lolato | Turco, Silvia Helena Nogueira | Cavalcante, Anderson Barbosa | Albuquerque, Italo Reneu Rosas de
This study aimed to assess the effect of using forage cactus silage in the diet of sheep under intermittent water supply on its ingestive behavior and thermoregulation. We used in the experiment thirty-six intact male sheep of undefined genotype with an initial average weight of 19.8 ± 2.1 kg and age of approximately six months. The experimental design was a randomized block design in a 3 × 3 factorial scheme composed of three levels of forage cactus silage in the diet (0, 21, and 42%), three water supply periods (0, 24, and 48 hours), and four replications. For the ingestive behavior, observations were carried out every 5 minutes for 2 periods of 24 hours. Thermoregulatory responses were taken at 7:00 and 15:00 h on days other than those intended for ingestive behavior tests. Intermittent water supply did not affect any of the studied variables (P > 0.05). The use of forage cactus silage significantly influenced the ingestive behavior of animals (P < 0.05). Sheep fed forage cactus silage in the diet presented an average feeding efficiency of 255.77 g DM h?1 and an average rumination efficiency of 102.16 g DM h?1, while animals fed control diet showed values of 198.63 and 78.45 g DM h?1, respectively. Urinary frequency increased according to the levels of forage cactus silage in the diet, with 23.60 urination per day in animals fed diets with 42% of forage cactus silage and 10.83 urination per day in animals fed control diet. However, the search for water reduced, with averages of 2.73 and 0.54 per day for animals fed 0 and 42% forage cactus silage, respectively. The use of forage cactus silage also increased thermoregulatory responses of sheep, with an average respiratory rate of 103.35 mov. min?1 and heart rate of 140.08 mov. min?1 in the warmest period of the day (in the afternoon). Thus, sheep fed forage cactus silage increases its feeding and rumination efficiencies, decreases its search for water, and increases its thermoregulatory responses. The intermittent water supply within 48 hours does not influence the ingestive behavior and thermoregulation of confined sheep. | Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da utilização de silagem de palma forrageira na dieta de ovinos submetidos a oferta intermitente de água sobre o comportamento ingestivo e a termorregulação de ovinos. Foram utilizados 36 ovinos machos não castrados sem padrão racial, com peso médio inicial de 19,8 + 2,1 kg e idade aproximada de seis meses, distribuídos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 3 x 3, composto por três proporções de silagem de palma na dieta (0; 21 e 42 %) e três períodos de oferta de água (0; 24 e 48 horas), com quatro repetições. Para o comportamento ingestivo foram realizadas observações a cada 5 minutos durante 2 períodos de 24 horas. As respostas termorregulatórias foram tomadas nos horários das 7 e 15 horas, em dias diferentes daqueles destinados ao comportamento. Observou-se que a oferta intermitente de água não afetou nenhuma das variáveis estudadas (P > 0,05). A utilização de silagem de palma influenciou significativamente o comportamento ingestivo dos animais (P < 0,05). Ovinos alimentados com silagem de palma forrageira na dieta apresentaram eficiência de alimentação média de 255,77 gMS h-1 e de ruminação de 102,16 gMS h-1, enquanto que aqueles que não recebiam esse alimento, apresentaram valores dessas variáveis de 198,63 e 78,45 gMS h-1, respectivamente. A frequência urinária dos animais se elevou conforme a proporção de silagem de palma na dieta, sendo observadas 23,60 micções dia-1 em animais que recebiam 42% e 10,83 micções dia-1 naqueles que não recebiam silagem de palma. A procura por água, entretanto, diminuiu. Foram observadas médias de 