To face the social, ecological and productive vulnerability in the Pampa biome, it is important to unite production and environmental conservation to improve the quality of life of settled families. The general objective of the present study is to analyze, using the Nexus food-waterenergy approach, the reality of the settled families of the agrarian reform in the Pampa biome, covered by the Sustainable Backyards Project, and to evaluate the potential of agroforestry backyards in improving soil quality. This thesis is structured in the form of chapters. In chapter 1, the main strengths and limitations of settlements in the Pampa were evaluated in terms of food, water and energy security. The study covered the 1755 families contemplated by the Sustainable Backyards Project and from the SIGRA database (Integrated Rural Management System of ATES), 27 indicators were selected. In terms of food security, four indicators were present in more than 70% of the families: raising poultry, grain production, raising pigs and cattle for milk production. Family production focuses on animal husbandry, as evidenced by the correlation between poultry and pig farming. In agricultural crops, grain production (78%) and polycultures (37%) stood out. Water security indicators were present in less than 40% and the highest correlation was established between the presence of rivers/streams and springs. In energy security, the highest representation was established between the presence of electrification and single-phase type in more than 98%. The objective of chapter 2 is to evaluate soil quality under different agroforestry backyards in settlements in the municipalities of Júlio de Castilhos (area A) and Piratini (area B). The physical and chemical attributes showed differences between the sampled areas. The areas of agroforestry backyards and crops differed more intensely from the forest in terms of physical attributes related to soil porosity, when considering soil use in general. In similar areas, the physical and chemical variables were sensitive to soil use and management, considering the history of each piece of land. The results generated in this thesis demonstrate that settled families have an intermediate level of food, water and energy security, highlighting the need for research and promotion of public policies to improve the quality of life of families. In addition, the agroforestry backyards promoted improvements in the physical and chemical properties of the soil in the short term, due to the conservationist management practices carried out by the majority of the families, being recommended the accomplishment of studies and monitoring in the long term. | Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES | Para enfrentar a vulnerabilidade social, ecológica e produtiva no bioma Pampa, é importante unir produção e conservação ambiental para melhorar a qualidade de vida das famílias assentadas. O objetivo geral do presente estudo é analisar com a abordagem Nexus alimentoágua-energia, a realidade das famílias assentadas da reforma agrária no bioma Pampa, contempladas pelo Projeto Quintais Sustentáveis e avaliar o potencial dos quintais agroflorestais em melhorar a qualidade do solo. A presente tese está estruturada em forma de capítulos. No capítulo 1, foram avaliadas as principais potencialidades e limitações nos assentamentos no Pampa quanto a segurança alimentar, hídrica e energética. O estudo abrangeu as 1755 famílias contempladas pelo Projeto Quintais Sustentáveis e a partir do banco de dados do SIGRA (Sistema Integrado de Gestão Rural da ATES), foram selecionados 27 indicadores. Na segurança alimentar, quatro indicadores estiveram presentes em mais de 70% das famílias: criação de aves, produção de grãos, criação de suínos e bovinos para produção de leite. A produção familiar se concentra na criação animal, evidenciada pela correlação entre a criação de aves e a criação de suínos. Nos cultivos agrícolas, se destacou a produção de grãos (78%) e policultivos (37%). Os indicadores de segurança hídrica estiveram presentes em menos de 40% e a maior correlação se estabeleceu entre a presença de rios/riachos e nascentes. Na segurança energética, a maior representação se estabeleceu entre a presença de eletrificação e tipo monofásico em mais de 98%. O objetivo do capítulo 2, é avaliar a qualidade do solo sob diferentes quintais agroflorestais nos assentamentos nos municípios de Júlio de Castilhos (área A) e Piratini (área B). Os atributos físicos e químicos mostraram diferenças entre as áreas amostradas. As áreas de quintais agroflorestais e lavouras se distinguiram da mata mais intensamente quanto aos atributos físicos relacionados a porosidade do solo, quando considerado o uso do solo de forma geral. Em áreas semelhantes, as variáveis físicas e químicas foram sensíveis ao uso e manejo do solo, considerando o histórico de cada gleba. Os resultados gerados nesta tese, demonstram que as famílias assentadas apresentam um nível intermediário de segurança alimentar, hídrica e energética, evidenciando a necessidade de pesquisas e fomento às políticas públicas para melhorar a qualidade de vida das famílias. Além disso, os quintais agroflorestais promoveram melhorias nas propriedades físicas e químicas do solo a curto prazo, devido às práticas de manejo conservacionistas realizadas pela maioria das famílias, sendo recomendável a realização de estudos e monitoramento a longo prazo.

