This study investigated the effect of food or water deprivation on the pharmacokinetics of paracetamol in 30 Holstein-Friesian preruminant calves (10 controls, 10 food withheld and 10 water-deprived) aged 24–25 days. Control calves were given paracetamol at 24–25 days and again at 28–29 days of age. In the food withheld and water-deprived calves paracetamol studies were performed before and after 4 days of food or water deprivation. In the control group there were no significant differences in pharmacokinetic parameters for paracetamol in 24–25 and 28–29-day-old calves. Witholding food for 4 days was associated with an increase in the mean residence time (MRT) of paracetamol (P < 0.01). When food was withheld total body clearance (ClB) of paracetamol was significantly decreased (P < 0.05). The volume of distribution (V(ss)) was not significantly altered. Similarly, water deprivation was associated with a significant increase in MRT and significant decrease in ClB of paracetamol (P < 0.01). The V(ss) was not significantly altered. Food or water deprivation also influenced the formation of major metabolites (glucuronide and sulphate) of paracetamol. It is concluded that food or water deprivation may impair the elimination drugs that undergo metabolism by UDP-glucuronyltransferase and sulphotransferase in cattle.

The formation of acrylamide during food frying is generally influenced by food type, thermal treatment and equipment. The acrylamide concentration is increased when frying oils containing a higher level of polar materials or silicone or larger amounts of diglycerides. This effect may be caused by moisture escaping from food that has an enhancing effect on the heat transfer. It was noticed that if the moisture in the frying operation was bound by special adsorbents, the acrylamide content could be reduced by more than 50%. The effects of several additives like citric acid on the formation of acrylamide during frying of chips were also investigated. The mechanism of acrylamide formation in fried foods is discussed to explain these findings.

This paper presents a mathematical model able to predict the water barrier properties of nylon film as a function of the water activity at the upstream and downstream side of the film. To validate the model, water sorption and permeation tests were conducted at 25 °C. The fitting and predictive ability of the proposed model was successfully tested by fitting the model to the sorption data and by predicting the nylon water permeability coefficient, respectively. The implications of the adopted approach on practical aspects of packaging were pointed out by comparing the nylon water barrier properties as evaluated by means of a permeation test and that in the real working conditions.