En los cultivos hortícolas establecidos en la Sabana de Bogotá los productores desarrollan actividades de riego utilizando las aguas del río Bogotá a través del distrito de riego La Ramada, que cubre unas 6.400 ha. Su uso ha generado una problemática de contaminación en las especies hortícolas causando deterioro de la calidad de los productos que en su mayoría son consumidos en fresco. El presente estudio se desarrolló en plantaciones de lechuga ('Coolguard'), apio ('Tall Utah'), repollo (híbrido Delus) y brócoli (híbrido Legacy) en una finca en Soacha (vereda Canoas), Cundinamarca, ubicada en la cuenca media del río Bogotá, analizando los niveles de metales pesados plomo (Pb), cadmio (Cd), arsénico (As) y mercurio (Hg) en agua, suelo y en la parte comestible de las plantas. Se encontró que las concentraciones de Cd en el agua del riego estuvieron cercanas a los límites establecidos por las normas vigentes nacionales e internacionales, mientras que los niveles en el suelo de las dos plantaciones estuvieron dentro del rango normal. La lechuga y el apio, a los 74 días después transplante, con 0,40 y 0,43 mg kg-1 peso fresco, respectivamente, presentaron contaminación con Cd superando el límite de la norma de la Unión Europea. Se discuten las posibles razones agroecológicas, fisiológicas y de muestreo para este comportamiento. En las cuatro hortalizas, la concentración de Pb superó la concentración máxima permitida en alimentos para lactantes y niños de corta edad establecida por la Unión Europea. En general, la lechuga acumuló niveles más altos de metales pesados que las otras tres especies. Palabras clave adicionales: lechuga, apio, repollo, brócoli, contaminación, cadmio, plomo, arsénico, mercurio. | In horticultural crops established in the Colombian Bogota Plateau, farmers develop activities of irrigation utilizing water of the Bogota river through the Irrigation District 'La Ramada' which is covering 6,400 ha of land. This water use generated a problem of contamination in these crops causing quality deterioration of the produce, which in mainly consumed freshly. The present study was carried out in plantations of lettuce ('Coolguard') celery ('Tall Utah'), cabbage (Delus hybrid) and broccoli (Legacy hybrid) in a farm in Soacha (Canoas vereda), Cundinamarca province. The farm is located in the middle part of the Bogota river and the heavy metals lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg) in water, soil and edible part of plants were analyzed. It was found that concentrations of Cd in the irrigation water were near the limits established by national and international legal standards. Heavy metal levels of the soil in the two plantations were in the normal range. Lettuce and celery plants, at 74 days after transplanting, with 0.40 and 0.43 mg kg-1 fresh weight, respectively, were contaminated with Cd exceeding the limits of the European Union norms. Possible agroecological, physiological and sampling reasons for this behavior are discussed. In the four vegetables lead contents exceeded the maximum allowed concentration in foods for children still on milk-feeded and young children, established by the European Union. En general, lettuce plants accumulated higher levels of heavy metals than the other three vegetable species. Additional key words: lettuce, celery, cabbage, broccoli, contamination, heavy metals, cadmium, lead,arsenic, mercury.

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli tuottaa kansainvälisesti vertailtavaa tietoa suomalaisten viljelymaiden hivenalkuaineista. Aineistona käytettiin maanäytteitä, jotka oli kerätty kansallisen seurantaohjelman viimeisimmässä näytteiden keruussa vuonna 1998. Kyseisestä aineistosta valittiin 338 maanäytettä, jotka edustivat tasaisesti koko Suomen viljeltyä aluetta. Kukin näyte oli otettu neljänä osanäytteenä pellon muokkauskerroksesta. Näytteistä analysoitiin arseeni (As), kadmium (Cd), kromi (Cr), kupari (Cu), lyijy (Pb), elohopea (Hg), nikkeli (Ni), seleeni (Se), vanadiini (V) ja sinkki (Zn). Analyysi tehtiin kansainvälisen standardimenetelmän ISO 11466:n mukaisesti käyttäen kuningasvesiuuttoa (aqua regia). Tuloksista laskettiin tärkeimmät tilastolliset parametrit maalajiryhmittäin ja kasvinviljelyvyöhykkeittäin. Hivenalkuaineiden jakautumisesta pitoisuusluokkiin muotoiltiin graafiset esitykset ja pitoisuuksien maantieteellisestä jakaumasta teemakartat. Tutkimus oli osa vuosina 2004 2007 toteutettua, Maa- ja metsätalousministeriön rahoittamaa yhteistutkimushanketta Raskasmetallikuormitusten arviointi ja vähentäminen Suomen maatalousekosysteemeissä . Hankkeen tavoitteena oli ensinnäkin selvittää viljelymaiden raskasmetallipitoisuuksia valtakunnallisesti käyttäen kuningasvesiuuttoa. Toiseksi tutkittiin kasvinviljely- ja maidontuotantotilojen viljelymaan raskasmetallipitoisuuksia kuningasvesiuutteesta ja hapan (pH 4,65) ammoniumasetaatti-EDTA -uutteesta siten, että näytteet otettiin muokkauskerroksesta ja jankosta. Kolmanneksi hankkeessa analysoitiin raskasmetallien tilakohtaisia peltotaseita kasvinviljely- ja maidontuotantotiloilla. | This study was part of a three-year (2004-2007) project entitled Assessment and reduction of heavy metal inputs into Finnish agro-ecosystems that was funded by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in Finland. The aims of the project were to clarify: 1) aqua regia extractable trace elements in Finnish cultivated soils with the international standard method at a national level; 2) aqua regia and AAAc-EDTA extractable trace elements in the top- and subsoil of Finnish arable land at selected crop and dairy farms; and 3) field mass balances of trace elements on the selected crop and dairy farms at the farm level. The