2,73 e 0,54 (nº dia-1) para animais alimentados com 0 e 42% de silagem de palma, respectivamente. A utilização da silagem de palma também elevou as respostas termorregulatórias dos ovinos. Ovinos alimentados com silagem de palma apresentaram média de frequência respiratória de 103,35 e cardíaca de 140,08 movimentos minuto-1 no período mais quente do dia (tarde). Concluiu-se que a silagem de palma na dieta aumenta as eficiências de alimentação e ruminação, além de diminuir a procura por água em ovinos em confinamento. No entanto, também eleva suas respostas termorregulatórias. A oferta intermitente de água em até 48 horas não influencia o comportamento ingestivo e a termorregulação de ovinos em confinamento.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Comportamento ingestivo e termorregulação em ovinos alimentados com silagem de palma forrageira submetidos a oferta intermitente de água 全文
2018
Ismael de Sousa Nobre | Gherman Garcia Leal de Araújo | Edson Mauro Santos | Gleidson Giordano Pinto de Carvalho | Bonifácio Benicio de Souza | Ossival Lolato Ribeiro | Silvia Helena Nogueira Turco | Anderson Barbosa Cavalcante | Italo Reneu Rosas de Albuquerque
Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da utilização de silagem de palma forrageira na dieta de ovinos submetidos a oferta intermitente de água sobre o comportamento ingestivo e a termorregulação de ovinos. Foram utilizados 36 ovinos machos não castrados sem padrão racial, com peso médio inicial de 19,8 + 2,1 kg e idade aproximada de seis meses, distribuídos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 3 x 3, composto por três proporções de silagem de palma na dieta (0; 21 e 42 %) e três períodos de oferta de água (0; 24 e 48 horas), com quatro repetições. Para o comportamento ingestivo foram realizadas observações a cada 5 minutos durante 2 períodos de 24 horas. As respostas termorregulatórias foram tomadas nos horários das 7 e 15 horas, em dias diferentes daqueles destinados ao comportamento. Observou-se que a oferta intermitente de água não afetou nenhuma das variáveis estudadas (P > 0,05). A utilização de silagem de palma influenciou significativamente o comportamento ingestivo dos animais (P < 0,05). Ovinos alimentados com silagem de palma forrageira na dieta apresentaram eficiência de alimentação média de 255,77 gMS h-1 e de ruminação de 102,16 gMS h-1, enquanto que aqueles que não recebiam esse alimento, apresentaram valores dessas variáveis de 198,63 e 78,45 gMS h-1, respectivamente. A frequência urinária dos animais se elevou conforme a proporção de silagem de palma na dieta, sendo observadas 23,60 micções dia-1 em animais que recebiam 42% e 10,83 micções dia-1 naqueles que não recebiam silagem de palma. A procura por água, entretanto, diminuiu. Foram observadas médias de 2,73 e 0,54 (nº dia-1) para animais alimentados com 0 e 42% de silagem de palma, respectivamente. A utilização da silagem de palma também elevou as respostas termorregulatórias dos ovinos. Ovinos alimentados com silagem de palma apresentaram média de frequência respiratória de 103,35 e cardíaca de 140,08 movimentos minuto-1 no período mais quente do dia (tarde). Concluiu-se que a silagem de palma na dieta aumenta as eficiências de alimentação e ruminação, além de diminuir a procura por água em ovinos em confinamento. No entanto, também eleva suas respostas termorregulatórias. A oferta intermitente de água em até 48 horas não influencia o comportamento ingestivo e a termorregulação de ovinos em confinamento.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Ingestive behavior and thermoregulation in sheep fed forage cactus silage undergoing intermittent water supply 全文
2018
Ismael de Sousa Nobre | Gherman Garcia Leal de Araújo | Edson Mauro Santos | Gleidson Giordano Pinto de Carvalho | Bonifácio Benicio de Souza | Ossival Lolato Ribeiro | Silvia Helena Nogueira Turco | Anderson Barbosa Cavalcante | Italo Reneu Rosas de Albuquerque
