Nach der Bestandsaufnahme der tatsachlichen Abwassersituation eines Betriebes und den durchzufuhrenden innerbetrieblichen Massnahmen zur Verringerung der Abwasserbelastung muss die Zielsetzung "eigene Vorreinigung", "Einkauf bei kommunalen Abwasserreinigungsanlagen" oder "Vollreinigung" anhand von Kosten- und Systemvergleichen klar definiert werden. Im ersten Teil werden verschiedene Moglichkeit der Vorreinigung von Abwasser vorgestellt. Dazu zahlen die mechanische Vorbereitung,die biologische Neutralisation sowie die Neutralisation mit Ausgleichsmassnahmen. Fur Abwasser der Mokerei- und Getrankeindustrie eignen sich vor allem anaerobe Vorreinigungsverfahren. Eine anaerobe Biofilteranlage wird beschrieben. Die Systemauswahl richtet sich nach den individuellen Anforderungen des jeweiligen Lebensmittel- und Getrankebetriebs, den spezifischen derzeitigen und zu erwartenden Abwasserkosten, den Zukunftsperspektiven und der Lage des Betriebes.

14 pages, 4 figures, 4 tables | Estimates of the daily ration consumed by decapod assemblages were obtained from 2 continuous sampling cycles conducted over the middle and lower slope (610-710 m and 1178-1240 m depth respectively) of the Catalan Sea (NW Mediterranean). Annual food consumption by decapods decreased from 82.2 mg dry weight (DW) m-2 yr-1 on the middle slope to 20.4 mg DW m-2 yr-1 on the lower slope. Additionally, from literature sources, the food consumption by fishes and the secondary production of macrobenthos and macroplankton were assessed for our deep-sea area. Combining the food consumption of megafauna (decapod crustaceans plus fishes), a model of the food supply-food consumption balance was proposed for the middle slope, the only depth stratum for which adequate information exists. On the middle slope, annual food consumption by megafauna amounted to 160 mg DW m-2 yr-1 while secondary production by the dominant macrobenthic taxa (suprabenthos, epibenthos and infauna) was estimated at 150 mg DW m-2 yr-1. Benthos was the main contributor to the food supply in our megafaunal mid-slope communities. The mean annual contribution of macroplankton was secondary, although it can be seasonally important. Euphausiids were the dominant macroplankton taxon over the middle slope, and only 10.6% of their secondary production (7.3 mg DW m-2 yr-1) was estimated to be consumed by decapods, whereas the total estimated euphausiid production consumed by our mid-bathyal community hardly attained 20%. Our results showed a tight equilibrium between food consumption and food supply on the middle slope. Estimated food consumption by midslope megafauna (0.059 g C m-2 yr-1) is equivalent to calculated values for production by benthic and suprabenthic macrofauna. This value is also consistent with estimates of mid-slope organic carbon through sedimentation (1.8 g C m-2 yr-1), after correcting for metabolism by benthos (from macrofauna to sediment bacteria). These results are consistent with the commonly accepted idea that food is the main limiting factor in deep-sea trophic webs | Peer Reviewed

Information on the macronutrient composition of the diet is needed in doubly labeled water studies to convert measured rates of carbon dioxide production into values for total energy expenditure. There is no general consensus, however, about the best method to determine food intake for this purpose. Four common methods of measuring food intake (7-day weighed food intake, 24-hour recall, and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/Block and Willett food frequency questionnaires) were tested for their ability to provide comparable food quotient and total energy expenditure data in doubly labeled water studies in 10 young and 10 older women. All methods gave mean values for total energy expenditure that were within 1% of each other. Individual values obtained using the 24-hour recall and food frequency questionnaires were within +/-3% (standard deviation) of values determined using data from the 7-day weighed food record. These results suggest that it is not necessary to use time-consuming and expensive 7-day food records in doubly labeled water studies; instead, food intake data obtained more easily by 24-hour recall or food frequency questionnaire can provide comparable data.

A molecular epidemiology study of Salmonella serotype Enteritidis was carried out by ribotyping performed with a mixture of PstI and SphI (PS ribotyping), and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) typing conducted with the OPB17 primer. A series, including 38 food and 25 water strains, which were epidemiologically unrelated and collected in Spain over 1985-1996, was differentiated into 20 PS ribotypes [discrimination index (DI) = 0.67], RAPD types (DI = 0.28), and by combining both methods into 23 genomic groups (DI = 0.76). With ribotyping data from the strains tested in this and in a previous work, including clinical and reference strains, a similarity dendrogram was traced and the subsequent branches and groupings were correlated with RAPD types, phage types and sources of origin. At a similarity level of 55%, a major cluster (grouping five subclusters and three single branches) and two minor clusters were revealed. Results supported the fact that organisms representing, at least, 40 genomic groups are currently circulating in Spain, but that only the organisms of five groups predominate and these fall into a single subcluster or lineage. Organisms of these five groups could be considered endemic, associated with food-borne human infections and, for epidemiological purposes, can be differentiated by phage typing. The most frequent phage types can be subdivided into genomic groups. Organisms of the prevalent genomic groups and several less frequent ones were mainly associated with poultry transmission and gastroenteritis as the major clinical forms, while organisms of another two frequent, groups were mainly associated with extra-intestinal infections, and organisms of four infrequent groups were only collected from sewage or environmental waters.