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Incentives for low-quality water irrigation of food crops in Morogoro, Tanzania 全文
2016
Samson, S. | Mdegela, R.H. | Permin, A. | Mahonge, C. | Mlangwa, J.
This article highlights the link between low-quality water and food crops irrigation. A cross-sectional research was conducted to assess factors motivating farmers to use low-quality water from the waste stabilisation ponds for food crops irrigation in urban and peri-urban areas in Morogoro Urban and Mvomero, in Morogoro Region, Tanzania, from October 2013 to March 2015. Data were collected through farmers’ survey (n = 80), in-depth interviews with key informants (n = 7) and focus group discussions (n = 4). Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used in results presentation. The findings indicated alternative way of earning income during dry seasons, lack of alternative sources of irrigation water, alternative source of employment, the need to produce food, land availability near the low-quality water, plant nutrients in the water and limited awareness of the health problems associated with low-quality water irrigation as incentives for farmers to irrigate food crops using low-quality water. The results further showed that farming using low-quality water has been their livelihood strategy; farmers meet their family needs such as school fees, health and food by using the income generated from the sale of vegetables and paddy. Regardless of all these benefits, the existing use of lowquality water in farming activities is informal. Besides, there are no regulations guiding its use with no declaration to whether the resource is suitable for food crops irrigation. However, banning the practice on the ground of health risks might be devastating to farmers. This practice should therefore be regulated in such a way that low-quality water disposed from the ponds is considered as a potential source of water for food crops irrigation.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Urban food consumption and associated water resources: The example of Dutch cities 全文
2016
VANHAM Davy | MAK Tsz Ning | GAWLIK Bernd
Urban food consumption and associated water resources: The example of Dutch cities 全文
2016
VANHAM Davy | MAK Tsz Ning | GAWLIK Bernd
Full self-sufficiency in cities is a major concern. Cities import resources for food, water and energy security. They are however key to global sustainability, as they concentrate a rapidly increasing and urbanising population (or number of consumers). In this paper, we analysed the dependency of urban inhabitants on the resource water for food consumption, by means of Dutch cities. We found that in extremely urbanised municipalities like Amsterdam and Rotterdam, people eat more meat and cereals and less potatoes than in other Dutch municipalities. Their current water footprint (WF) related to food consumption is therefore higher (3245 l/cap/day) than in strongly urbanised cities (3126 l/cap/day). Dutch urban citizens who eat too many animal products, crop oils and sugar can reduce their WF (with 29 to 32%) by shifting to a healthier diet. Recommended less meat consumption has the largest impact on the total WF reduction. A shift to a pesco-vegetarian or vegetarian diet would require even less water resources, where the WF can be reduced by 36 to 39% and 40 to 42% respectively. Dutch cities such as Amsterdam have always scored very high in international sustainability rankings for cities, partly due to a long history in integrated (urban) water management in the Netherlands. We argue that such existing rankings only show a certain – undoubtedly very important – part of urban environmental sustainability. To communicate the full picture to citizens, stakeholders and policy makers, indicators on external resource usage need to be employed. The fact that external resource dependency can be altered through changing dietary behaviour should be communicated. | JRC.H.1 - Water Resources
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Urban food consumption and associated water resources: The example of Dutch cities 全文
2016
Vanham, D. | Mak, T.N. | Gawlik, B.M.