This study aimed to assess the effect of using forage cactus silage in the diet of sheep under intermittent water supply on its ingestive behavior and thermoregulation. We used in the experiment thirty-six intact male sheep of undefined genotype with an initial average weight of 19.8 ± 2.1 kg and age of approximately six months. The experimental design was a randomized block design in a 3 × 3 factorial scheme composed of three levels of forage cactus silage in the diet (0, 21, and 42%), three water supply periods (0, 24, and 48 hours), and four replications. For the ingestive behavior, observations were carried out every 5 minutes for 2 periods of 24 hours. Thermoregulatory responses were taken at 7:00 and 15:00 h on days other than those intended for ingestive behavior tests. Intermittent water supply did not affect any of the studied variables (P > 0.05). The use of forage cactus silage significantly influenced the ingestive behavior of animals (P < 0.05). Sheep fed forage cactus silage in the diet presented an average feeding efficiency of 255.77 g DM h?1 and an average rumination efficiency of 102.16 g DM h?1, while animals fed control diet showed values of 198.63 and 78.45 g DM h?1, respectively. Urinary frequency increased according to the levels of forage cactus silage in the diet, with 23.60 urination per day in animals fed diets with 42% of forage cactus silage and 10.83 urination per day in animals fed control diet. However, the search for water reduced, with averages of 2.73 and 0.54 per day for animals fed 0 and 42% forage cactus silage, respectively. The use of forage cactus silage also increased thermoregulatory responses of sheep, with an average respiratory rate of 103.35 mov. min?1 and heart rate of 140.08 mov. min?1 in the warmest period of the day (in the afternoon). Thus, sheep fed forage cactus silage increases its feeding and rumination efficiencies, decreases its search for water, and increases its thermoregulatory responses. The intermittent water supply within 48 hours does not influence the ingestive behavior and thermoregulation of confined sheep.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]SOBRE A ALIMENTAÇÃO DE LARVAS DO CAMARÃO DE ÁGUA DOCE Macrobrachium rosembergii 全文
2018
Manoel Alessandro Borges de AVIZ | Fernando Araujo ABRUNHOSA | Murilo MACIEL | Cristiana Ramalho MACIEL
A larvicultura do Macrobrachium rosenbergii é uma atividade bem-sucedida que possibilita o cultivo dessa espécie em todo o mundo. Todavia, o manejo alimentar na fase larval é um aspecto que ainda pode ser otimizado. A oferta dos náuplios de Artemia (NA) ocorre no final da tarde ou a noite, pois é atribuído a essa espécie um comportamento trófico noturno. No entanto, até o momento, não há consenso acerca do período ideal de oferta, nem da quantidade de náuplios, na fase larval. No presente estudo, dois aspectos do manejo alimentar das larvas de M. rosenbergii foram testados experimentalmente - (i) o horário da oferta dos náuplios de Atemia (8:00h e 20:00h) e (ii) a densidade da oferta (5, 10 e 20 NA mL-1). Os resultados indicam que as larvas de M. rosenbergii se alimentam preferencialmente de náuplios durante a fase clara do dia e que a oferta nesse horário promove aumento na produtividade de 25%. Além disso, a oferta de náuplios de Artemia deve ser em densidades superiores 5, não excedendo 10 Na mL-1.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Straightforward silicon determination in water-in-oil-in-water emulsions used for silicon supplementations in food by high-resolution continuum source flame atomic absorption spectrometry 全文
2018
Gómez-Nieto, Beatriz | Gismera, Mª Jesús | Sevilla, Mª Teresa | Cofrades, Susana | Freire, María | Procopio, Jesús R.
