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Dynamics of water–energy–food nexus methodology, methods, and tools 全文
2020
Endo, Aiko | Yamada, Makoto | Miyashita, Yuji | Sugimoto, Ryo | Ishii, Akira | Nishijima, Jun | Fujii, Masahiko | Kato, Takaaki | Hamamoto, Hideki | Kimura, Michinori | Kumazawa, Terukazu | Qi, Jiaguo
A review was conducted to understand the current status of the water–energy–food nexus, focusing on its methodology, and the process through which the nexus approach has academically and geographically expanded across and synthesized more than one discourse, discipline, and domain via its methodology as interdisciplinary and integrated approaches. The review article types were categorized into five groups and comprehensively analyzed. Various indicators to assess the nexus methods and tools, reported in previous studies, that can be used to select appropriate methods and tools for methodology and research designs. The studies in the reviewed articles were characterized by various stages of interdisciplinary research. In addition, the water–energy–food nexus initiatives, which generalize methods and tools, applying mixed methods to the replicability of specific case studies, were discussed based on the findings.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Integrated Modeling Approach for Sustainable Land-Water-Food Nexus Management 全文
2020
Chen, Min | Shang, Songhao | Li, Wei
Integrated Modeling Approach for Sustainable Land-Water-Food Nexus Management 全文
2020
Chen, Min | Shang, Songhao | Li, Wei
Population growth, rapid urbanization, changing diets, and economic development are among the major driving factors of increased demand for water, food and land. In this study, an integrated model was developed for managing land-water-food nexus. A water footprint-based fuzzy fractional programming (WFFP) is developed for optimizing resource allocations toward sustainable food and water security under the agricultural, food, socioeconomic, and natural resource constraints. By calculating the blue and green water footprint of each crop, optimum food requirements were converted into optimal cropping options. The WFFP method can tackle ratio optimization problems associated with fuzzy information, in which fuzzy possibilistic programming is integrated into a linear fractional programming framework. The method is applied to a case study of the Three (Yangtze-Yellow-Lantsang) Rivers Headwaters Region of China. The results can provide the basis for water and agricultural policies formulation and land-water-food nexus management in the study region.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Integrated Modeling Approach for Sustainable Land-Water-Food Nexus Management 全文
2020
Min Chen | Songhao Shang | Wei Li
Population growth, rapid urbanization, changing diets, and economic development are among the major driving factors of increased demand for water, food and land. In this study, an integrated model was developed for managing land-water-food nexus. A water footprint-based fuzzy fractional programming (WFFP) is developed for optimizing resource allocations toward sustainable food and water security under the agricultural, food, socioeconomic, and natural resource constraints. By calculating the blue and green water footprint of each crop, optimum food requirements were converted into optimal cropping options. The WFFP method can tackle ratio optimization problems associated with fuzzy information, in which fuzzy possibilistic programming is integrated into a linear fractional programming framework. The method is applied to a case study of the Three (Yangtze-Yellow-Lantsang) Rivers Headwaters Region of China. The results can provide the basis for water and agricultural policies formulation and land-water-food nexus management in the study region.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Integrated Modeling Approach for Sustainable Land-Water-Food Nexus Management 全文
2020
Min Chen | Songhao Shang | Wei Li
Population growth, rapid urbanization, changing diets, and economic development are among the major driving factors of increased demand for water, food and land. In this study, an integrated model was developed for managing land-water-food nexus. A water footprint-based fuzzy fractional programming (WFFP) is developed for optimizing resource allocations toward sustainable food and water security under the agricultural, food, socioeconomic, and natural resource constraints. By calculating the blue and green water footprint of each crop, optimum food requirements were converted into optimal cropping options. The WFFP method can tackle ratio optimization problems associated with fuzzy information, in which fuzzy possibilistic programming is integrated into a linear fractional programming framework. The method is applied to a case study of the Three (Yangtze-Yellow-Lantsang) Rivers Headwaters Region of China. The results can provide the basis for water and agricultural policies formulation and land-water-food nexus management in the study region.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Maximising nutritional benefits within the energy, water and food nexus 全文
