Over the coming decades, global change will have an impact on food and water security in significant and highly uncertain ways, and there are strong indications that developing countries will bear the brunt of the adverse consequences, particularly from climate change. This is largely because poverty levels are high, and developing-country capacity to adapt to global change is weak. Furthermore, the rural populations of developing countries—for whom agricultural production is the primary source of direct and indirect employment and income—will be most affected due agriculture’s vulnerability to global change processes. The agricultural sector is the largest consumer of water resources, and variability in water supply has a major influence on health and welfare in poor areas. With water scarcity and extreme weather events expected to increase under climate change, water security could decline significantly in rural areas. Consequently, it is important to understand the impacts of global change (in terms of climate, demography, technology, and so on) on agriculture and natural resources in developing countries and to develop adaptive capacity to respond to these impacts. Moreover, there is a need to develop informed and effective adaptation measures and investment options that can be taken now to alleviate adverse impacts of global change in the future. | Non-PR | IFPRI1; GRP38 | EPTD

Ringler Claudia, 'How can African agriculture adapt to climate change: The impact of climate variability and climate change on water and food outcomes A framework for analysis', , IFPRI, 2008 | IFPRI1; GRP38

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o comportamento alimentar e a qualidade da água em tanques de criação de girinos de rã-touro Rana catesbeiana durante 56 dias, a partir do estágio 25 da Tabela de Gosner (1960), criados em tanques de alvenaria com capacidade de 1000 L. Os girinos que receberam ração (R) e alga + plâncton + ração (APR) apresentaram o melhor peso e sobrevivência, diferindo significativamente (p < 0,05) dos outros tratamentos (somente alga e alga + plâncton). As variáveis físico-químicas da água diferiram significativamente (p < 0,05) durante o período experimental e entre os tratamentos. Foi observada uma relação entre alimento fornecido e aqueles contidos no trato digestório dos girinos (rs = 0,39; p < 0,05). A partir de 14 dias, houve mudança no hábito alimentar dos girinos procurando outros itens alimentares além do plâncton. A utilização de dietas naturais quando combinadas com dieta artificial (ração) proporcionou desenvolvimento satisfatório aos girinos.

Pós-Larvas do camarão Litopenaeus vannamei, na fase de PL9-10 e PL25-26 foram aclimatadas à água doce (0,0 ‰), objetivando promover cultivos em regiões interioranas. Para isso, foram realizados dois experimentos conduzidos em aquários com capacidade útil de 44 litros e densidade de estocagem de 11,36 pós-larvas/L. No experimento 1, foram testadas diferentes concentrações de cal hidratada (0,018 g a 0,031 g) e 2 dietas, formuladas à base de ração comercial para camarão e biomassa de artêmia. No experimento 2, foram testadas 5 dietas com diferentes concentrações de biomassa de artêmia (0% a 100%), inseridas em rações de peixes e camarões. No final do processo de aclimatação, a sobrevivência das póslarvas variou de 40,44% a 98,04%. Concluiu-se que pós-larvas do Litopenaeus vannamei podem ser aclimatadas à água doce e que o aumento da concentração de cal e de artêmia na ração melhoraram significativamente (p < 0,05) os parâmetros zootécnicos da espécie.