Water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) double emulsions are complex liquid dispersions employed to entrap, protect and control the release of different substances such as minerals in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and food. The present paper proposes a simple and fast analytical procedure for silicon determination in double emulsion samples formulated for the supplementation of silicon in different food products. Silicon determination was performed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) at the main analytical line (251.611 nm) using a high-resolution continuum source instrument. The introduction of the sample in the spectrometer in a continuous or discontinuous mode and the influence of double emulsion matrix on silicon absorbance signals were investigated. At the optimized conditions, the double emulsion samples were analysed using silicon standards in ultrapure water for calibration. The limits of detection (LODs) were 0.04 and 0.11 mg L and the upper limits of silicon linear working ranges were up to 23 and 70 mg L for continuous and discontinuous sample introduction modes, respectively. Silicon spiked double emulsion samples were analysed for validation purposes. The good recoveries (within 95–105%) demonstrated the suitability of the proposed method. | Peer Reviewed
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]The challenges and Opportunities of the Grand Renaissance Dam for sustainable Energy - Water - Food - Ecosystem services Nexus in Ethiopia. | The challenges and Opportunities of the Grand Renaissance Dam for sustainable Energy - Water - Food - Ecosystem services Nexus in Ethiopia. 全文
2018
Handiso, Bisrat Woldemichael
Ethiopia has been challenged by multidimensional poverty. However, it has the potential to minimize the threat through an integrated multipurpose development process. In this regard, hydropower has a significant role to reduce energy poverty and enhance the multipurpose use of natural resources efficiency. Hydropower is a source of clean, sustainable and renewable energy. It has a contribution to reducing carbon emission and maintaining environmental sustainability. In Ethiopia, it is the major source of electricity. The country is rich in natural resources, including water to produce energy, however, electricity supply is still uncertain. The data shows that the country has the potential to produce 50,000 MW energy from water resources. Yet, it exploited 3,822 MW in 2018, approximately 7.6 % of its potential. Moreover, the country faces issues with energy security. Additionally, water and food supply also face an uncertain future. In this case, the country has planned the growth and transformation plan I and II for 2015 and 2020 to increase the energy production to 10,000 MW and 17,000 MW energy respectively. Consequently, the government launched different multipurpose hydropower plant projects. This project focuses on the multipurpose use of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, particularly for the sustainable energy-water-food-ecosystem service nexus at the national level. I applied the combination of methods such as the energy-water-food-ecosystem nexus, the SWOT analysis and the sustainability assessment as they are suitable for the complexity of such a project. Indeed, the GERD has benefits for the country in producing renewable and clean energy, generating income and increasing the water storage capacity at the national level. However, the project neglected the values of ecosystem services integration with the dam and its sectors. As a result, the dam affected the existed terrestrial biodiversity and ecosystem. Therefore, the GERD had not been the well-prepared plan that considers institutional cooperation and sectoral integration to use for multipurpose function and its sustainability. In these regards, unless the dam to take proper management of the project and natural resources, the hydropower plant would not have been generating sustainable energy production. | <p>The paper shows that how to use the reservoir hydropower plant for multipurpose, such as for energy, water, food, ecosystem services integration at local level</p>
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Increasing water intake influences hunger and food preference, but does not reliably suppress energy intake in adults 全文
2018
McKay, Naomi J. | Belous, Ilona V. | Temple, Jennifer L.
Increasing water intake is often purported to reduce energy intake, and is recommended as a weight loss strategy. The few experimental studies that have been conducted to verify these claims have examined the impact of a single pre-load of water before a meal. Although correlational data indicate a relationship between hydration, energy intake, and weight status, there is very little experimental research in this area. The current studies examined the hypothesis that elevated hydration, through increased water intake, would suppress energy intake. In Experiment 1, participants (n = 49) were asked to consume either one, two, or three 500 ml bottles of water throughout the morning before a lunch buffet in the laboratory. When participants categorized as normal weight drank three bottles of water they consumed less energy at lunch, but there was no effect on participants categorized as overweight or obese. In addition, increased water intake suppressed liking of food items in all participants and hunger in females. A follow-up study (n = 45) was conducted to test if four bottles of water throughout the morning would result in a similar energy suppression in participants categorized as overweight or obese. Surprisingly, in the second experiment, there was no effect of water intake on energy intake at lunch in any of the conditions. There was, however, a similar suppression of hunger and food liking. In conclusion, increasing water intake throughout the morning only suppressed energy intake in individuals categorized as normal weight under certain circumstances, and had no effect on individuals categorized as overweight/obese.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Occurrence, Genotyping, and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Cronobacter spp. in Drinking Water and Food Samples from Northeast China 全文