To achieve food security goals, water accounting seems to be one of the most powerful tools to deal with water scarcity management. Thus, indicators, such as virtual water and water productivity, can be considered complementary rather than competing indicators to assess water demand efficiency use. Water computation is, therefore, a crucial tool to understand the overall tendency of water consumption and to assist the decision makers in their decisional process about water efficiency use in different phases of production. In this perspective, this paper aims to evaluate water use throughout the value chain of the olive oil sector, which is the first strategic agro-industrial sector in Tunisia. This evaluation will be undertaken while taking into account various crucial issues concerning the main two production phases in terms of the importance of water consumption (agriculture and processing phase). In the agriculture phase, the rainfed and irrigated modes will be compared, and in the processing phase, three different processing systems will be evaluated. Thirty surveys with farmers and nine surveys with olive oil mill owners were undertaken in the arid region of Sfax: one of the most important olive oil producers in Tunisia. The results show the importance of the theoretical framework adopted in clarifying the state of water consumption in a strategic sector, such as the Tunisian olive oil sector. In addition, the different calculated indicators highlight the importance of the application of a whole technical package and a controlled and efficient use of water to improve the economic profitability and the necessity to revise the irrigated olive growing extensions’ policies under arid conditions. In addition, in the processing phase, the continuous-two phase system is emphasized as the most relevant system in terms of water efficiency use. This system is proposed to be encouraged by policy makers in future olive mill installations.

The management of water resources requires a correct understanding of the simultaneous management of food and energy resources. The framework of water–food–energy correlation with the approach of sustainability of resources and uses analyzes the combined management and exploitation of water, food, and energy resources with the help of scenario planning. In addition to sustainability concepts, environmental costs such as the emission of carbon dioxide from fossil fuels and its impact on the environment are also discussed. In this research, according to the five defined indicators and based on the potential of using solar energy and the possibility of exploiting renewable energy sources such as solar energy, various management scenarios have been developed. After examining the virtual water management model developed in the Hunan basin as a case study, the development of the water–food–energy nexus model and its calibration, and four scenarios including improving water use efficiency, energy saving, increasing food productivity, and nexus sustainability were developed. The results showed that the nexus strategy can provide sustainability goals according to the weight of each component. After the combined scenario, improving the efficiency of water consumption can be the component with the highest priority in the decision-making model in dry areas. HIGHLIGHTS The water–food–energy nexus is evaluated as a conceptual approach for achieving sustainable management.; Improving water use efficiency, energy saving, increasing food productivity, and nexus sustainability were considered.; The developed approach provides a significant contribution to achieving regional sustainable development goals.;

Abstract A classic problem in preservation is the microbes can grow in low-moisture foods. In this paper, the water sorption, and thermodynamic properties of glucose/WPI solid matrices were measured, while their molecular mobility was analyzed and associated with the microbial growth of D. Hansenii at various a w and 30 °C. Although the sorption isotherms, T g , and relaxation processes of studied matrices were affected by a w and WPI, the microbial growth showed highly dependent on water mobility rather than a w . Hence, we introduced water usability (U w ), derived from the mobility difference between system-involved water and liquid pure water explicating from the classical thermodynamic viewpoint, to describe the dynamic changes of water mobility in glucose/WPI matrices. Despite to a w , the yeast growth rate was enhanced at high U w matrices concomitantly with a rapid cell doubling time. Therefore, the proposed U w provides a better understanding of the water relationships of microorganisms in food preservation.

