Large quantities of food are wasted globally. Sugars such as monosaccharides and oligosaccharides are valuable carbohydrate compounds that can be hydrolyzed from food waste, particularly from carbohydrate-rich bakery waste. These sugars can be extracted from the waste as a value-added compound for manufacturing other food products. Sub-critical water treatment is a new and emerging extraction technique that is considered as a green extraction technology. Water at high temperature and pressure can be used to hydrolyze and extract the sugars. This paper reviews (1) the general process for producing sugars from food wastes, (2) recovery of sugar (particularly oligosaccharides) from food waste via sub-critical water treatment, and (3) the potential of bakery waste as the resources of sugar recovery.

A review was conducted to understand the current status of the water–energy–food nexus, focusing on its methodology, and the process through which the nexus approach has academically and geographically expanded across and synthesized more than one discourse, discipline, and domain via its methodology as interdisciplinary and integrated approaches. The review article types were categorized into five groups and comprehensively analyzed. Various indicators to assess the nexus methods and tools, reported in previous studies, that can be used to select appropriate methods and tools for methodology and research designs. The studies in the reviewed articles were characterized by various stages of interdisciplinary research. In addition, the water–energy–food nexus initiatives, which generalize methods and tools, applying mixed methods to the replicability of specific case studies, were discussed based on the findings.

Many countries are exposed to malnutrition within their population, either in the form of undernutrition or obesity leading to dire affects for human health. As a consequence, a ‘Decade of Action’ was certified by the UN in 2016 to promote the need to end all types of malnutrition. Within food security objectives, this study evaluates the possibility to maximise the nutritional value of agricultural output through the optimal allocation of water and energy resources. Using a hypothetical case study in Qatar, two complementary multi-objective mathematical models are developed to solve various scenarios. Firstly, the goal programming minimises the expected value of negative deviation from the desired target in food groups and nutrients. Secondly, the linear programming model increases the expected value of self-sufficiency percentage in food groups and nutrients. The results indicate the specific dependency of increasing the self-sufficiency of different nutrients on the increased production of dates group and fish group, implying that dates and fish can be considered strategic crops in terms of their contribution towards food security, owing to the fact that they require the least quantity of water and energy resources for production. As poultry and meat groups require the largest quantities of water and energy resources, optimal results do not favour their production. The optimal production mix that increases the satisfaction of nutrients at 40% of the food groups self-sufficiency satisfaction with the same amount of energy and water are as follows: 52378, 47085, 111303 tonnes of dates, milk and dairy products and fish groups respectively. This production mix will achieve 29.18%, 100%, 90.8%, and 2.5% satisfaction percentage of carbohydrates, protein, fats, and fibres respectively.

