This study investigated the effects of different water regimes in an acidogenic leach bed reactor (LBR) during 16-day batch mode food waste digestion. LBRs were operated under five water replacement ratios (WRRs) (100%, 75%, 50%, 25% and 5% in LBRs R1, R2, R3, R4 and R5, respectively) and methanogenic effluent (ME) addition with two leachate recirculation frequencies (once in 24h and 12h in LBRs R6 and R7, respectively). Results showed that 50–100% WRRs accelerated the hydrolysis and acidogenesis with butyrate as the dominant product (∼35% of COD); whereas 5–25% WRRs promoted propionate production. The ME recirculation enhanced protein decomposition and reduced ethanol production. Lactobacillus dominated in LBRs with water addition (R1–R5), while Clostridium and hetero-fermenting lactic acid bacteria dominated in LBR with ME addition (R7). The highest volatile solid degradation (82.9%) and methane yield (0.29L-CH4/g VS) were obtained with ME addition at 0.7d hydraulic retention time.

O objetivo deste trabalho e avaliar o efeito de sombreamento e plano nutricional sobre o consumo de alimento e agua, em ovinos Santa Ines Vermelho.

A compromise programming based model has been developed for maximizing food production with minimum allocation of available water at watershed scale after meeting human, livestock and environmental needs under different scenarios. Agricultural water allocation in conjunction with available land resources under a set of constraints has been examined. The formulated model has the potential to analyze the implications of water availability on agricultural water allocation plans, and consequently food production. A case study in Indian Himalayan region, where despite abundant availability of water, rainfed agriculture is mostly practiced by majority of farmers with a primary objective of self-sufficiency in food production, well demonstrates the applicability of the developed model. Three distinct scenarios affecting water availability were considered. Analysis of imposition of fixed mandatory outflows of 20 to 70 % (as per water source) for satisfying environmental needs with present production mix revealed water scarcity within the study watershed ranging from 4 to 66 % across various quarters of an year, which necessitates optimum utilization of rainfed fallow land by allocating it to high value crops ginger and lentil (6 to 32 times more than existing allocation) on one hand, and drastic reduction (76 to 100 %) of area under all irrigated crops (except onion with 4–6 times increase) on the other, to achieve the conflicting objectives. The compromise plans also suggested increase (by 14 % in environmental watershed scenario) or decrease (by 29 % in degraded watershed scenario) in size of livestock population as per scenario based water availability. Overall, the compromise plans were successful in achieving a high percentage (>93 %) of ideal values of the objective functions, which were 155 to 170 % of existing food production and 71 to 85 % of existing water utilization across the scenarios. The proposed optimization model has the potential for application in identical agro-climatic settings to enhance food production in an environmental friendly manner.

El objetivo del presente ensayo fue determinar el consumo de alimento balanceado y de agua en terneras Holstein en una finca lechera comercial, de manera que la información recopilada pueda servir de referencia tanto a técnicos como a productores. Las mediciones de consumo tanto de alimento balanceado como de agua se realizaron en la sección de crianza de terneras de una lechería comercial especializada ubicada en el distrito de San Ramón de Tres Ríos, Cartago, entre los meses de febrero y agosto del 2013. Durante el periodo del estudio se utilizaron 23 terneras de la raza Holstein de cero a cuatro meses de edad. Los animales consumieron diferentes tipos de alimento balanceado, dieta líquida y pasto. Se llevó un registro diario de la cantidad ofrecida y del rechazo para el alimento balanceado, agua y heno por cada animal. Para evaluar el desarrollo de las terneras se llevó un registro de crecimiento desde el nacimiento hasta los cuatro meses de edad. En promedio los animales durante las primeras 4 semanas de vida, alcanzaron un consumo máximo promedio de 432±85 g de MS.d-1 de concentrado tipo pre-inicio. Desde la semana 6 hasta la semana 11 de vida, alcanzaron un consumo máximo promedio de 1524±262 g de MS.d-1 de concentrado tipo inicio. Con respecto al consumo de agua, las terneras alcanzaron un consumo máximo semanal de 5040 y 14680 litros de agua a las 4 y 8 semanas, respectivamente

La investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar la productividad del agua y el impactode la tecnificación del riego sobre ella y el rendimiento de los cultivos comoprincipales aportadores de alimentos. Se realizó en el Distrito de Riego 005, Delicias,Chihuahua. Se usó el método comparativo para dos escenarios: el antes, como lacondición previa a la tecnificación del riego en el año 2003, caracterizada por unasuperficie con riego por gravedad, y el después en 2012-2013, en la superficie conriego tecnificado (multicompuertas, aspersión y goteo). Los resultados muestranahorros marginales de aproximadamente 63 454 dam3 de agua y una producción de 124 662 toneladas de producto agrícola. Con goteo y aspersión se generó elmayor ahorro de agua, producción e ingresos económicos.

El objetivo del presente ensayo fue determinar el consumo de alimento balanceado y de agua en terneras Holstein en una finca lechera comercial, de manera que la información recopilada pueda servir de referencia tanto a técnicos como a productores. Las mediciones de consumo tanto de alimento balanceado como de agua se realizaron en la sección de crianza de terneras de una lechería comercial especializada ubicada en el distrito de San Ramón de Tres Ríos, Cartago, entre los meses de febrero y agosto del 2013. Durante el periodo del estudio se utilizaron 23 terneras de la raza Holstein de cero a cuatro meses de edad. Los animales consumieron diferentes tipos de alimento balanceado, dieta líquida y pasto. Se llevó un registro diario de la cantidad ofrecida y del rechazo para el alimento balanceado, agua y heno por cada animal. Para evaluar el desarrollo de las terneras se llevó un registro de crecimiento desde el nacimiento hasta los cuatro meses de edad. En promedio los animales durante las primeras 4 semanas de vida, alcanzaron un consumo máximo promedio de 432±85 g de MS.d-1 de concentrado tipo pre-inicio. Desde la semana 6 hasta la semana 11 de vida, alcanzaron un consumo máximo promedio de 1524±262 g de MS.d-1 de concentrado tipo inicio. Con respecto al consumo de agua, las terneras alcanzaron un consumo máximo semanal de 5040 y 14680 litros de agua a las 4 y 8 semanas, respectivamente

Nanoemulsions are of great interest in food industry finding various food applications. However, oil-in-water (o/w) nanoemulsions have been intensively investigated, but there are few studies on w/o nanoemulsions. In the present work the preparation of nanoemulsions with olive oil using non-ionic surfactants (Tween 20, 40, 60, 80, Span 20, 80) without the addition of a co-surfactant was studied and their emulsion properties and stability were examined. The stable nanoemulsions were presented in ternary phase diagrams (oil–water-surfactant) for each surfactant and the emulsifying ability of the efficient surfactants was determined. The nanoemulsions properties were evaluated in relationship to compositional components. From the results of this study it can be concluded that stable olive oil nanoemulsions without use of a co-surfactant were obtained and moreover the most efficient type of emulsifier and its ratio of addition in the system were determined.

Over its fifteen pages or so, the 2014 edition of the CIRAD brochure produced for the Paris International Agricultural Show illustrates to what extent and in what way family farming can address the challenges of providing jobs and alleviating poverty; food security; preserving the environment and natural resources; climate change, etc. The brochure Agricultures familiales, une chance pour la planète... centres on two main topics. The first is the capacity of this type of farming to innovative and the second research "on" and "for" family farming. From these two perspectives, the brochure shows how family farms and research are working together to address a number of challenges. It is abundantly illustrated and easily accessible to a broad readership