El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer, a nivel de cuenca, el volumen de agua utilizado por las bodegas de Mendoza, el que se obtiene principalmente desde acuíferos. Dicha información puede ser utilizada para el cálculo del balance hídrico en el contexto del uso industrial del agua. Para realizar las estimaciones se utilizaron datos de elaboración de vino del Instituto Nacional de Vitivinicultura. A la producción de vino por cuenca se le aplicaron coeficientes de litros de agua utilizada por litros de vino elaborado, obtenidos de las entrevistas a informantes calificados y a partir de bibliografía local e internacional. Dichos coeficientes varían entre 1,5 y 6 litros de agua/litro de vino, los que no incluyen el uso de agua para riego en fincas. Para analizar el impacto en la eficiencia del uso del agua, los resultados se sensibilizaron para tres valores de coeficiente. Se estima que las bodegas de Mendoza utilizan entre 1,66 y 6,66 hm3/año, según sea la eficiencia del uso del agua. Del total de agua que utilizan, el 85,2% proviene de la cuenca norte, la que comprende el río Mendoza y el Tramo Inferior del Río Tunuyan. | El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer, a nivel de cuenca, el volumen de agua utilizado por las bodegas de Mendoza, el que se obtiene principalmente desde acuíferos. Dicha información puede ser utilizada para el cálculo del balance hídrico en el contexto del uso industrial del agua. Para realizar las estimaciones se utilizaron datos de elaboración de vino del Instituto Nacional de Vitivinicultura. A la producción de vino por cuenca se le aplicaron coeficientes de litros de agua utilizada por litros de vino elaborado, obtenidos de las entrevistas a informantes calificados y a partir de bibliografía local e internacional. Dichos coeficientes varían entre 1,5 y 6 litros de agua/litro de vino, los que no incluyen el uso de agua para riego en fincas. Para analizar el impacto en la eficiencia del uso del agua, los resultados se sensibilizaron para tres valores de coeficiente. Se estima que las bodegas de Mendoza utilizan entre 1,66 y 6,66 hm3/año, según sea la eficiencia del uso del agua. Del total de agua que utilizan, el 85,2% proviene de la cuenca norte, la que comprende el río Mendoza y el Tramo Inferior del Río Tunuyan.

Nitrogen (N) pollution in shallow groundwater within the Jianghan Plain—a depositional basin along the Yangtze River in China—is a serious issue affecting the local water supply. There is little concern regarding temporal variation patterns of groundwater N in regions with intensive groundwater/surface-water interactions thus far. In this study, a 2-year field monitoring program and a set of incubation experiments were jointly applied to characterize the seasonal variation mechanisms of groundwater N. Groundwater monitoring suggested that temporal N variations in monitoring wells of 25 and 10-m depth were correlated with fluctuations in water levels, with lower NH₄-N and higher NO₃⁻-N concentrations corresponding to groundwater discharge during the dry season, and with higher NH₄-N and lower NO₃⁻-N concentrations corresponding to groundwater recharge during the wet season. Batch sediment incubation experiments showed that buried organic carbon in sediments from the field site could not promote NH₄-N release, but exogenous organic carbon and oxidant input could catalyze organic N mineralization, resulting in NH₄-N release. Nevertheless, NO₃⁻-N release was limited in all incubations. Thus, the temporal variation patterns could be divided into (1) groundwater N in type-1 wells (25 and 10 m), controlled by the annual reversal of groundwater flow gradient, which determined whether there was input of exogenous organic carbon or oxidants, ultimately affecting organic N mineralization, denitrification and other transformation processes, and (2) groundwater N in type-2 wells (<4 m depth), which showed no significant seasonal variation, implying the process is mainly controlled by surface inputs in the shallower subsurface.

The fossil record of Mexican freshwater fishes, although scarce, has increased in recent years. These fossils are known in 39 localities, 4 of which are Cretaceous and carry remains of cf. †Melvius sp., Amiidae, Lepisosteidae and †Ceratodus sp., groups no longer recorded as fossil material in subsequent periods. The remaining localities belong to the Cenozoic Era (Oligocene to Pleistocene) and contain modern faunas; most of them are located in the Mexican Volcanic Belt and most are from Pleistocene deposits. The diversity of fossil fish includes 12 families and at least 26 genera, and 39 species. Only some of the latter are known as fossils. The position of the Cenozoic localities in relation to existing drainage and fish communities suggests events of change in the hydrology for some recent basins. In order to broaden the knowledge on this group of fishes, it is required to perform active prospective work in less explored areas such as Northern endorheic drainages and Southern tropical basins of Mexico, in addition to applying finer recovery and study techniques, as well as incorporating new procedures for, among others, molecular and isotopic analyses.

The objective of this paper is to get to know the amount of water used by the canned tomato and peach industries in Mendoza, Argentina, at basin level. To this end, the raw material was calculated using data on cultivated area and yields provided by the Registro Permanente de Uso de la Tierra de Mendoza y del Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Water volume coefficients per unit of processed raw material ranged from 5 to 25 kg-1 of processed product (excluding irrigation water use in farms). Results were analyzed for different coefficient values related to water use efficiency under optimistic and pessimistic scenarios. It is concluded that the canned tomato and peach industries in Mendoza use between 0.66 and 6.15 hm3/year. The largest amount of water used by the tomato industry is drawn from the Northern basin, reaching 64.9% of the total volume required by such industries. The largest amount of water used by the peach industry is drawn from the Southern basin, reaching 46% of the total volume required by such industries. | El objetivo de este trabajo es conocer, a nivel de cuenca, el volumen de agua utilizado por las industrias de elaboración de conservas de tomate y de durazno de Mendoza. Para ello se estima la materia prima utilizada en la elaboración de estas conservas a partir de datos de superficie cultivada para tal destino y de rendimientos por superficie obtenidos en el Registro Permanente de Uso de la Tierra de Mendoza y el Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Se emplearon coeficientes de volumen de agua utilizada por unidad de materia prima procesada, que varían entre 5 y 25 L kg-1 de producto procesado, sin incluir el uso de agua para riego en fincas. Los resultados se analizaron para diferentes valores de coeficientes asociados a la eficiencia del uso del agua, en escenarios optimista y pesimista. Se concluye que las industrias elaboradoras de conservas de tomate y de durazno de Mendoza utilizan entre 0,66 y 6,15 hm3/año. El mayor consumo de agua de las conserveras de tomate ocurre en la cuenca Norte, alcanzando el 64,9% del total demandado por tales industrias. Para las conserveras de durazno, el mayor consumo se produce en la cuenca Sur con un 46% de total demandado.

The suitability of a combined water system (CWS) is assessed for meeting drinking-water demand for the city of Arkhangelsk (northwestern Russian Federation), instead of using the polluted surface water of the Northern Dvina River. An appropriate aquifer system (Permilovo groundwater basin) was found and explored in the 1980s, and there were plans then to operate an abstraction scheme using traditional pumping methods. However, the 1980s planned water system was abandoned due to projected impermissible stream depletion such that complete interception of the cone of depression with the riverbed would cause the riverbed to become dry. The design of a CWS is now offered as an approach to addressing this environmental problem. Several sets of major pumping wells associated with the CWS are located on the banks of Vaymuga River and induce infiltration from the stream. The deficiency of the stream flow in dry seasons is compensated for by pumping from aquifer storage. A numerical model was constructed using MODFLOW-2000. The results of the simulation showed the efficiency of the compensation pumping. The streamflow depletion caused by the CWS is equal to the minimum permissible stream flow and is lower than the depletion projected by the abandoned plan. Application of the CWS in the Permilovo groundwater basin makes it possible to meet water demands during water-limited periods and to avoid environmental problems.

Este trabajo es un diagnóstico preliminar del estado actual del recurso hídrico de la parte alta de las cuencas hídricas Juan Cojo y El Salado, ubicadas en la vertiente Noreste del Valle de Aburrá, en jurisdicción del municipio de Girardota (6º 20.951' N, 75º 27.199' W), entre los 1900 y 2550 msnm. sobre la cordillera Central, mediante la realización de una campaña muestreo y aforo los días 10, 11, 17 y 19 de agosto de 2004. El estudio comprende la evaluación fisicoquímica y microbiológica del agua de treinta sitios perturbados y no perturbados por las actividades agropecuarias de la zona. Los resultados muestran que todos los puntos, a excepción de uno, presentan contaminación microbiológica con coliformes totales y fecales, lo que evidencia la existencia de ciertas deficiencias locales en la forma de disposición de desechos líquidos de tipo doméstico y agropecuario. Por otro lado, de los análisis fisicoquímicos y el cálculo del Índice de Calidad del Agua -ICA-, se concluye que las corrientes poseen características típicas de aguas pertenecientes a la parte baja de cuencas no intervenidas, es decir, aunque su grado de contaminación no es alarmante, no poseen las características propias de nacimientos y/o aguas ubicadas en las partes altas de una cuenca, encontrándose algunas estaciones de muestreo con condiciones mesoeutróficas.<br>This work is a preliminary diagnosis of the actual state of the high-mountain water sources located in the Juan Cojo’s and El Salado’s basins of the NE side of the Aburrá valley; both belong to the Girardota municipality (6º 20.951' N, 75º 27.199' W), between 1900 and 2500 meter above sea level, in the central mountain chain. In order to achieve this work, several samples were taken in august 10, 11, 17 and 19 of 2004. This preliminary study includes the physicochemical and mirobiological evaluation of 30 sampling points. Just one of the 30 sampling points exhibited absence of microbiological pollution due to fecal and total coliforms. This fact suggests bad practices in the final disposal of domestic and farming water residuals. In the other hand, the physicochemical and the ICA (water quality index) evaluation reveal that the sampled water sources exhibit typical characteristics of common low-mountain, non-polluted water sources. In other words, although pollution levels found in those water sources are not alarming, they do not exhibit the typical pollution levels found in natural high-mountain waters, as they should; even we could find some sampling points with meso-eutrophic conditions.

Interest in both environmental impact and potential beneficial uses of produced water (PW) has increased with growth in unconventional oil and gas production, especially in semi-arid regions, e.g. the Permian Basin, the most productive tight-oil region in the USA. Characterization of PW compositional variability is needed to evaluate environmental impact, treatment, and reuse potential. Geochemical variability of PW from Guadalupian (Middle Permian) to Ordovician formations was statistically and geostatistically evaluated in the western half of the Permian Basin (Delaware Basin, Central Basin Platform, and Northwest Shelf) using the US Geological Survey’s Produced Waters Geochemical Database and the New Mexico Water and Infrastructure Data System. Mean total dissolved solids (TDS) of PW increased with depth in the Delaware Basin and Central Basin Platform to the Delaware and Wolfcamp formations (Guadalupian age). Mean TDS decreased with further increases in depth. In contrast, the mean salinity of PW was significantly higher within the shallow, younger formations (largest mean TDS in the Artesia Formation); TDS decreased with depth below Guadalupian age formations in the Northwest Shelf. Kriged contour maps of TDS and major ions illustrated spatial variability across the three geo-structural regions as a function of depth. The occurrence of meteoric waters in upper and deeper formations across the three regions was significant, and was attributed to Laramide Orogeny and Basin and Range extension uplifting and tilting effects and recent water flooding. These results quantify PW composition variability, and suggest that upon treatment, PW would support some uses such as onsite reuse and mining.

New explorations in the desert of northeastern Zacatecas, in central-northern Mexico, revealed dozens of archaeological and geoarchaeological sites. One of them, Ojo de Agua, contains the remains of a Pleistocene spring-fed hydrographic system located at the southeastern end of a large elongated endorheic basin. The locality yielded a particularly dark, highly organic stratigraphic layer commonly known in the Americas as Black Mat (BM), exposed on the natural profiles of a creek, but not associated with cultural materials. Several radiocarbon assessments confirmed the formation of the Ojo de Agua Black Mat during the Younger Dryas chronozone, with ten calibrated results clustering between 12,700–12,100 cal BP. This multi-proxy study confirmed the peculiarity of the deposit and found similarities and differences with other contexts of Younger Dryas age. The Ojo de Agua Black Mat (stratum C2) is far richer in charcoal specks than the related strata, but lacks phytoliths, diatoms or ostracods. No further biological remains were found in it, except for intrusive capillary roots. Clearly water-lain in a shallow pond, the stratum qualifies as a clayey silt with an acidic-to-neutral pH. Rich in heavy metals and with high contents of titanium, the Ojo de Agua Black Mat yielded significant indicators of intense wildfires during the Younger Dryas, but produced no carbon spherules or nanodiamonds supposedly linked to the impact theory.

The widely used groundwater flow model MODFLOW offers a range of software packages to simulate the interaction between streams and groundwater in aquifer systems. However, these existing packages lack a general method to address the chaotic simulation sequences of stream segments and require these segments to be ordered by modelers as input to the code. Therefore, it is challenging to simulate a stream network divided into a large number of segments such as a canal irrigation system. In this study, the Streamflow Automatic Routing (SAR) package was developed, and an effective method is proposed to automatically determine the segment simulation sequence. The stream segment order in the SAR input file is arbitrary, which allows modifications of the stream network by removing segments directly and adding segments at the end of the segment group. This mainly includes two processes: scanning all the outlet channels of the water system and calling the recursive algorithm for each outlet channel of the water system. The SAR package was tested using a hypothetical stream–aquifer system and applied to a complex flow field in Aiding Lake of Turpan Basin, China. In the results, a close fitting between the simulation and observations shows that the SAR package precisely simulated the exchange flux between the steams and aquifer. The SAR package can significantly improve the efficiency of simulations in a complex stream network, and it can be widely used as a subroutine package of MODFLOW in agricultural irrigation areas where rivers and canals are interlaced.

A new species of Astyanax is described from the upper Rio Paraguai basin, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. The new species can be distinguished from congeners by having the body intensely yellowish in life (v. silvery, reddish or lightly yellow) and by morphometric and meristics traits. Astyanax dolinae n. sp. cannot be assigned to any of the Astyanax species complex currently recognized for the genus. It is only known from the Dolina Água Milagrosa, a karstic sinkhole lake, entirely fed by groundwater, surrounded by Cerrado, the savannah‐like vegetation of central South America.