main aim of this study was to produce internationally comparable knowledge on the status of cultivated soils in Finland. From the soil material collected during the latest sampling process under the national monitoring programme in 1998, 338 samples were selected for this investigation. The sampling sites were situated evenly over the whole cultivated area in Finland. Samples taken as four sub-samples from the plough layer were analysed for arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), vanadium (V) and zinc (Zn) using aqua regia extraction according to an international standard method (ISO 11466). General statistical indicators of the analytical results of trace element concentrations are presented by soil type groups and by plant cultivation zones. Distributions of the results into the concentration classes are shown graphically and geographical distributions of the trace element concentrations are presented on the thematic maps. | v | ok | Myynti MTT, Tietopalvelut 31600 Jokioinen. Yksikön huom.: MAA, MPL | MPL | Viljelymaiden seurantaohjelma Suomessa Hivenalkuaineiden kokonaispitoisuudet peltomaissa : vuonna 1998

There was a report of health challenges in our study area due to the consumption of water from wells sited in the community. The research was aimed at assessing the water quality parameters of the wells consumed by the villagers towards providing information on the possible health implication(s) of its consumption. Two sampling sites were selected, well 1 and well 2, which were hitherto the sole sources of water in the village. Physicochemical and microbiological quality parameters of samples were done in order to assess their conformance with the specification of Nigerian Standard for drinking water quality (NIS 554-2015). The results indicated that all physical water quality parameters have their mean concentration values below the maximum permissible limits, except colour which had total mean concentrations of 16.5 ± 0.65 TCU and 15.3 ± 0.65 TCU for well 1 and well 2 respectively, are relatively above the allowable unit range of 15 TCU (NIS-554-2015). The water quality assessment of wells also revealed high concentration of Cadmium (0.11 mg L-1 and 0.16 mg L-1, for well 1 and 2 respectively as against 0.003 mg L-1 specified by standard) and Magnesium (185 mg L-1 and 105 mg L-1 for well 1 and 2 respectively as against the maximum permissible limit of 20 mg L-1 specified by the standard). The microbial values of samples fall below the maximum permissible limit prescribed by the NIS standard. From the study, it was concluded that the presence of Cadmium in the well waters indicated that the water is unfit for consumption. | La investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar los parámetros de calidad del agua de los pozos consumidos por los pobladores para brindar información sobre las posibles implicaciones para la salud de su consumo. Se seleccionaron dos sitios de muestreo, el pozo 1 y el pozo 2, que hasta ese momento eran las únicas fuentes de agua en el pueblo. Se realizaron parámetros de calidad fisicoquímicos y microbiológicos de las muestras para evaluar su cumplimiento con la especificación del Estándar Nigeriano para la Calidad del Agua Potable (NIS 554-2015). Los resultados indicaron que todos los parámetros físicos de la calidad del agua tienen sus valores de concentración promedio por debajo de los límites máximos permitidos, a excepción del color que tuvo concentraciones promedio totales de 16.5 ± 0.65 TCU y 15.3 ± 0.65 TCU para el pozo 1 y el pozo 2 respectivamente, están relativamente por encima del rango permitido de 15 unidades TCU (NIS-554-2015). La evaluación de la calidad del agua de los pozos también reveló una alta concentración de Cadmio (0.11 mg L-1 y 0.16 mg L-1, para el pozo 1 y 2, respectivamente, contra 0.003 mg L-1 especificado por la norma) y Magnesio (185 mg L-1 y 105 mg L-1 para pozo 1 y 2 respectivamente, con relación al límite máximo permitido de 20 mg L-1 especificado por la norma). Los valores microbianos de las muestras están por debajo del límite máximo permisible prescrito por la norma NIS. Del estudio se concluyó que la presencia de Cadmio en el agua de los pozos indica que el agua no es apta para el consumo. | A pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar os parâmetros de qualidade da água dos poços consumidos pelos moradores para fornecer informações sobre as possíveis implicações para a saúde de seu consumo. Dois locais de amostragem foram selecionados, poço 1 e poço 2, que até então eram as únicas fontes de água na aldeia. Parâmetros de qualidade físico-química e microbiológica das amostras, foram realizados para avaliar a sua conformidade com a especificação da Norma Nigeriana para a qualidade da água potável (NIS 554-2015). Os resultados indicaram que todos os parâmetros físicos de qualidade da água estão com seus valores médios de concentração abaixo dos limites máximos permitidos, exceto a cor que teve concentrações médias totais de 16,5 ± 0,65 TCU e 15,3 ± 0,65 TCU para o poço 1 e poço 2 respectivamente, estão relativamente acima do permitido faixa de unidade de 15 TCU (NIS-554-2015). A avaliação da qualidade da água dos poços também revelou alta concentração de Cádmio (0,11 mg L-1 e 0,16 mg L-1, para poço 1 e 2, respectivamente, contra 0,003 mg L-1 especificado pela norma) e Magnésio (185 mg L-1 e 105 mg L-1 para poço 1 e 2 respectivamente, em relação ao limite máximo permitido de 20 mg L-1 especificado pela norma). Os valores microbianos das amostras ficam abaixo do limite máximo permitido prescrito pelo padrão NIS. Do estudo concluiu-se que a presença de Cádmio nas águas dos poços indica que a água está imprópria para consumo.