Introduction: Due to climate change that is happening, the security of water and food in Iran has caused many worries, which include small towns like Boroujerd. A comprehensive assessment is necessary as well as the productivity of water resources, because it can provide information for government agencies and the public to develop appropriate patterns. The aim of this study is the use and productivity of water resources in Borujerd city, the aim of this study to utilize appropriately the existing water resources in the city of Boroujerd and it is based on recycling and reusing water resources and reduced harvesting of ground water. So the potential of water saving and return to the cycle has been evaluated, and the results can be used as a potential solution for water shortage in Boroujerd in the future.Materials and Methods: Water, energy, and food security globally are achieved through a communication approach, an approach that integrates governance and management into all over sectors and scales. A communication approach can support the transition to a green economy which aims instead, among other things, the use of resources and policy coherence. Given the increasing communication between sectors in space and time, reducing economic, social and adverse environmental concerns can increase overall resource efficiency, more benefits and provide human rights for water and food. Therefore in a relationship-based approach, common policy and decision making an approach which reduces the composition and creates collaboration among sectors is in need.Currently, the most reliable tool to produce climate scenarios is the paired 3D Atmosphere-Oceans General Circulation Models which called AOGCM in this paper. AOGCM is based on the physical relationships that are presented by mathematical relations. In formulating its AR5 synthesis report, the IPCC has made use of new RCP scenarios of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The IPCC society has used new scenarios as trajectory representatives of various concentrations of greenhouse gases. New scenarios have four key trajectories called RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6.0 and RCP8.5 that are based on their radiative stimulus in 2100 and different specifications of the technology level, social and economic situation and future policies.LARS-WG is a random weather generator that can be used to simulate atmospheric data at a station under current and future climate conditions. The first version developed in Budapest in 1990 as part of an agricultural risk assessment in Hungary, then reviewed and moderated by Semenov in 1998. This model produces a daily time series of minimum and maximum temperature, rainfall and solar radiation.Results and Discussion: Concerning precipitation variations, it can be concluded that changes in winter months from January to March in RCP2.6 will decrease by 20%. Rainfall variations in the spring are the same and have equal status with the base time. In summer, two scenarios experience a 40% reduction, in fall, RCP2.6 shows a 20% increase in rainfall and the scenario RCP8.5 shows about 10% precipitation reduction. The two scenarios show at least 1.5 degrees Celsius increase and the highest increases are in fall, and in October, a rise of 2.5 degrees has seen. Maximum temperature changes which indicate the temperature increase to 2 degrees at least in both scenarios. In scenario RCP8.5, in winter and fall, the maximum temperature is increased to 2.5 and 3 degrees, respectively. Boroujerdʼs water and sewage company harvests 22 hm3 (MCM) water annually for its population of 240,654 people. If the necessary measures are taken for gray and black water purification, Boroujerdʼs daily city sewage that is 35416/6 m3 daily, can return to the water cycle. The city's total wastewater is 12,750,000 m3 per year and it is possible to prevent underground water harvesting with purification. Rainfall is another important resource never utilized in Boroujerd. The gable roof and those with more than 15 degrees gradient can be used to collect the rainwater in the high rainfall season. The total roofs are 136.13 ha and according to the average rainfall 0/454m, it can be the maximum use of this resource. The annual volume of precipitation for this city is 612612/45m3 which is significant. Supposedly, it could provide 3.6% of fresh water. Also, if the volume of sewage is considered for purification, the amount of available water source reaches 13362612/45m3 which can meet 60/74% of current water demand.Conclusion: Rainwater is not used as a natural resource in Borujerd city and flows into seasonal rivers as runoff. It can be said that harvesting rainwater is an opportunity to reduce water shortage in the future. Rainwater system transferred through the water pipelines and sewage system. It is possible to store rainfall and water remained after snow melts for dry seasons and its surplus can be used to supply. Also due to climate changes and agriculture in Borujerd city, a plan should be provided to reduce the use of water in the summer which is expected to be implemented shortly.

This study proposes a performance appraisal framework for agricultural water distribution systems based on the Water-Food-Energy Nexus perspective. To analyze and evaluate agricultural water distribution systems with this framework, various methods of improving the operational management were developed and tested under the conventional and water shortages in operational scenarios. The Water-Food-Energy Nexus indicators were then calculated for performance appraisal of the water distribution systems in a study area, located in central Iran. The results indicated that by upgrading the manual operation to an automatic control system, gave the best results from the nexus indicators perspectives. The Bayesian Network model was used to present a probabilistic approach that could assist managers and decision-makers in evaluating the performance of the system, based on the nexus perspective. For this purpose, various configurations of the Bayesian Network structures were developed based on an export-oriented approach, and the most appropriate model was determined for the test case. The calibration and validation process of the selected configuration approved a high accuracy in fulfilling the objective of the study. The developed framework can be employed as a decision support model to prioritize options for modernizing agricultural water distribution systems.

Virtual water or land use is the volume of water or area of land, respectively, used to produce a unit food commodity that is traded. Estimates of future virtual water or land use (as potential mechanisms for mitigating against food insecurity due to resource scarcity) are limited by the need for complex modelling and data requirements regarding trade, for which the data or expertise might be rare or unavailable. This paper presents a simple food balance approach for estimating the status quo food demand and supply and associated virtual water or land use transfers under future conditions. The method is spatially-scalable, accessible to a wider range of users, and illustrated using UK feed barley supply. Key features of the method are: ● Proportionate distribution of a target food item over utilization components is estimated from the FAO Food Balance Sheet of the country of analysis and used to distribute future supply over utilization components. ● The balance between demand and supply is used to estimate the direction and magnitude of virtual water or land use transfers. ● The method can be scaled up from national to regional and global levels and to cover multiple food items.

The recovery of resources from waste streams including food production plants can improve the overall sustainability of such processes from both economic and environmental points of view. This is because resource recovery solutions will be instrumental in overcoming the grand societal challenges in relation to the Water-Energy-Food (WEF) nexus in one of many aspects. Identification, development and implementation of resource recovery solutions in an industrial setting is a challenge that requires careful assessment of environmental impacts, technology readiness level (TRL), economics as well as other implementation aspects. This manuscript will first introduce these multi-disciplinary concepts followed by four case studies that are each at a different level of technological maturity and have a unique economic value proposition. The technologies demonstrated in these case studies directly convert either food waste, waste energy or wastewater into valuable raw materials. Using the case study experience as a basis, a roadmap to commercialisation is discussed where the focus is on understanding industrial needs, the role of industrial symbiosis and the current challenges that must be overcome. To this end, the objective of this manuscript is to go beyond the purely single-faceted technical discussion and provide an insight into the multi-faceted aspects of commercialising resource recovery technology development, which would be a key pillar in realising the future circular economy in line with UN’s sustainable development goals.

A toxoplasmose é uma zoonose causada pelo protozoário Toxoplasma gondii, que tem como hospedeiros definitivos os felídeos e diversas espécies animais como hospedeiros intermediários. No hospedeiro definitivo ocorre o ciclo intestinal, a qual resulta na produção de oocistos eliminados nas fezes. Nos hospedeiros intermediários, incluindo o homem, ocorre o ciclo extra-intestinal, formando cistos teciduais. Os felídeos eliminam pelas fezes milhões de oocistos não esporulados durante a primo-infecção, sendo esta fase auto-limitante. A esporulação ocorre no ambiente em três a cinco dias, quando em temperatura ótima. Mesmo que os felinos domésticos tenham um importante papel na manutenção no ciclo de vida do toxoplasma, o contato direto com os gatos não é elo importante da transmissão. Os casos humanos estão frequentemente associados ao consumo de alimentos: de origem vegetal ou água contaminados com oocistos eliminados por felídeos ou produtos de origem animal com presença de cistos. A toxoplasmose tem grande importância em saúde pública, pois é uma das zoonoses mais difundidas no mundo. Diversos animais (cerca de 30 espécies de aves e 300 de mamíferos), assim como humanos, podem sofrer a infecção. A soroprevalência em humanos é elevada, pois estima-se que até um terço das pessoas do mundo sejam soropositivas, apresentando a forma de infecção crônica assintomática. A primo-infecção de gestantes representa grande risco, podendo ocorrer a transmissão fetal que leva a lesões no sistema nervoso central, devido ao tropismo do protozoário por esse tecido, podendo ser fatal. Também é um problema para pacientes com imunocomprometimento severo, nos quais causa sintomas graves. A doença ocular é provavelmente a manifestação sintomática, potencialmente grave, mais comum em toxoplasmose aguda pós-natal. A retinocoroidite toxoplasmática pode ser devido a doença congênita ou adquirida pós-natal e pode estar associada com a infecção aguda ou reativação. Mesmo assim, a toxoplasmose é considerada uma zoonose ainda negligenciada no Brasil, é preocupante o fato de não existir uma política pública que faça com que os médicos dediquem mais atenção a essa doença. Apenas recentemente a toxoplasmose congênita tornou-se um agravo de notificação obrigatória. Principalmente considerando que sua transmissão através do consumo de alimentos e água contaminados estiveram associados a surtos envolvendo grande número de acometidos no país. | Toxoplasmosis is a zoonosis caused by the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii, which has felids as the definitive host; and several animal species as intermediary hosts. The intestinal cycle occurs in the definitive host, which results in the production of oocysts eliminated in the feces. In the intermediary hosts, including man, the extra intestinal cycle occurs by forming tissue cysts. Felids eliminate millions of non-sporulated oocysts in the feces during the primary infection, and this phase is self-limiting. Sporulation occurs in the environment in 3 to 5 days, when at optimum temperature. Even though domestic cats play an important role in maintaining the toxoplasma life cycle, direct contact with cats is not an important link in transmission. Human cases are often associated with the consumption of food: vegetables or water contaminated with oocysts eliminated by felids or products of animal origin with the presence of cysts. Toxoplasmosis is of great importance in public health, since it is one of the most widespread zoonosis in the world. Several animals (about 30 species of birds and 300 of mammals), as well as humans, can suffer from the infection. Seroprevalence in humans is high, and it is estimated that up to a third of the global population may be seropositive and present an asymptomatic chronic infection. The primary infection of pregnant women represents a great risk, and transmission to the fetus may occur, which leads to lesions in the central nervous system, due to the tropism of the protozoan for this tissue. This infection form can be fatal. It is also a hazard for immunocompromised patients, in which it causes severe symptoms. Eye disease is probably the most common potentially severe symptomatic manifestation in acute postnatal toxoplasmosis. Toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis can be due to a congenital or acquired postnatal disease and can be associated with an acute infection or reactivation. In spite of that, toxoplasmosis is a zoonosis still neglected in Brazil, it is worrying that there is no public policy that makes doctors pay more attention to this disease. It is only recently that congenital toxoplasmosis has become a disease of mandatory notification. Especially considering that its transmission through the consumption of contaminated food and water has been associated with outbreaks involving a large number of people affected in the country.