The effects of mineral addition in feed or water on performance parameters and heart rate (HR) were evaluated in broilers at 28-35 d and  36 d under both chronic heat stress (CHS) and acute heat stress (AHS) in laboratory conditions. One-hundred ninety two broilers were used, distributed in 6 cages and 4 rooms, according to weight, with 8 animals per cage: four males and four females. For individual measurements, at 21 d, 2 males and 2 females out of 8 broilers were chosen and classified as: heavy male; light male; heavy female and; heavy female. For HR measurement, 48 broilers were used. The assay included 3 treatments (T): T1: A basal diet (BD); T2: BD plus mineral addition in feed; T3: a BD plus mineral addition in water. The experimental design was completely randomized with 4 repetitions/treatment. Composition of the mineral formula used was: NaHCO3 (0.83%); NH4Cl (0.07%); NaCl (0.30%), attaining a final balance of 240 mEq/kg. The following was measured: feed consumption (FC), water consumption (WC) body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion efficiency (FCE), body temperature (BT), HR, hyperventilation level (HL), blood pH, blood gases (BG), and blood electrolytes. The results were analyzed with ANOVA and mortality rate (MR) was evaluated through the Chi-square procedure. The results show that FC, BWG and FCE were similar for all T. The WC for T2 (300±23.0 mL/bird/period) and T3 (290±19.0 mL/bird/period) was higher (P=0,016) than for T1 (220±12 mL/bird/period). The lowest M (15.63 % vs 37.50%) was found in T3 vs T1 (P<0.001). The HR and HL were not affected by T during CHS and AHS. Tachycardia was the result of AHS due to higher environmental temperatures. Assessment of parameters such as cardiac output, blood pressure, stroke volume, total peripheral resistance, electrocardiogram wave morphology is advised to clarify cardiovascular function under heat stress. | Se evaluaron en ambiente semicontrolado, los efectos de adición de minerales en agua o alimento sobre parámetros productivos y frecuencia cardiaca (FC) en pollos de engorde de 28-35 d y 36 d bajo estrés calórico crónico (ECC) y estrés calórico agudo (ECA), respectivamente. Se usó un total de 192 pollos, según peso, distribuidos en 6 corrales y 4 salas, asignándose 8 pollos/corral: cuatro machos y cuatro hembras. A los 21 d, para las medidas individuales, de los 8 pollos se seleccionaron 2 machos y 2 hembras, identificándolos como macho pesado, macho liviano, hembra pesada y hembra liviana. Para FC, se escogieron 48 pollos. El ensayo incluyó 3 tratamientos (T): T1: Alimento balanceado (AB); T2: AB con adición mineral y T3: AB con adición mineral en agua. El diseño utilizado fue completamente al azar con 4 repeticiones/tratamiento. La composición del suplemento mineral fue: NaHCO3 (0,83%); NH4Cl (0,07%) y; NaCl (0,30%) con un balance electrolítico de 240 mEq/kg. Se evaluó consumo de alimento (CAL), consumo de agua (CAG), ganancia de peso (GP), conversión alimenticia (CA), temperatura corporal (TC), nivel dehiperventilación (NH), FC, gases y  electrólitos en sangre, y mortalidad (M). Los datos fueron analizados mediante ANAVAR. Se usó Chi cuadrado para calcular el porcentaje de mortalidad. Los resultados muestran que CAL, GP y CA fueron similares en todos los T. El CAG en T2 (300 ± 23,0 mL/pollo/período) y T3 (290±19,0 mL/pollo/período) fue mayor (P=0,016) que T1 (220±12 mL/pollo/período). La menor M (15,63 % vs 37,50 %) se produjo entre T3 vs T1 (P<0,001). Los T no afectaron NH ni FC durante ECC y ECA. En todos los T hubo taquicardia significativa (P<0,001) solamente en ECA, debido a mayores temperaturas ambientales. Se recomienda determinar gasto cardiaco, presión arterial, volumen de eyección, resistencia periférica total y morfología de ondas del electrocardiograma, para clarificar la función cardiovascular en condiciones de estrés calórico.

The effects of two benthivorous fishes, common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and calbasu (Labeo calbasu), on bottom soil resuspension, water quality, nutrient accumulations, fish diet and growth of rohu (Labeo rohita) were compared. In this study, individual tanks receiving bottom soil and water from a central pond were used to more naturally simulate rohu polyculture pond conditions. Two treatment combinations were performed in triplicate for 4 weeks: 6 rohu plus 3 common carp per tank and 6 rohu plus 3 calbasu per tank. Resuspension of bottom soil, free CO₂, and nitrogen and phosphorous concentrations in the water column were greater in the tanks with common carp while dissolved oxygen, pH, and total alkalinity were lower. Common carp increased the % nitrogen and % phosphorous accumulation in plankton and fish, while these nutrients were reduced in benthic macroinvertebrates and bottom soil. Gut contents of harvested calbasu contained a combination of benthic macroinvertebrates and zooplankton, rohu contained phytoplankton and zooplankton, and common carp contained almost entirely (82%) macroinvertebrates. Rohu shifted from zooplankton to phytoplankton when competition for zooplankton was higher in calbasu tanks. Since common carp preferred benthic macroinvertebrates they overlapped little with rohu for food. Common carp increased the harvesting weight and growth rate of rohu and thus had greater potential than calbasu to increase yields for rohu polyculture farmers.