[ES] Los virus transmitidos por alimentos y por agua presentan un grave riesgo para la salud pública. En este trabajo se resumen las características generales de los virus transmitidos por alimentos y por aguas, así como los diferentes grupos de alimentos. Además, se define el ciclo reproductivo de los virus, llegando a hablar de los virus entéricos y la zoonosis. Gracias a las medidas de control vírico en aguas y a las medidas de seguridad alimentarias se evita la propagación de estas enfermedades. Las técnicas utilizadas para la detección vírica en alimentos y agua, evita la enfermedad siga propagándose, pudiendo detectar el virus causante de la enfermedad para establecer un tratamiento, en el caso de que lo hubiese, o las precauciones necesarias para frenar el avance de la enfermedad. Todo esto, nos permite evaluar la situación mundial y nacional de las enfermedades como la hepatitis A y la hepatitis E. | [EN] Foodborne and waterborne viruses present a serious risk to public health. This paper summarizes the general characteristics of foodborne and waterborne viruses, as well as the different food groups. In addition, the reproductive cycle of viruses is defined, including enteric viruses and zoonosis. Thanks to viral control measures in water and food safety measures, the spread of these diseases is prevented. The techniques used for viral detection in food and water, prevents the disease from continuing to spread, being able to detect the virus causing the disease to establish a treatment, if any, or the necessary precautions to stop the progression of the disease. All this allows us to evaluate the global and national situation of diseases such as hepatitis A and hepatitis E.

To explore new strategies for optimizing China’s food cultivation structure, this study empirically investigates the relationship between the food import structure and China’s food cultivation structure from the perspective of water conservation based on factor endowments theory. The following conclusions are drawn: (i) Overall, the water-intensive food cultivation structure (WFCS) in South China and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River shows a slightly upward trend and is obviously at a higher level. The WFCS in the Huang-Huai-Hai and Northwest regions shows a decreasing trend and is obviously at a lower level. (ii) The structural effects of food imports (SEFI) can effectively reduce the proportion of water-intensive food cultivation (WFC). Furthermore, every 100,000 tons of food imports will, on average, reduce the proportion of water-intensive food cultivation in the region by 0.161%. The negative effect of the SEFI on the proportion of WFC in the northern region and the major food-producing regions is stronger than that in the southern region and the non-major food-producing regions. (iii) The quantile regression reveals that the marginal role played by the SEFI is progressively stronger in regions with a higher proportion of WFC. This is because in regions with a low proportion of water- and land-intensive food cultivation, regional resource endowments are still sufficient to support the production. However, as the proportion of such food cultivation increases, the regional resource endowment will have difficulty supporting normal production. In this case, the negative effect of the SEFI on the proportion of WFC will be stronger. (iv) Driven by profits, some provinces import food and then dispatch it to adjacent regions. Thus, the SEFI has a spatial spillover effect on China’s food cultivation structure. This study verifies the applicability of factor endowments theory in the field of food trade, which not only extends the boundary of research into food import structure but also provides planning suggestions for China’s food cultivation structure.

