Research on institutions for agricultural water management under the CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food | PR | IFPRI4; CRP4; CRP5; F Strengthening institutions and governance | EPTD; A4NH | CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH); CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE)

CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH); CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) | PR | Book chapter | IFPRI4; CRP4; CRP5; WLE | EPTD; A4NH | Research on institutions for agricultural water management under the CGIAR Challenge Program on Water and Food

A água purificada exerce um papel fundamental na rotina laboratorial e em diversas aplicações, exigindo elevado grau de pureza. Deste modo, foi realizada uma avaliação da qualidade da água distribuída pelo sistema de purificação de água instalado nos Laboratórios de Qualidade e Segurança de Alimentos do Departamento de Tecnologia de Alimentos da UFV. A primeira parte do trabalho aborda a qualidade físico-química e microbiológica da água potável que alimenta o sistema de purificação e também a qualidade da água obtida e distribuída nos pontos de uso. A instalação e as condições de operação e desempenho do sistema de purificação de água foram avaliados. A avaliação da água potável que abastece o sistema de purificação permitiu constatar uma boa qualidade, tanto para as especificações físico-químicas (alcalinidade 20,3 mg·L-1 CaCO3, condutividade 62,7 &#956;S·cm-1, cloro residual livre 0,84 mg·L-1, pH 6,17, temperatura 25 °C, índice de saturação de Langelier -3,76, dureza 20 mg·L-1 CaCO3, e sílica 15,2 mg·L- SiO2) quanto microbiológicas (1,24 log10 UFC·mL-1). A água purificada obtida pelo sistema esteve sempre de acordo com as especificações físico-químicas e microbiológicas estabelecidas pelo fabricante do equipamento e pela Farmacopeia Brasileira. A água purificada distribuída foi aprovada nas especificações físico-químicas, porém o nível de contagem de bactérias heterotróficas estava acima do permitido (>2 log10 UFC·mL-1), o que pode comprometer alguns resultados analíticos dos laboratórios. Foi verificado ainda que higienização do reservatório de água potável e do reservatório de água purificada deve ser feita a cada 6 meses, uma vez que os resultados deste procedimento mostraram redução significativa (p<0,05) na contagem de bactérias heterotróficas. Além disso, o sistema deve apresentar manutenção e reposição dos elementos filtrantes e acessórios do equipamento. A segunda parte do estudo teve como objetivo identificar os isolados bacterianos por meio de técnicas moleculares. Com o sequenciamento do gene ribossômico 16S rDNA, as espécies identificadas na água potável foram Aneurinibacillus aneurinilyticus, Enterococcus faecium, Escherichia fergusonii e Enterobacter cloacae subsp. Dissolvens. Na água purificada, foram encontradas as espécies Acinetobacter calcoaceticus e Staphylococcus warneri e na água distribuída, Enterococcus faecium e Enterobacter cloacae subsp. Dissolvens. A superfície dos isolados identificados foi submetidas à medida do ângulo de contato, com intuito de fazer a previsão teórica da adesão em função da hidrofobicidade das superfícies dos micro-organismos e da superfície do Loop de distribuição. As espécies e a superfície estudadas foram consideradas hidrofílicas. A adesão não foi termodinamicamente favorável (&#916;G adesão >0) entre a superfície e todas as espécies identificadas. Os resultados de predição termodinâmica foram compatíveis com as contagens de bactérias heterotróficas da superfície de polipropileno (loop de distribuição) que atingiram valores de aproximadamente 5 log10 UFC·cm-2, indicando que não se caracteriza como biofilmes. | Purified water exert a fundamental role in routine clinical practice and in many applications requiring high purity. Thus, an assessment of the quality of the water distributed by water purification system installed in the Laboratory of Quality and Food Safety of the Department of Food Technology at UFV was performed. The first part of the paper deals with physical-chemical and microbiological quality of drinking water that feeds the purification system and the quality of water produced and distributed at points of use. The installation and operating conditions and performance of the water purification system were evaluated. The evaluation of drinking water supply purification system have revealed a good quality for both the physical and chemical specifications (alkalinity 20,3 mg·L-1 CaCO3, conductivity 62,7 &#956;S·cm-1, chlorine 0,84 mg·L-1, pH 6,17, temperature 25 °C, Langelier Saturation Index -3,76, hardness 20 mg·L-1 CaCO3 and silica 15,2 mg·L-1 SiO2) and microbiological (1,24 log10 UFC·mL-1). The purified water produced by the system always in accordance with the specifications established by the equipment manufacturer. Purified water distributed showed the physicochemical requirements within the allowed, but the levels of heterotrophic bacteria counts were higher than allowed (> 2 log10 UFC·mL-1), which may compromise some analytical results performed in laboratories. It was found, although cleaning of drinking water reservoir and the reservoir of purified water should be performed every 6 months, once the results of this procedure showed a significant reduction (p <0.05) in the count of heterotrophic bacteria. In addition, the system shall provide the maintenance and replacement of filter elements and equipment accessories. The second part of the study aimed to identify the bacterial isolates using molecular techniques. With the sequencing of the ribosomal 16S rDNA species identified in drinking water were Aneurinibacillus aneurinilyticus, Enterococcus faecium, Escherichia fergusonii and Enterobacter cloacae subsp. Dissolvens. Purified water the Acinetobacter calcoaceticus species were found; Staphylococcus warneri and distributed water Enterococcus faecium and Enterobacter cloacae subsp. Dissolvens. The surface of the isolates identified were subjected to measurement of contact angle, in order to realize the theoretical prediction of membership depending on the hydrophobicity of the micro-organisms and the surface of the Loop distribution. The species studied were considered and the surface hydrophilic. Adherence was not thermodynamically favorable (&#916;G adhesion> 0) between the surface and all identified species. The species studied were considered and the surface hydrophilic. Adherence was not thermodynamically favorable (&#916;G membership > 0) between the surface and all identified species. The results of thermodynamic prediction were consistent with heterotrophic bacteria counts the surface of polypropylene (loop distribution) which reached values of approximately 5 log10 CFU· cm-2 indicating that it is characterized as biofilms. | Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico

