The oil industry develops a series of activities and operations that generate problems of contamination of production water, oil spills in fresh or salt water, which require appropriate treatment technologies. | La industria petrolera desarrolla una serie de actividades y operaciones que generan problemas de contaminación del agua de producción, derrames de crudo en agua dulce o salada, los cuales requieren tecnologías de tratamiento apropiado. | Especialización | Especialista en Recursos Hidráulicos y Medio Ambiente

In the Mexican southeast, hydrocarbon spills and their residues af fect various agricultural sites. A specific case is spills of oil production or congenital waters that cause soil salinization. When soil is contaminated, restorations are regularly carried out based on regulatory limits, but many regions still do not consider the pedological classification, so restorations are not entirely ef fective and, in the case of agricultural soils, reduce your productivity. For these reasons, this study evaluated the cation exchange with CaO applied to four soils contaminated with congenital waters and determined if there are dif ferences in the treatment behavior according to the properties of each soil. It will be found that sandy soils require less treatment time, but have greater ef fects on their properties compared to clay soils, mainly in field capacity, pH, and porosity. Furthermore, it was found that contaminant removal times vary with respect to the type of soil and that this could be related to the amount and type of clay. In the case of congenital water spills, clay soils show a greater increase in electrical conductivity (EC) compared to sandy soils. When remediated with CaO, clay soils needed longer treatment times to reduce EC, but presented fewer changes in their physical and chemical properties. In addition, it was found that, although washing with drinking water is carried out, the treatment with CaO adds alkalinity to the soils, so they must be managed according to the crop to be developed. It is concluded that soils have dif ferent physical and chemical properties, this influences the response they have to an external agent, both when contaminated and when remediated. | En el sureste mexicano, los derrames de hidrocarburos y sus residuos afectan a diversos sitios agropecuarios. Un caso específico, son los derrames de aguas de producción petrolera o congénitas que provocan salinización del suelo. Cuando un suelo es contaminado, regularmente se llevan a cabo restauraciones con base en los límites normativos, pero muchas regiones siguen sin considerar la clasificación edafológica,  por  lo que  las  restauraciones  no  son  del  todo  efectivas  y,  en  el  caso de los suelos agrícolas, se reduce su productividad. Por estas razones, en este estudio se realizó la evaluación del intercambio catiónico con CaO aplicado a cuatro suelos contaminados con aguas congénitas y determinar si existen diferencias en el comportamiento del tratamiento según las propiedades de cada suelo. Se observó que los suelos arenosos requieren menor tiempo de tratamiento, pero presentan mayores afectaciones en sus propiedades con respecto a los suelos arcillosos, principalmente, en capacidad de campo, pH y porosidad. Además, se encontró que los tiempos de remoción del contaminante varían con respecto al tipo de suelo y que esto podría tener relación con la cantidad y tipo de arcilla. En el caso de los derrames de aguas congénitas, los suelos arcillosos presentan mayor aumento de conductividad eléctrica (CE) con respecto a los arenosos. Al remediarlos con CaO, los suelos arcillosos necesitaron mayores tiempos de tratamientos para reducir la CE, pero presentan menores cambios en sus propiedades físicas y químicas. Además, se encontró que, aunque se realizan lavados con agua potable, el tratamiento con CaO agrega alcalinidad a los suelos, por lo que estos deben de ser manejados según el cultivo a desarrollar. Se concluye que los suelos poseen propiedades físicas y químicas diferentes, esto influye en la respuesta que tengan ante un agente externo, tanto al contaminarse como al ser remediados.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el consumo de agua tratada proveniente de la producción petrolera en la calidad seminal del macho bovino reproductor, para ello se seleccionaron 16 toros entre 4 y 5 años distribuidos en dos grupos en los centros de investigaciones La Libertad de Agrosavia en Villavicencio y el Área de sostenibilidad agroenergetica, ASA en Acacias con disponibilidad de agua tratada de los campos petroleros, Apiay (A) y Castilla (C) respectivamente. Los animales seleccionados fueron distribuidos al azar para cada localidad en 4 tratamientos: 1) Consumo del 100 % agua de producción tratada; 2) consumo de mezcla 50 % agua de producción tratada y 50 % agua cruda; 3) consumo de mezcla 25 % agua de producción tratada y 75 % agua cruda; y 4) consumo 100 % agua cruda. Las variables consideradas fueron: calidad seminal para A y C determinadas por un sistema computarizado y de fertilidad in vitro para A evaluada por tinción fluorescente, Hoechst 33342. Los datos se