2020
Al-Thani, Nayla Ahmad | Govindan, Rajesh | Al-Ansari, Tareq
Many countries are exposed to malnutrition within their population, either in the form of undernutrition or obesity leading to dire affects for human health. As a consequence, a ‘Decade of Action’ was certified by the UN in 2016 to promote the need to end all types of malnutrition. Within food security objectives, this study evaluates the possibility to maximise the nutritional value of agricultural output through the optimal allocation of water and energy resources. Using a hypothetical case study in Qatar, two complementary multi-objective mathematical models are developed to solve various scenarios. Firstly, the goal programming minimises the expected value of negative deviation from the desired target in food groups and nutrients. Secondly, the linear programming model increases the expected value of self-sufficiency percentage in food groups and nutrients. The results indicate the specific dependency of increasing the self-sufficiency of different nutrients on the increased production of dates group and fish group, implying that dates and fish can be considered strategic crops in terms of their contribution towards food security, owing to the fact that they require the least quantity of water and energy resources for production. As poultry and meat groups require the largest quantities of water and energy resources, optimal results do not favour their production. The optimal production mix that increases the satisfaction of nutrients at 40% of the food groups self-sufficiency satisfaction with the same amount of energy and water are as follows: 52378, 47085, 111303 tonnes of dates, milk and dairy products and fish groups respectively. This production mix will achieve 29.18%, 100%, 90.8%, and 2.5% satisfaction percentage of carbohydrates, protein, fats, and fibres respectively.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Sugar Recovery from Food Waste via Sub-critical Water Treatment 全文
2020
Mohd Thani, Nurfatimah | Mustapa Kamal, Siti Mazlina | Sulaiman, Alifdalino | Taip, Farah Saleena | Omar, Rozita | Izhar, Shamsul
Large quantities of food are wasted globally. Sugars such as monosaccharides and oligosaccharides are valuable carbohydrate compounds that can be hydrolyzed from food waste, particularly from carbohydrate-rich bakery waste. These sugars can be extracted from the waste as a value-added compound for manufacturing other food products. Sub-critical water treatment is a new and emerging extraction technique that is considered as a green extraction technology. Water at high temperature and pressure can be used to hydrolyze and extract the sugars. This paper reviews (1) the general process for producing sugars from food wastes, (2) recovery of sugar (particularly oligosaccharides) from food waste via sub-critical water treatment, and (3) the potential of bakery waste as the resources of sugar recovery.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Using Bayesian networks to evaluate how agricultural water distribution systems handle the water-food-energy nexus 全文
2020
Kamrani, Kazem | Roozbahani, Abbas | Hashemy Shahdany, Seied Mehdy
This study proposes a performance appraisal framework for agricultural water distribution systems based on the Water-Food-Energy Nexus perspective. To analyze and evaluate agricultural water distribution systems with this framework, various methods of improving the operational management were developed and tested under the conventional and water shortages in operational scenarios. The Water-Food-Energy Nexus indicators were then calculated for performance appraisal of the water distribution systems in a study area, located in central Iran. The results indicated that by upgrading the manual operation to an automatic control system, gave the best results from the nexus indicators perspectives. The Bayesian Network model was used to present a probabilistic approach that could assist managers and decision-makers in evaluating the performance of the system, based on the nexus perspective. For this purpose, various configurations of the Bayesian Network structures were developed based on an export-oriented approach, and the most appropriate model was determined for the test case. The calibration and validation process of the selected configuration approved a high accuracy in fulfilling the objective of the study. The developed framework can be employed as a decision support model to prioritize options for modernizing agricultural water distribution systems.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Understanding Water-Food-Energy Nexus and their Management for the Utilization of the Existing Water Resources 全文
2020
گودرزی, محمدرضا | Piryaei, Reza | Moosavi, Mir Rahim