Nexo água-energia-alimento nas Bacias Hidrográficas dos Rios Piracicaba, Capivari e JUNDIAÍ (PCJ) sob condições históricas e de projeções de mudanças climáticas     TAMIRES LIMA DA SILVA1; RODRIGO MÁXIMO SÁNCHEZ ROMÁN2;  HESSAM S. SARJOUGHIAN3 E MOSTAFA D. FARD4   1 Engenharia rural e socioeconomia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Botucatu, Av. Universitária, 3780, Altos do Paraíso, 18610-034, Botucatu, SP, Brasil, tamireslsilva@gmail.com 2 Engenharia rural e socioeconomia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Botucatu, Av. Universitária, 3780, Altos do Paraíso, 18610-034, Botucatu, SP, Brasil, rodrigo.roman@unesp.br 3 Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University (ASU), S Mill Avenue, 699, 85287-8809, Tempe, AZ, Estados Unidos da América, Hessam.Sarjoughian@asu.edu 4 Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University (ASU), S Mill Avenue, 699, 85287-8809, Tempe, AZ, Estados Unidos da América, sderakhs@asu.edu     1 RESUMO   A abordagem nexo água-energia-alimento (AEA) promove a integração entre gestão e governança em diferentes escalas e setores para o desenvolvimento socioeconômico sustentável. Este estudo objetivou modelar o nexo AEA nas Bacias dos Rios Piracicaba, Capivari e Jundiaí (PCJ) sob condições históricas e em cenários de mudanças climáticas. Modelos foram desenvolvidos nos programas WEAP e LEAP, abrangendo o período de 1995 a 2019 para a condição histórica e de 2020 a 2070 para as projeções climáticas. Utilizando o WEAP-KIB-LEAP framework, estabeleceu-se um modelo de interação para troca de dados entre o WEAP e o LEAP. No WEAP, as alterações na vazão das Bacias PCJ devido às mudanças climáticas foram modeladas com dados do Modelo Climático Regional Eta para os cenários RCP4.5 e RCP8.5. Os resultados indicam que, nos cenários futuros, a geração de energia hidrelétrica será comprometida, enquanto a demanda hídrica e o consumo de energia elétrica para irrigação aumentarão 35,6% e 82,7%, respectivamente, impulsionados por um crescimento na produção de alimentos projetado de 21,3%. Esses resultados evidenciam a interdependência entre os recursos água, energia e alimento nas Bacias PCJ.   Palavras-chave: WEAP, LEAP, WEAP-KIB-LEAP framework, irrigação, agricultura.     SILVA, T. L.; SÁNCHEZ-ROMÁN, R. M.; SARJOUGHIAN, H. S.; FARD, M. D. WATER-ENERGY-FOOD NEXUS IN THE PIRACICABA, CAPIVARI, AND JUNDIAÍ RIVER BASINS (PCJ) UNDER HISTORIC CONDITIONS AND CLIMATE CHANGE PROJECTIONS         2 ABSTRACT   The water-energy-food (WEF) nexus approach promotes integrated management and governance across scales and sectors to achieve sustainable socioeconomic development. This study aimed to model the WEF nexus in the Piracicaba, Capivari, and Jundiaí (PCJ) river basins under historical conditions and future climate scenarios. Models were developed using WEAP and LEAP programs, covering the period from 1995 to 2019 for historical conditions and from 2020 to 2070 for climate projections. The WEAP-KIB-LEAP framework enabled data exchange between WEAP and LEAP to model interactions effectively. In WEAP, the projected impacts of climate change on streamflow in the PCJ basins were modeled using data from the Eta Regional Climate Model under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. The findings indicate that, in future scenarios, hydropower generation will be compromised, while water and electricity demand for irrigation will increase by 35.6% and 82.7%, respectively, driven by a projected food production growth of 21.3%. These results highlight the interdependence between water, energy, and food resources in the PCJ basins.   