En el sistema de abastecimiento de agua potable del municipio de Guatavita se han encontrado trazas de metales pesados como cadmio y plomo, los cuales pueden afectar la salud de la población al ingerir el agua potable contaminada, causando una afectación en el sistema digestivo, nervioso, óseo y reproductor. Teniendo en cuenta la toxicidad de estos metales se realizó un muestreo simple teniendo como objetivo determinar las concentraciones de ambos metales pesados en las diferentes muestras de agua tomadas en diferentes puntos del sistema de abastecimiento y en diferentes meses para poder determinar la variabilidad de los contaminantes en diferentes temporadas climáticas, por otra parte mediante una encuesta realizada en diferentes predios del casco urbano de Guatavita se caracterizó la población y se tuvo una percepción de la salud de los habitantes en relación a los contaminantes encontrados en las muestras de agua analizadas. Con los datos analizados en laboratorio de cadmio y plomo y los recolectados en las encuestas, se realizó un análisis estadístico que permitió evidenciar la posible relación entre los metales de estudio y enfermedades de tipo gastrointestinal y osteomuscular. Palabras clave: cadmio, plomo, sistema de abastecimiento, agua potable, muestreo, salud. | Traces of heavy metals such as cadmium and lead have been found in the drinking water supply system of the municipality of Guatavita, which can affect the health of the population by ingesting contaminated drinking water, causing an affectation in the digestive system, nervous, bone and reproductive. Taking into account the toxicity of these metals, a simple sampling was carried out with the objective of determining the concentrations of both heavy metals in the different water samples taken at different points of the supply system, on the other hand by means of a survey carried out in different properties The population was characterized from the urban area of Guatavita and there was a perception of the health of the inhabitants in relation to the contaminants found in the water samples analyzed in the CONOSER LTDA laboratory. With the data analyzed in the cadmium and lead laboratory and those collected in the surveys, a statistical analysis was carried out that shows the possible relationship between the study metals and gastrointestinal and musculoskeletal diseases. Keywords: cadmium, Lead, supply system, drinking water, sampling, health. | Ingeniero Ambiental | http://unidadinvestigacion.usta.edu.co | Pregrado

The processes that affect water chemistry as the water flows from recharge areas through breccia-pipe uranium deposits in the Grand Canyon region of the southwestern United States are not well understood. Pigeon Spring had elevated uranium in 1982 (44 μg/L), compared to other perched springs (2.7–18 μg/L), prior to mining operations at the nearby Pigeon Mine. Perched groundwater springs in an area around the Pigeon Mine were sampled between 2009 and 2015 and compared with material from the Pigeon Mine to better understand the geochemistry and hydrology of the area. Two general groups of perched groundwater springs were identified from this study; one group is characterized by calcium sulfate type water, low uranium activity ratio ²³⁴U/²³⁸U (UAR) values, and a mixture of water with some component of modern water, and the other group by calcium-magnesium sulfate type water, higher UAR values, and radiocarbon ages indicating recharge on the order of several thousand years ago. Multivariate statistical principal components analysis of Pigeon Mine and spring samples indicate Cu, Pb, As, Mn, and Cd concentrations distinguished mining-related leachates from perched groundwater springs. The groundwater potentiometric surface indicates that perched groundwater at Pigeon Mine would likely flow toward the northwest away from Pigeon Spring. The geochemical analysis of the water, sediment and rock samples collected from the Snake Gulch area indicate that the elevated uranium at Pigeon Spring is likely related to a natural source of uranium upgradient from the spring and not likely related to the Pigeon Mine.