Food, energy and water are important basic resources that affect the sustainable development of a region. The influence of food–energy–water (FEW) nexus on sustainable development has quickly become a frontier topic since the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were put forward. However, the overall context and core issues of the FEW nexus contributions to SDGs are still unclear. Using co-citation analysis, this paper aims to map the knowledge domains of FEW nexus research, disentangles its evolutionary context, and analyzes the core issues in its research, especially the progress of using quantitative simulation models to study the FEW nexus. We found that (1) studies within the FEW nexus focused on these following topics: correlation mechanisms, influencing factors, resource footprints, and sustainability management policies; (2) frontier of FEW studies have evolved from silo-oriented perspective on single resource system to nexus-oriented perspective on multiple systems; (3) quantitative research on the FEW nexus was primarily based on spatiotemporal evolution analysis, input–output analysis and scenario analysis; (4) the resource relationship among different sectors was synergies and tradeoffs within a region. In general, current research still focuses on empirical data, mostly qualitative and semiquantitative analyses, and there is a lack of research that can systematically reflect the temporal and spatial contribution of the FEW nexus to multiple SDGs. We believe that future research should focus more on how FEW nexus can provide mechanistic tools for achieving sustainable development.

Hunger and thirst have distinct goals but control similar ingestive behaviors, and little is known about neural processes that are shared between these behavioral states. We identify glutamatergic neurons in the peri-locus coeruleus (periLCⱽᴳᴸᵁᵀ² neurons) as a polysynaptic convergence node from separate energy-sensitive and hydration-sensitive cell populations. We develop methods for stable hindbrain calcium imaging in free-moving mice, which show that periLCⱽᴳᴸᵁᵀ² neurons are tuned to ingestive behaviors and respond similarly to food or water consumption. PeriLCⱽᴳᴸᵁᵀ² neurons are scalably inhibited by palatability and homeostatic need during consumption. Inhibition of periLCⱽᴳᴸᵁᵀ² neurons is rewarding and increases consumption by enhancing palatability and prolonging ingestion duration. These properties comprise a double-negative feedback relationship that sustains food or water consumption without affecting food- or water-seeking. PeriLCⱽᴳᴸᵁᵀ² neurons are a hub between hunger and thirst that specifically controls motivation for food and water ingestion, which is a factor that contributes to hedonic overeating and obesity.