Keywords: WEAP, LEAP, WEAP-KIB-LEAP framework, irrigation, agriculture. | Nexo água-energia-alimento nas Bacias Hidrográficas dos Rios Piracicaba, Capivari e JUNDIAÍ (PCJ) sob condições históricas e de projeções de mudanças climáticas     TAMIRES LIMA DA SILVA1; RODRIGO MÁXIMO SÁNCHEZ ROMÁN2;  HESSAM S. SARJOUGHIAN3 E MOSTAFA D. FARD4   1 Engenharia rural e socioeconomia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Botucatu, Av. Universitária, 3780, Altos do Paraíso, 18610-034, Botucatu, SP, Brasil, tamireslsilva@gmail.com 2 Engenharia rural e socioeconomia, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Botucatu, Av. Universitária, 3780, Altos do Paraíso, 18610-034, Botucatu, SP, Brasil, rodrigo.roman@unesp.br 3 Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University (ASU), S Mill Avenue, 699, 85287-8809, Tempe, AZ, Estados Unidos da América, Hessam.Sarjoughian@asu.edu 4 Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, School of Computing and Augmented Intelligence, Arizona State University (ASU), S Mill Avenue, 699, 85287-8809, Tempe, AZ, Estados Unidos da América, sderakhs@asu.edu     1 RESUMO   A abordagem nexo água-energia-alimento (AEA) promove a integração entre gestão e governança em diferentes escalas e setores para o desenvolvimento socioeconômico sustentável. Este estudo objetivou modelar o nexo AEA nas Bacias dos Rios Piracicaba, Capivari e Jundiaí (PCJ) sob condições históricas e em cenários de mudanças climáticas. Modelos foram desenvolvidos nos programas WEAP e LEAP, abrangendo o período de 1995 a 2019 para a condição histórica e de 2020 a 2070 para as projeções climáticas. Utilizando o WEAP-KIB-LEAP framework, estabeleceu-se um modelo de interação para troca de dados entre o WEAP e o LEAP. No WEAP, as alterações na vazão das Bacias PCJ devido às mudanças climáticas foram modeladas com dados do Modelo Climático Regional Eta para os cenários RCP4.5 e RCP8.5. Os resultados indicam que, nos cenários futuros, a geração de energia hidrelétrica será comprometida, enquanto a demanda hídrica e o consumo de energia elétrica para irrigação aumentarão 35,6% e 82,7%, respectivamente, impulsionados por um crescimento na produção de alimentos projetado de 21,3%. Esses resultados evidenciam a interdependência entre os recursos água, energia e alimento nas Bacias PCJ.   Palavras-chave: WEAP, LEAP, WEAP-KIB-LEAP framework, irrigação, agricultura.     SILVA, T. L.; SÁNCHEZ-ROMÁN, R. M.; SARJOUGHIAN, H. S.; FARD, M. D. WATER-ENERGY-FOOD NEXUS IN THE PIRACICABA, CAPIVARI, AND JUNDIAÍ RIVER BASINS (PCJ) UNDER HISTORIC CONDITIONS AND CLIMATE CHANGE PROJECTIONS         2 ABSTRACT   The water-energy-food (WEF) nexus approach promotes integrated management and governance across scales and sectors to achieve sustainable socioeconomic development. This study aimed to model the WEF nexus in the Piracicaba, Capivari, and Jundiaí (PCJ) river basins under historical conditions and future climate scenarios. Models were developed using WEAP and LEAP programs, covering the period from 1995 to 2019 for historical conditions and from 2020 to 2070 for climate projections. The WEAP-KIB-LEAP framework enabled data exchange between WEAP and LEAP to model interactions effectively. In WEAP, the projected impacts of climate change on streamflow in the PCJ basins were modeled using data from the Eta Regional Climate Model under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. The findings indicate that, in future scenarios, hydropower generation will be compromised, while water and electricity demand for irrigation will increase by 35.6% and 82.7%, respectively, driven by a projected food production growth of 21.3%. These results highlight the interdependence between water, energy, and food resources in the PCJ basins.   Keywords: WEAP, LEAP, WEAP-KIB-LEAP framework, irrigation, agriculture.

Resumen Objetivo: Proporcionar un marco conceptual de la esquematización del nexo agua-alimentos-comercio internacional utilizando el modelo actancial, basado en el análisis cualitativo de las relaciones que se presentan entre sus participantes con un enfoque integrador. Diseño metodológico: Se explica bajo la lógica del modelo actancial centrado en la descripción y clasificación de personajes, o bien, llamados actantes. El análisis se basó en la revisión de artículos que exponen el contexto y debate de los elementos del modelo actancial, que permitieran identificar las principales características que explican al actante y sus interrelaciones a través de la esquematización en el nexo de estudio. Resultados: Permiten comprender de manera esquemática y cualitativa las relaciones que subyacen entre los elementos que componen el nexo agua-alimentoscomercio internacional con una visión novedosa, argumentando el rol que desempeñan cada uno de los componentes de los actantes y los ejes del nexo. Esto es relevante debido a que la comercialización de agua virtual, puede conducir a serios problemas de dependencia hidro-alimentaria, por lo que se necesita de la formulación de políticas públicas estratégicas y efectivas en el corto y largo plazo. Limitaciones de la investigación: Se sugiere complementar esta investigación con un análisis cuantitativo bajo una perspectiva de la complejidad de redes que pueda valorar los efectos de estas interrelaciones desde una postura teórica y práctica e incorporar otros agentes que determinan la política hídrica y comercial de manera estratégica hacia una menor dependencia hidroalimentaria. Hallazgos: Estas interrelaciones son diversas e intensivas, destacando la importancia y compresión del nexo a escala global y nacional. | Abstract Purpose: To provide a conceptual framework for the schematization of the water-food-international trade nexus using the actantial model, based on the qualitative analysis of the relationships that occur among its participants with an integrative approach. Methodological Design: It is explained under the logic of the actantial model, centered on the description and classification of characters, also known as actants. The analysis was based on the review of articles that present the context and discussion of the elements of the actantial model, enabling the identification of the main characteristics that explain the actant and its interrelationships through schematization in the study’s nexus. Results: The results provide a schematic and qualitative understanding of the underlying relationships among the elements comprising the water-food-international trade nexus, offering a novel perspective and arguing for the roles played by each actant component and nexus axes. This is significant because virtual water trade can lead to serious issues of hydro food dependency, necessitating the formulation of strategic and effective public policies in both the short and long term. Research Limitations: It is suggested to complement this research with a quantitative analysis from a network complexity perspective. This analysis would allow for the assessment of the effects of these interrelationships both theoretically and practically, while also integrating other agents that strategically shape water and trade policies, aiming to reduce hydro-food dependence. Findings: These interrelationships are diverse and intensive, underscoring the significance of global as well as national scale comprehension of the nexus.

Food and waterborne illnesses are still a major concern in health and food safety areas. Every year, almost 0.42 million and 2.2 million deaths related to food and waterborne illness are reported worldwide, respectively. In foodborne pathogens, bacteria such as <i>Salmonella</i>, Shiga-toxin producer <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Campylobacter</i>, and <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> are considered to be high-concern pathogens. High-concern waterborne pathogens are <i>Vibrio cholerae</i>, leptospirosis, <i>Schistosoma mansoni,</i> and <i>Schistosima japonicum</i>, among others. Despite the major efforts of food and water quality control to monitor the presence of these pathogens of concern in these kinds of sources, foodborne and waterborne illness occurrence is still high globally. For these reasons, the development of novel and faster pathogen-detection methods applicable to real-time surveillance strategies are required. Methods based on biosensor devices have emerged as novel tools for faster detection of food and water pathogens, in contrast to traditional methods that are usually time-consuming and are unsuitable for large-scale monitoring. Biosensor devices can be summarized as devices that use biochemical reactions with a biorecognition section (isolated enzymes, antibodies, tissues, genetic materials, or aptamers) to detect pathogens. In most cases, biosensors are based on the correlation of electrical, thermal, or optical signals in the presence of pathogen biomarkers. The application of nano and molecular technologies allows the identification of pathogens in a faster and high-sensibility manner, at extremely low-pathogen concentrations. In fact, the integration of gold, silver, iron, and magnetic nanoparticles (NP) in biosensors has demonstrated an improvement in their detection functionality. The present review summarizes the principal application of nanomaterials and biosensor-based devices for the detection of pathogens in food and water samples. Additionally, it highlights the improvement of biosensor devices through nanomaterials. Nanomaterials offer unique advantages for pathogen detection. The nanoscale and high specific surface area allows for more effective interaction with pathogenic agents, enhancing the sensitivity and selectivity of the biosensors. Finally, biosensors’ capability to functionalize with specific molecules such as antibodies or nucleic acids facilitates the specific detection of the target pathogens.