Full self-sufficiency in cities is a major concern. Cities import resources for food, water and energy security. They are however key to global sustainability, as they concentrate a rapidly increasing and urbanising population (or number of consumers). In this paper, we analysed the dependency of urban inhabitants on the resource water for food consumption, by means of Dutch cities. We found that in extremely urbanised municipalities like Amsterdam and Rotterdam, people eat more meat and cereals and less potatoes than in other Dutch municipalities. Their current water footprint (WF) related to food consumption is therefore higher (3245l/cap/day) than in strongly urbanised cities (3126l/cap/day). Dutch urban citizens who eat too many animal products, crop oils and sugar can reduce their WF (with 29 to 32%) by shifting to a healthier diet. Recommended less meat consumption has the largest impact on the total WF reduction. A shift to a pesco-vegetarian or vegetarian diet would require even less water resources, where the WF can be reduced by 36 to 39% and 40 to 42% respectively. Dutch cities such as Amsterdam have always scored very high in international sustainability rankings for cities, partly due to a long history in integrated (urban) water management in the Netherlands. We argue that such existing rankings only show a certain – undoubtedly very important – part of urban environmental sustainability. To communicate the full picture to citizens, stakeholders and policy makers, indicators on external resource usage need to be employed. The fact that external resource dependency can be altered through changing dietary behaviour should be communicated.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Impact of water-user associations on water and land productivity, equity, and food security in Tajikistan. Baseline Technical Report 全文
2016
Balasubramanya, Soumya | Buisson, Marie-Charlotte | Saikia, Panchali | MacDonald, K. | Aslamy, Sohrob | Horbulyk, Theodore
Contribution of Water from Food and Fluids to Total Water Intake: Analysis of a French and UK Population Surveys 全文
2016
Isabelle Guelinckx | Gabriel Tavoularis | Jürgen König | Clémentine Morin | Hakam Gharbi | Joan Gandy
Little has been published on the contribution of food moisture (FM) to total water intake (TWI): therefore, the European Food Safety Authority assumed FM to contribute 20%–30% to TWI. The aim of the present analysis was to estimate and compare TWI, the percentage of water from FM and from fluids in population samples of France and UK. Data from 2 national nutrition surveys (Enquête Comportements et Consommations Alimentaires en France (CCAF) 2013 and the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) 2008/2009–2011/2012) were analyzed for TWI and the contribution of water from FM and fluids. Children and adults TWI were significantly lower in France than in the UK. The contribution of water from foods was lower in the UK than in France (27% vs. 36%). As TWI increased, the proportion of water from fluids increased, suggesting that low drinkers did not compensate by increasing intake of water-rich foods. In addition, 80%–90% of the variance in TWI was explained by differences in water intake from fluids. More data on the contribution of FM to TWI is needed to develop more robust dietary recommendations on TWI and guidance on fluid intake for the general public.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Impact of water-user associations on water and land productivity, equity, and food security in Tajikistan. Baseline Technical Report 全文
2016
Balasubramanya, Soumya | Buisson, Marie-Charlotte | Saikia, Panchali | MacDonald, K. | Aslamy, Sohrob | Horbulyk, Theodore M.
Assessing climate change impacts on food security: the role of soil and water 全文
2016
Fereres Castiel, Elías
Trabajo presentado en el 12th Dahlia Greidinger Memorial Symposium (Water-Soil-Nutrients: Integrated Solutions for Assuring Global Food and Water Security), celebrado en Haifa (Israel) del 29 de febrero al 2 de marzo de 2016. | No
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Modeling the agricultural water–energy–food nexus in the Indus River Basin, Pakistan 全文
2016
Yang, Y. C. Ethan; Ringler, Claudia; Brown, Casey; Mondal, Md. Hossain Alam | http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8266-0488 Ringler, Claudia; http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4553-7867 Mondal, Alam
Modeling the agricultural water–energy–food nexus in the Indus River Basin, Pakistan 全文
2016
Yang, Y. C. Ethan; Ringler, Claudia; Brown, Casey; Mondal, Md. Hossain Alam | http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8266-0488 Ringler, Claudia; http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4553-7867 Mondal, Alam
PR | IFPRI3; ISI; PSSP; CRP2; E Building Resilience | EPTD; PIM | CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM)
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Modeling the agricultural water–energy–food nexus in the Indus River Basin, Pakistan 全文
2016
Yang, Y. C. Ethan | Ringler, Claudia | Brown, Casey | Mondal, Md. Hossain Alam
Water use productivity and food security among smallholder homestead food gardening and irrigation crop farmers in North West province, South Africa 全文
2016
Christopher Tshwene | Idowu Oladele
Water use productivity and food security among smallholder homestead food gardening and irrigation crop farmers in North West province, South Africa 全文
2016
Christopher Tshwene | Idowu Oladele
The study analysed water use productivity among smallholder homestead food gardening and irrigation crop farmers in the North West province, South Africa. Home gardening and irrigation constitute the most important rural development investment strategies that can have direct impact on poverty and food security. Using a large sample size technique of n>30, 160 gardeners were selected for the study. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire and subjected to analysis using SPSS. Frequency counts and percentages were used to describe demographics. Multiple regressions were also used to identify determinants. The independent variables were significantly related with an F value of 3.074, P < .05. Also, an R value of 0.506 showed that there is a strong correlation between socio-economic characteristics and water use productivity. The results further predicted R Square 26% of the variation in water use productivity. Five out of sixteen were significant, with three variables being significant at 5% (type of crop, social participation and market outlet) while two variables were significant at 10% (home food security and attitude). Significant determinants of water use productivity were type of cropping (t =-2.443, P =.016), social participation (t =2.599, P = .010), marketing outlets (t = 2.810, P = .006), home food security (t=-1.777, P = .078) and attitude (t = -1.727, P = .086). The results imply that the higher attitude, marketing, home food security, social participation and type of crop, the higher the use of water productivity among farmers. However, insignificant determinants of water use productivity were farming experience (t = 0.571, p=0.569), education (t = -1.048, p = 0.296), land ownership (t = -1.416, p = 0.159) and age (t = -0.782, p = 0.436). The results imply that the lower the farming experience, education skill, land ownership and age, the lower the water productivity use among farmers.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Water use productivity and food security among smallholder homestead food gardening and irrigation crop farmers in North West province, South Africa 全文
2016
Tshwene, Christopher | Oladele, Idowu
The study analysed water use productivity among smallholder homestead food gardening and irrigation crop farmers in the North West province, South Africa. Home gardening and irrigation constitute the most important rural development investment strategies that can have direct impact on poverty and food security. Using a large sample size technique of n>30, 160 gardeners were selected for the study. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire and subjected to analysis using SPSS. Frequency counts and percentages were used to describe demographics. Multiple regressions were also used to identify determinants. The independent variables were significantly related with an F value of 3.074, P < .05. Also, an R value of 0.506 showed that there is a strong correlation between socio-economic characteristics and water use productivity. The results further predicted R Square 26% of the variation in water use productivity. Five out of sixteen were significant, with three variables being significant at 5% (type of crop, social participation and market outlet) while two variables were significant at 10% (home food security and attitude). Significant determinants of water use productivity were type of cropping (t =-2.443, P =.016), social participation (t =2.599, P = .010), marketing outlets (t = 2.810, P = .006), home food security (t=-1.777, P = .078) and attitude (t = -1.727, P = .086). The results imply that the higher attitude, marketing, home food security, social participation and type of crop, the higher the use of water productivity among farmers. However, insignificant determinants of water use productivity were farming experience (t = 0.571, p=0.569), education (t = -1.048, p = 0.296), land ownership (t = -1.416, p = 0.159) and age (t = -0.782, p = 0.436). The results imply that the lower the farming experience, education skill, land ownership and age, the lower the water productivity use among farmers.
显示更多 [+] 显示较少 [-]Water saving potentials and possible trade-offs for future food and energy supply 全文
2016
Damerau, Kerstin | Patt, Anthony G. | van Vliet, Oscar P.R.
The sufficient supply of food and energy requires large amounts of fresh water. Mainly required for irrigation, but also processing and cooling purposes, water is one of the essential resources in both sectors. Rising global population numbers and economic development could likely cause an increase in natural resource demand over the coming decades, while at the same time climate change might lead to lower overall water availability. The result could be an increased competition for water resources mainly in water-stressed regions of the world in the future. In this study we explore a set of possible changes in consumption patterns in the agricultural and energy sector that could be primarily motivated by other goals than water conservation measures—for example personal health and climate change mitigation targets, and estimate the indirect effect such trends would have on global water requirements until 2050. Looking at five world regions, we investigated three possible changes regarding future food preferences, and two possible changes in future resource preferences for electricity and transport fuels. We find that while an increase in food supply as a result of higher protein demand would lead to an increase in water demand as well, this trend could be counteracted by other potential dietary shifts such as a reduction in grains and sugars. In the energy sector we find that an increasing water demand can be limited through specific resource and technology choices, while a significant growth of first-generation biofuels would lead to a drastic rise in water demand, potentially exceeding the water requirements for food supply. Looking at the two sectors together, we conclude that an overall increase in water demand for both food and energy is not inevitable and that changes in food and energy preferences could indeed lead to an alleviation of water resource use despite rising population numbers.
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