Understanding Water-Food-Energy Nexus and their Management for the Utilization of the Existing Water Resources 全文
2020
گودرزی, محمدرضا | Piryaei, Reza | Moosavi, Mir Rahim
Introduction: Due to climate change that is happening, the security of water and food in Iran has caused many worries, which include small towns like Boroujerd. A comprehensive assessment is necessary as well as the productivity of water resources, because it can provide information for government agencies and the public to develop appropriate patterns. The aim of this study is the use and productivity of water resources in Borujerd city, the aim of this study to utilize appropriately the existing water resources in the city of Boroujerd and it is based on recycling and reusing water resources and reduced harvesting of ground water. So the potential of water saving and return to the cycle has been evaluated, and the results can be used as a potential solution for water shortage in Boroujerd in the future.Materials and Methods: Water, energy, and food security globally are achieved through a communication approach, an approach that integrates governance and management into all over sectors and scales. A communication approach can support the transition to a green economy which aims instead, among other things, the use of resources and policy coherence. Given the increasing communication between sectors in space and time, reducing economic, social and adverse environmental concerns can increase overall resource efficiency, more benefits and provide human rights for water and food. Therefore in a relationship-based approach, common policy and decision making an approach which reduces the composition and creates collaboration among sectors is in need.Currently, the most reliable tool to produce climate scenarios is the paired 3D Atmosphere-Oceans General Circulation Models which called AOGCM in this paper. AOGCM is based on the physical relationships that are presented by mathematical relations. In formulating its AR5 synthesis report, the IPCC has made use of new RCP scenarios of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The IPCC society has used new scenarios as trajectory representatives of various concentrations of greenhouse gases. New scenarios have four key trajectories called RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0 and RCP8.5 that are based on their radiative stimulus in 2100 and different specifications of the technology level, social and economic situation and future policies.LARS-WG is a random weather generator that can be used to simulate atmospheric data at a station under current and future climate conditions. The first version developed in Budapest in 1990 as part of an agricultural risk assessment in Hungary, then reviewed and moderated by Semenov in 1998. This model produces a daily time series of minimum and maximum temperature, rainfall and solar radiation.Results and Discussion: Concerning precipitation variations, it can be concluded that changes in winter months from January to March in RCP2.6 will decrease by 20%. Rainfall variations in the spring are the same and have equal status with the base time. In summer, two scenarios experience a 40% reduction, in fall, RCP2.6 shows a 20% increase in rainfall and the scenario RCP8.5 shows about 10% precipitation reduction. The two scenarios show at least 1.5 degrees Celsius increase and the highest increases are in fall, and in October, a rise of 2.5 degrees has seen. Maximum temperature changes which indicate the temperature increase to 2 degrees at least in both scenarios. In scenario RCP8.5, in winter and fall, the maximum temperature is increased to 2.5 and 3 degrees, respectively. Boroujerdʼs water and sewage company harvests 22 hm3 (MCM) water annually for its population of 240,654 people. If the necessary measures are taken for gray and black water purification, Boroujerdʼs daily city sewage that is 35416/6 m3 daily, can return to the water cycle. The city's total wastewater is 12,750,000 m3 per year and it is possible to prevent underground water harvesting with purification. Rainfall is another important resource never utilized in Boroujerd. The gable roof and those with more than 15 degrees gradient can be used to collect the rainwater in the high rainfall season. The total roofs are 136.13 ha and according to the average rainfall 0/454m, it can be the maximum use of this resource. The annual volume of precipitation for this city is 612612/45m3 which is significant. Supposedly, it could provide 3.6% of fresh water. Also, if the volume of sewage is considered for purification, the amount of available water source reaches 13362612/45m3 which can meet 60/74% of current water demand.Conclusion: Rainwater is not used as a natural resource in Borujerd city and flows into seasonal rivers as runoff. It can be said that harvesting rainwater is an opportunity to reduce water shortage in the future. Rainwater system transferred through the water pipelines and sewage system. It is possible to store rainfall and water remained after snow melts for dry seasons and its surplus can be used to supply. Also due to climate changes and agriculture in Borujerd city, a plan should be provided to reduce the use of water in the summer which is expected to be implemented shortly.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]درک پیوند آب-غذا-انرژی و مدیریت برای بهرهوری از منابع آب موجود 全文