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho de búfalas lactantes alimentadas com diferentes fontes de lipídeo. Utilizaram-se 12 búfalas distribuídas aleatoriamente em quatro tratamentos: sem lipídeo adicional; grão de soja; caroço de algodão; e óleo de soja. O período experimental total foi de 84 dias, com quatro períodos de 21 dias (14 dias para a adaptação e 7 para coleta). A dieta foi fornecida à vontade, duas vezes ao dia, na forma de mistura completa. Nos dias de coleta de cada período, foram determinadas as produções de leite em kg/dia e as produções ajustadas para 4% de gordura. Foram coletados 4 kg de lete para produção de queijo tipo mussarela. Após a elaboração da mussarela, determinou-se o rendimento em relação ao leite in natura e corrigido para 4% de gordura. As fontes de lipídeo não influenciaram a produção diária de leite das búfalas, mas afetaram a produção de leite corrigida para 4% de gordura, que foi maior nas búfalas que receberam a dieta com grão de soja. O rendimento do leite para produção de mussarela foi maior quando fornecida a dieta com óleo de soja. Os custos de alimentação, por dia e total (84 dias), foram maiores para a dieta com caroço de algodão, seguida da dieta com óleo de soja e pelas dietas sem lipídeos adicionais e com grão de soja. A lucratividade com a venda do leite foi maior para a dieta com grão de soja, com óleo de soja, sem lipídio adicional e com caroço de algodão, respectivamente, e com a venda de mussarella foi maior para a dieta com óleo de soja. Como o principal produto do leite de búfala é a mozzarella, os resultados sugerem que das dietas estudadas, aquela com óleo de soja seria a mais adequada para a alimentação de búfalas leiteiras.<br>The objective was to evaluate the performance of lactating water buffalo fed diets with different fat sources. Twelve lactating water buffaloes were randomly distributed in four diets: without additional fat, soybean seed, cottonseed and soybean oil. The experimental period was 84 days, with four periods of 21 days (14 days for diet adaptation and 7 days for sample collections. The diets were fullfed, twice daily, as total mixed ration. At sample collections period, milk yield (kg/day) and 4% fat corrected milk (4%FCM) yield were evaluated. Four kg of milk were collected for mozzarella type cheese production. After mozzarella cheese production, it was determined the efficiency in relation to milk in natura and milk 45FCM. The fat sources did not affect daily milk production of water buffalo cows, however affected the 4%FCM, which was higher in the water buffalo cows that was fed diet with soybean seed. The efficiency of milk for Mozzarella production was higher for soybean oil diet. Feeding costs, per day and total (84 days) were higher for the diet with cottonseed, followed by soybean oil, without additional fat and soybean seed. The profitability for the milk sale was higher for diet with soybean grain, soybean oil, without additional lipid and with cottonseed, respectively, and for mozzarella sail was higher for soybean oil. As the main buffalo milk product is the mozzarella, results suggested that the diet with soybean oil content would be the best for lactating water buffalo.

Avaliaram-se o teor de ácido linoléico conjugado (CLA) e o perfil de ácidos graxos no músculo e na capa de gordura de novilhos bubalinos alimentados com diferentes fontes de lipídios. Utilizaram-se 12 animais castrados, da raça Murrah, com peso vivo de 306&plusmn;8kg, submetidos aos tratamentos sem lipídeo adicional, grão de soja e óleo de soja, confinados durante 84 dias. Após o abate a carcaça foi resfriada a 5ºC, durante 24 horas. Foi feita secção entre a nona e a 11ª costelas da meia carcaça direita, de onde se separou músculo e capa de gordura, analisadas as concentrações de CLA e de ácidos graxos, por cromatografia gasosa. O fornecimento de óleo de soja resultou em maior concentração de CLA no músculo e na capa de gordura, e a adição de óleo de soja menores concentrações de ácidos graxos saturados, principalmente os ácidos mirístico e palmítico. Os animais que receberam a dieta com grão de soja integral também apresentaram menor teor de CLA e redução nas concentrações de mirístico e palmítico. Esses efeitos foram observados somente na capa de gordura e em menor intensidade.<br>The effect of different fat sources on fatty acid concentrations in the muscle and in the fat layer of water buffalo steers was studied. Twelve water buffalo steers weighting 306&plusmn;8kg, fed without additional fat, soybean grain or soybean oil and confined during 84 days were used. The animals were slaughtered after 16-hours-fasting and the carcass was cooled at 5ºC, for 24 hours. A section was extracted between 9th and 11th ribs from the right half carcass and this section was separated in bone, muscle and fat layer. In the last two fractions, the fatty acids, including conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), were quantified by gaseous chromatography. The soybean oil provided higher CLA concentrations in the steers muscle and fat layer. Moreover, the soybean oil inclusion promoted lower saturated fatty acids contents, mainly miristic and palmitic acids. There was also increase in CLA concentrations and decrease in miristic and palmitic acids contents in the fat layer of the animals fed soybean grain diet. However, these effects were more moderate than those observed for the diet with soybean oil.