The use of local plant extracts in drinking water purification represents a sustainable alternative in the fight against diseases linked to unsafe water consumption in rural areas. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biochemical composition and antimicrobial activity of four local plant extracts used in rural areas of Burkina Faso to purify drinking water: Moringa oleifera seeds, Boscia senegalensis seeds, Opuntia ficus-indica cladodes, and Aloe vera leaves. These four extracts were then subjected to biochemical screening to identify phytocompounds, followed by quantification and evaluation of their antibacterial properties on ten pathogenic bacterial strains. The screening results revealed the presence of a variety of molecules (phenolic compounds, alkaloids, saponosides, etc.) in the different extracts studied. From a quantitative point of view, M. oleifera and B. senegalensis seeds showed a high total protein content (34.5 and 24.6 g/100 g DM). A. vera and O. ficus-indica extracts showed high levels of total carbohydrates (20.4 and 35.52 g/100 g DM) compared with total lipids and proteins. The same applies to phenolic compounds, which were also high in A. vera and O. ficus-indica extracts (17.42 and 26.5 mg GAE/100 mg DM) compared to M. oleifera and B. senegalensis seeds. In terms of antibacterial properties, the four extracts studied showed inhibition diameters ranging from 7.33 to 16.33 mm. These results reflect the ability of the different extracts to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms present in water. Overall, this study stands out for its innovative character, offering an in-depth understanding of the biochemical composition and antimicrobial properties of four distinct extracts of local plants commonly used in traditional drinking water purification practices. It enriches existing knowledge by providing new data on the biochemical composition and bioactivity of these extracts. In particular, the study highlights the synergistic effects of the bioactive compounds present, underlining their essential role in improving the sanitary quality of water consumed in rural areas, where sustainable and accessible solutions are crucial.

IntroductionPasteurella multocida is a key bacterial agent involved in most respiratory disorders in rabbits. The objective of this study was to evaluate the risk of selecting Pasteurella multocida strains resistant to enrofloxacin (ENRO) in food producing rabbits treated with ENRO via drinking water, according to the standard husbandry practices. Indeed, despite the EU community guidelines recommend a prudent use of antibiotics and promote new strategies to prevent bacterial diseases, antimicrobial therapy remains the primary approach for pasteurellosis management in rabbits. Therefore, the potential risk of selecting resistant bacteria in food-producing animals requires identifying optimized dosage regimens to minimize resistance emergence and to extend the useful lifetime of the drug.MethodsIn this study, we isolated Pasteurella multocida strains from bacterial colonies sampled in nasal swabs collected from 6 healthy rabbits and 12 rabbits suffering respiratory disorders. Animals were sourced from industrial farms and were randomly selected to investigate the inter-individual variability in antimicrobial exposure associated with treatment via drinking water. Sick rabbits underwent an approved ENRO treatment (10 mg/kg for 5 days) administered via drinking water, following standard husbandry practices. We investigated the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and the mutant prevention concentration (MPC) of ENRO against bacterial strains in healthy rabbits and in sick rabbits before and after treatment. We recorded plasma drug concentrations of treated animals, and we applied the mutant selection window (MSW) approach to each subject. Finally, we calculated the PK/PD indices for concentration-dependent antimicrobials to assess ENRO’s clinical efficacy and it’s potential for promoting resistance using published pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters and maximum drug plasma concentrations recorded in this study.ResultsHere we showed that treatment with ENRO improved clinical signs in rabbits with pasteurellosis but failed to completely eradicate the pathogen, consistent with previous studies. MPC-based analysis showed acquired resistance and potential ENRO-induced shift to a lesser sensitivity in the P. multocida population. Moreover, MSW analysis revealed that 45% of treated rabbits exhibited potential for drug resistance selection.ConclusionThese findings suggest that the current ENRO dosing regimen for pasteurellosis in rabbits is inadequate and may contribute to resistance development.