2020
محمدرضا گودرزی | رضا پیریائی | میر رحیم موسوی
بررسیها بر روی پیوند آب، غذا و انرژی4 یک مبنای مشترک برای پژوهشگران، ذینفعان و دولت جهت درک و مدیریت، امنیت و استفاده از روابط WEF فراهم میکند. نمونه رابطه WEF روابط ویژهای را برای تحقیقات بین رشتهای که مدیریت یکپارچه منابع آب است مهیا میکند. هدف از این پژوهش بهرهوری مناسب از منابع آب موجود با استفاده از رویکرد آب، غذا و انرژی و با توجه به تغییرات آبوهوایی آتی در شهر بروجرد است. در این مطالعه از خروجی مدل HADGEM2 تحت دو سناریوی انتشار RCP2.6 و RCP8.5 مربوط به پنجمین گزارش ارزیابی هیئت بینالدول تغییر اقلیم استفاده شد. ریزمقیاس نمایی با استفاده از مدل LARS-WG انجام شد. شهر بروجرد با نرمافزار GIS مدل شد و رویکرد آب، غذا و انرژی برای نهایت بهرهمندی از منابع آب مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. خروجی مدل HADGEM2 تحت دو سناریویRCP2.6 و RCP8.5 نشان داد که در دوره آتی دما بین 5/1 تا 3 درجه سانتیگراد و بارش بین 20 تا 40 میلیمتر تغییر را تجربه خواهند کرد. نتایج نشان داد حجم بارش به دست آمده از بارش 45/612612 متر مکعب در سال میباشد و چرخه فاضلاب 12750000 متر مکعب در سال میباشد. بنابراین بعد از تصفیه و بازچرخانی دوبارهی آب میتواند 74/60 درصد تقاضای فعلی آب شهر بروجرد را تأمین کند. میتوان از این منابع آب برای کشاورزی شهری در و یا آبیاری درختان و فضای سبز و از فاضلاب برای تولید انرژی الکتریکی در شهر استفاده کرد.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Resource recovery from waste streams in a water-energy-food nexus perspective: Toward more sustainable food processing 全文
2020
Udugama, Isuru A. | Petersen, Leander A.H. | Falco, Francesco C. | Junicke, Helena | Mitic, Aleksandar | Alsina, Xavier Flores | Mansouri, Seyed Soheil | Gernaey, Krist V.
The recovery of resources from waste streams including food production plants can improve the overall sustainability of such processes from both economic and environmental points of view. This is because resource recovery solutions will be instrumental in overcoming the grand societal challenges in relation to the Water-Energy-Food (WEF) nexus in one of many aspects. Identification, development and implementation of resource recovery solutions in an industrial setting is a challenge that requires careful assessment of environmental impacts, technology readiness level (TRL), economics as well as other implementation aspects. This manuscript will first introduce these multi-disciplinary concepts followed by four case studies that are each at a different level of technological maturity and have a unique economic value proposition. The technologies demonstrated in these case studies directly convert either food waste, waste energy or wastewater into valuable raw materials. Using the case study experience as a basis, a roadmap to commercialisation is discussed where the focus is on understanding industrial needs, the role of industrial symbiosis and the current challenges that must be overcome. To this end, the objective of this manuscript is to go beyond the purely single-faceted technical discussion and provide an insight into the multi-faceted aspects of commercialising resource recovery technology development, which would be a key pillar in realising the future circular economy in line with UN’s sustainable development goals.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Estimating virtual water and land use transfers associated with future food supply: A scalable food balance approach 全文
2020
Yawson, David O.
Virtual water or land use is the volume of water or area of land, respectively, used to produce a unit food commodity that is traded. Estimates of future virtual water or land use (as potential mechanisms for mitigating against food insecurity due to resource scarcity) are limited by the need for complex modelling and data requirements regarding trade, for which the data or expertise might be rare or unavailable. This paper presents a simple food balance approach for estimating the status quo food demand and supply and associated virtual water or land use transfers under future conditions. The method is spatially-scalable, accessible to a wider range of users, and illustrated using UK feed barley supply. Key features of the method are: ● Proportionate distribution of a target food item over utilization components is estimated from the FAO Food Balance Sheet of the country of analysis and used to distribute future supply over utilization components. ● The balance between demand and supply is used to estimate the direction and magnitude of virtual water or land use transfers. ● The method can be scaled up from national to regional and global levels and to cover multiple food items.
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