Growing global population and a combination of dietary change, biofuels production, urban and industrial water demand and climate change will see food crises becoming more frequent in the next 40 years. Food and feed production must double to feed 9.1 billion people in 2050. This will require using twice as much water as at present or increasing water productivity. It is argued that we need a Blue-Green revolution to deliver water productivity increases. This revolution will depend on increases of both rainfed and irrigated production and has to include improvements in soil fertility and institutional and governance of agriculture and natural resources | Colin J. Chartres, 'Improved water and soil management: the key to future food security', 2014

Colin J. Chartres, 'Will improving the productivity of "green" water lead to food security?', 2014

Climate change and variability will impact water availability and the food security of India. Trend analyses of historical data indicate an increase in temperature and changes in rainfall pattern in different parts of the country. The general circulation models (GCMs) also project increased warming and changes in precipitation patterns over India. This chapter presents examples of model applications in water management and crop yield simulation in India, focusing on climate change impact assessment. Simulation models have been successfully applied for rotational water allocation, deficit irrigation scheduling, etc. in different canal commands. Application of a universal soil loss equation in a distributed parametric modeling approach by partitioning watershed into erosion response units suggests that by treating only 14% of the watershed area, a 47% reduction in soil loss can be achieved. Simulation studies conducted using different hydrological models with different climate change projections and downscaling approaches showed varied hydrological responses of different river basins to the future climate change scenarios, depending on the hydrological model, climate change scenarios, and downscaling approaches used. Crop yield modeling showed decreases in irrigated and rainfed rice (Oryza sativa L.) yields under the future climate change scenarios, but the decrease is marginal for rainfed rice. Maize (Zea mays L.) yields in monsoon may be adversely affected by a rise in atmospheric temperature, but increased rain can partly offset those losses. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yields are likely to be reduced by 6 to 23% and 15 to 25% during the 2050s and 2080s, respectively. A combined bottom-up participatory process and top-down integrated modeling tool could provide valuable information for locally relevant climate change adaptation planning.

Land and Ecosystems CGIAR Research Program on Water, 'Increasing synergies and reducing tradeoffs along the water�??energy�??food Nexus', International Water Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE), 2014

Z. Habib, 'Resource conservation and civil society: water and food security in Pakistan', 2014