En el cultivo de peces, una estrategia de alimentación adecuada es de suma importancia para disminuir costos de producción. Morone saxatilis, es una de las especies con gran potencial económico, no obstante, su cultivo se ve comprometido debido a los escasos estudios relacionados con la alimentación en condiciones locales. El objetivo fue evaluar la frecuencia de alimentación sobre el desempeño biológico, digestibilidad y genes de saciedad en juveniles de M. saxatilis cultivada en agua marina a 21°C durante 56 días. Un total de 708 organismos (con un peso promedio inicial de 21.97 ± 0.26 g) distribuidos aleatoriamente en 12 tanques con una densidad de 59 peces por tanque. Fueron alimentados a saciedad con una dieta comercial Ewos® (54% proteínas, 14% lípidos) con cuatro frecuencias de alimentación; una cada 4 h cuatro veces al día, una cada 12 h dos veces al día, una cada 24 h una vez al día y una cada 48 h una vez cada dos días (Al4h, Al12h, Al24h y Al48h, respectivamente). Los resultados indican que la frecuencia de alimentación influye significativamente en el desempeño biológico, la eficiencia alimentaria, composición muscular y expresión de genes de saciedad en juveniles de M. saxatilis. La frecuencia Al4h presentó mayor ganancia de peso (40.21 ± 1.63 g) y TCE (1.77 ± 0.04 %), mientras que Al48h resultó con un mejor TCA (0.91 ± 0.03 %) y TEP (2.03 ± 0.06 %). En la composición muscular, Al4h mostró mayor porcentaje de proteínas (77.63 ± 1.16 %) y menor porcentaje de lípidos (16.00 ± 1.21 %). En lo que respecta a la expresión de los genes de saciedad (orexina y leptina) sus respuestas varían en función de la frecuencia y alimento ofrecido, donde los peces del tratamiento Al48h resultaron en una mayor expresión de la orexina y los peces del tratamiento Al4h resultaron con una mayor expresión de la leptina. Bajo nuestras condiciones de cultivo, la frecuencia de alimentación adecuada para obtener el mejor crecimiento es Al24h, sin embargo, si se quiere reducir los costos operativos mejorando la eficiencia alimenticia, la frecuencia alimenticia es Al48h. | In the marine fish farming industry, one of the major challenges to reduce costs is related to feeding, prompting the development of strategies to optimize feed utilization. Morone saxatilis is one of the species that has shown great economic potential, however, local culture practices are compromised due to the limited studies related to feeding frequencies. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of feeding frequency on the biological performance, feed efficiency, digestibility, and satiety-related genes in juvenile striped bass (M. saxatilis) reared in seawater at 21°C for 56 days. A total of 708 fish (with an initial average weight of 21.97 ± 0.26 g) were randomly distributed into 12 tanks with a capacity of 400 L resulting in stocking densities of 59 per tank. The fish were fed to satiation with a commercial diet Ewos® (54% protein, 14% lipid) under four feeding frequencies, once every 4 h four times per day, once every 12 h twice per day, once every 24 h once per day and once every 48 h (once every two days) (Al4h, Al12h, Al24h, and Al48h, respectively). The results of this research indicate that feeding frequency significantly affected biological performance, feed efficiency, muscle composition, and the expression of genes related to satiety in juvenile striped bass, but not survival or diet digestibility. The Al4h frequency resulted in the highest weight gain (40.21 ± 1.63 g) and SGR (1.77 ± 0.04%). Meanwhile, Al48h resulted in the best FCR (0.91 ± 0.03%) and PER (2.03 ± 0.06%) with lower feed intake (28.37 g). Al4h showed the highest muscle protein content (77.63 ± 1.16%) and the lowest lipid content (16.00 ± 1.21%). As for the expression of satiety genes (orexin and leptin), responses varied with respect to the feeding frequency and feed availability, where fish in the Al48 treatment resulted in higher orexin expression levels while fish in the treatment Al4 resulted in higher leptin expression levels. Under our cultivation conditions, the recommended feeding frequency to increase growth and feed efficiency was Al12h. Nonetheless, if the objective is to reduce operational costs Al48h, is the optimal feeding frequency.

The service to the Brazilian rural population through sewage treatment services is still precarious. Data provided in the National Rural Sanitation Program (PNSR, 2019) show that about 80% of the households present in these areas dispose of their sewage inadequately, in the form of septic tanks or directly in lakes, rivers and the sea. This reality affects about 40 million Brazilians. This situation generates risks to public health and harms environmental quality, especially the quality of surface and underground water bodies, as well as soils. It adds to the situation currently observed to that projected as a result of future scenarios resulting from global climate change. The sixth report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC. 2023) points to an increase in the water deficit for most of the Brazilian territory, and it is necessary, as a strategy to adapt to this scenario, the development of technological assets aimed at improving water quality and making better use of this natural resource. As agriculture is the largest water-consuming economic activity in the country and heavily dependent on fertilizer imports, it is clear that systems that provide the reuse of treated effluents, as well as the nutrients present in them, gain strength and become a priority to deal with the expected risks, increasing the resilience and sustainability of production systems. For this reason, Embrapa, in partnership with IICA,low-cost alternative, easy installation and operation, low energy and labor dependence, and high efficiency in the removal of organic load and pathogens to serve rural and isolated communities. The ReAqua System consists of two stages, the first consisting of the Sewage Treatment Plant (ETE) and the second the agricultural system for the production of vegetables. The WWTP is assembled using tanks and water tanks, PVC or fiberglass pipes and connections, as well as materials used for civil construction. The sewage treatment system is based on joint Septic Tank – Anaerobic Filter, followed by sequential slow filtration with increasing difficulty and chlorine disinfection. The agricultural system stage of vegetable production is based on the use of gravity irrigation, reuse of nutrients by fertigation, use of soil cover by mulching The quality of the reused water, as well as the agricultural management used, allows the safe production of vegetables with less dependence on mineral fertilizers.