2018
Fei, Peng | Jiang, Yichao | Gong, Shoying | Li, Ran | Jiang, Yan | Yuan, Xiujuan | Wang, Ziyuan | Kang, Huaibin | Aslam, Ali
Cronobacter species (formerly Enterobacter sakazakii) are emerging opportunistic bacterial pathogens that can infect both infants and adults. This study was conducted to isolate and genotype diverse Cronobacter species from drinking water, chilled fresh pork, powdered infant formula, instant noodles, cookies, fruits, vegetables, and dishes in Northeast China and to evaluate the antibiotic resistance and susceptibility of the isolates. Thirty-four Cronobacter strains were isolated and identified: 21 C. sakazakii isolates (61.8%), 10 C. malonaticus isolates (29.4%), 2 C. dublinensis isolates (5.9%), and 1 C. turicensis isolate (2.9%). These isolates were further divided into 15 sequence types (STs) by multilocus sequence typing. C. sakazakii ST4 (10 isolates, 29.4%), ST1 (3 isolates, 8.8%), and ST8 (3 isolates, 8.8%) and C. malonaticus ST7 (four isolates, 11.8%) were dominant. Antibiotic susceptibility testing indicated that all 34 Cronobacter isolates were susceptible to ampicillin-sulbactam, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, meropenem, tetracycline, piperacillin-tazobactam, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 88.2% were susceptible to chloramphenicol, and 67.6% were resistant to cephalothin. The results of this study enhance knowledge about genotyping and antibiotic resistance of these Cronobacter species and could be used to prevent potential hazards caused by these strains in drinking water and various food products.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]International Conference on Policies for Water and Food Security in Dry Areas: Highlights from the Final Day 全文
2018
Communication Team ICARDA. (30/6/2013). International Conference on Policies for Water and Food Security in Dry Areas: Highlights from the Final Day, in "News & Views", pp.1-2 | Day 3 of the International Conference on Policies for Water and Food Security in Dry Areas featured lively debate, a third round of country case studies and the presentation of the synthesis of the four conference sessions - into key messages, recommendations and action points, and a proposal for taking the conference work forward over the coming years
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Integrated vulnerability assessment of water-energy-food security nexus in Waras-Lalo watershed, Bicol River, Basin, Philippines
2018
Peña-Rodriguez, M.G.A.
The usual vulnerability assessment is often sectoral and hazard-specific. With the nexus approach on water, energy and food (WEF), it is recognized that these three sectors have interactions and synergies and tradeoffs in their activities. Security has five dimensions, namely: availability, accessibility, affordability, accessibility, quality and sustainability. This study involved developing and implementing an integrated vulnerability assessment (IVA) methodology and framework of WEF security nexus applied to a watershed. The framework considered the watershed with three sub-systems of ecological, energy and food interacting with water as the common element. The same concept of vulnerability assessment was used for IVA as a function of exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity. IVA was operationalized by identifying variables or parameters pertaining to relationships among WEF and inclusion of sectoral variables related to the various dimensions of security. Based on the study, IVA of WEF nexus is a more holistic approach in assessing vulnerability. IVA account for the relationships among the sectors, in contrast to the sectoral approach. Using the combined climate risks due to different hazards (intense typhoons, erratic rainfall, severe drought, and temperature rise) gives a broader coverage unlike the hazard-specific approach. Parameters used were applicable for IVA of the watershed area. Additional relevant variables can be included if data are available.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]The Water-Energy-Food Nexus in the Middle East and North Africa : Scenarios for a Sustainable Future 全文
2018
Borgomeo, Edoardo | Jagerskog, Anders | Talbi, Amal | Wijnen, Marcus | Hejazi, Mohamad | Miralles-Wilhelm, Fernando
Water, energy, and agriculture have been conventionally dealt with separately in investment planning. For each of these sectors, regulatory frameworks, organizations, and infrastructures have been put in place to address sector-specific challenges and demands. As the Middle East and North Africa works towards building a more sustainable future, a nexus approach that considers the risks and synergies among these sectors is needed. To demonstrate the added value of a nexus approach, this report applies scenario analysis and integrated assessment modelling of the water-energy-food nexus to the Middle East and North Africa. The analysis finds that water scarcity increases in all countries in the region over the coming decades, mostly due to growing demands. More importantly, the analysis finds that many countries in the region could run out of fossil groundwater by 2050 unless measures to curb unsustainable abstraction are implemented. The impacts of growing scarcity on agriculture are significant, with production projected to drop by 60 by 2050 in some countries. On the upside, reducing the dependence of the agricultural and energy sectors on water and transitioning to renewable energies can reduce water scarcity, at the same time reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This report is targeted to policy makers, the academic community, and a wider global audience interested in exploring the interactions between water, agriculture, and energy.
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