analizaron estadística descriptiva, análisis de varianza (ANOVA) y pruebas de comparación de medias, Tukey, en un modelo de medidas repetidas en el tiempo. Los resultados indicaron, para calidad seminal, que los tratamientos que consumieron A y C en cada localidad presentaron diferencias (P < 0,05) para motilidad, 75,00±4,50, 69.24±4.13, espermatozoides motiles/100 células evaluadas, en el tratamiento dos respectivamente y en A para morfología, 76,67±2,06 espermatozoides normales/100 en el tratamiento cuatro, el índice de calidad espermática (ICE) no mostró diferencia (P > 0,05). Los resultados de unión espermatozoide - zona pelúcida mostraron diferencias entre tratamientos (P < 0,05), al igual que en fecundación in vitro, sin embargo, el comportamiento de estos cambios no indica asociación con el consumo de este tipo de agua. El estudio muestra que no se observan cambios contundentes o negativos que demuestren efecto en la fertilidad del toro por consumo de agua de producción tratada. | The objective of this study was to evaluate the consumption of treated water from oil production in the seminal quality of the reproductive bovine male, for this, 16 bulls between 4 and 5 years old were selected distributed in two groups in the La Libertad de Agrosavia research centers in Villavicencio and the Agroenergetic Sustainability Area, ASA in Acacias with availability of treated water from the oil fields, Apiay (A) and Castilla (C) respectively. The selected animals were randomly distributed to each location in 4 treatments: 1) Consumption of 100% treated production water; 2) Consumption of mixture of 50% treated production water and 50% raw water; 3) Consumption of mixture 25% treated production water and 75% raw water; and 4) consumption of 100% raw water. The variables considered were: semen quality for A and C determined by a computerized system and in vitro fertility for A evaluated by fluorescent staining, Hoechst 33342. The data were analyzed descriptive statistics, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and comparison tests of means , Tukey, in a model of repeated measures in time. The results indicated, for semen quality, that the treatments that consumed A and C in each locality presented differences (P <0.05) for motility, 75.00 ± 4.50, 69.24 ± 4.13, motile sperm / 100 cells evaluated, in treatment two respectively and in A for morphology, 76.67 ± 2.06 normal spermatozoa / 100 in treatment four, the sperm quality index (ICE) did not show a difference (P> 0.05). The results of sperm union - zona pellucida showed differences between treatments (P <0.05), as in in vitro fertilization, however, the behavior of these changes does not indicate an association with the consumption of this type of water. The study shows that no strong or negative changes are observed that demonstrate an effect on the fertility of the bull due to the consumption of treated production water. | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7604-4734 | http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8023-1367 | http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7617-6588 | http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8329-8302 | http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8940-5885 | http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4538-9083 | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1891-2652 | [email protected]

Enhanced bioremediation combined with in-situ chemical oxidation has the potential to remediate groundwater contaminated with organics. To explore the remediating effects of these two approaches and to evaluate their combined feasibility, traditional gasoline (no ethanol) and ethanol-gasoline (10% ethanol, v/v) were released into experimental sand tanks (TG-tank and EG-tank, respectively) under the same water-flow conditions. Nitrate and sulfate were added to enhance bioremediation and then persulfate was injected to encourage chemical oxidation. Two push–pull tests, using persulfate and bromide respectively, were conducted to compare their behavior. The results showed that nitrate reduction, rather than sulfate reduction, enhanced BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene) biodegradation, but the presence of ethanol inhibited these processes. The detected concentration of BTEX in the TG-tank was lower than that in the EG-tank, and the first-order decay rate constants of BTEX in the TG-tank and EG-tank under nitrate-adjusted conditions were 0.0058 and 0.0016 d⁻¹, respectively. The first persulfate injection (10 g L⁻¹) resulted in 86 and 94% concentration decreases of BTEX in the TG-tank and EG-tank, respectively, at first-order decay rates of 0.0180 and 0.0181 d⁻¹, respectively. However, the subsequent persulfate injections at 20 and 50 g L⁻¹ had no significant removal effect on BTEX. Persulfate oxidation made pH decrease (but it quickly recovered) and did not significantly inhibit nitrate reduction. This study suggests that enhanced nitrate reduction can be combined with persulfate oxidation for the in-situ remediation of groundwater contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons.