Evaluates the degree of success of water users in managing water allocations and deliveries in two irrigation district modules in the Lagunera Region of Mexico. Policies and practices are evaluated from the standpoints of the nature of planning rules, consistency, equity, and efficiency in implementation of the plans.

Evaluates the degree of success of water users in managing water allocations and deliveries in two irrigation district modules in the Lagunera Region of Mexico. Policies and practices are evaluated from the standpoints of the nature of planning rules, consistency, equity, and efficiency in implementation of the plans.

Evaluates the degree of success of water users in managing water allocations and deliveries in two irrigation district modules in the Lagunera Region of Mexico. Policies and practices are evaluated from the standpoints of the nature of planning rules, consistency, equity, and efficiency in implementation of the plans.

Com o objetivo de desenvolver um modelo de programação linear para simular os níveis das atividades do processo de produção, utilizou-se o sistema de produção da fazenda Lagoa do Fogão, propriedade da família Sakai, localizada no município de Guaíra,SP, com um total de 207 ha irrigados por três sistemas de irrigação do tipo pivô-central. A função objetivo consistiu em maximizar o lucro da propriedade agrícola, utilizando as culturas de inverno tradicionalmente cultivadas nessa propriedade, sob regime de irrigação, a saber: tomate industrial, trigo, batata, ervilha e feijão. As restrições foram quanto à disponibilidade de terra, água e mercado. Os resultados obtidos, permitiram as seguintes conclusões: (a) na área sob o pivô-central 1 deve-se cultivar tomate (33 ha) e feijão (61 ha) e sob o pivô-central 2 deve-se cultivar feijão (64 ha); sob o pivô-central 3 não se cultivará com irrigação, pois não há disponibilidade de água; (b) Para aumentar a área irrigada sob o pivô-central 1, além de 94 ha até o limite de 100 ha, pode-se pagar até um máximo de US$ 1.815,20 por hectare a mais; (c) Na área sob o pivô-central 2, permitiu-se cultivar 64 ha de feijão, consumindo-se toda a água disponível, isto é, 125 dm.ha. Para maiores valores de utilização de água, pode-se pagar no máximo US$ 921,42 por 1000 m³ de água utilizados a mais.<br>In order to develop a linear programming model to simulate the activity level which optimizes irrigation, this paper uses data of the farm "Lagoa do Fogão", owned by the Sakai family, in the Guaíra (SP) county, of which 207 ha are irrigated by three center-pivot systems. The objective functions consisted in maximizing the net income of the farm. Winter crops usually cultivated under irrigation in this farm are: industrial tomatoes, wheat, potatoes, peas and beans. The restrictions to the objective function were area, water and markets. The following was concluded: (a) In the area under center-pivot 1, tomatoes (33 ha) and beans (61 ha) should be cultivated; under center-pivot 2, beans (64 ha), and under center-pivot 3 there should be no cultivation with irrigation due to lack of water, (b) To increase the irrigated area under center-pivot 1 beyond the 94 ha until 100 ha, a maximum of US$ 1,815.20 for each extra hectare, may be paid, (c) In the area under center-pivot 2, it was possible to grow 64 ha of beans, using all the available water, that is 125 dm.ha. For the use of higher water amount, the maximum expenditure may come up to US$ 921.42 for each extra 1000 m³ used.

In order to develop a linear programming model to simulate the activity level which optimizes irrigation, this paper uses data of the farm "Lagoa do Fogão", owned by the Sakai family, in the Guaíra (SP) county, of which 207 ha are irrigated by three center-pivot systems. The objective functions consisted in maximizing the net income of the farm. Winter crops usually cultivated under irrigation in this farm are: industrial tomatoes, wheat, potatoes, peas and beans. The restrictions to the objective function were area, water and markets. The following was concluded: (a) In the area under center-pivot 1, tomatoes (33 ha) and beans (61 ha) should be cultivated; under center-pivot 2, beans (64 ha), and under center-pivot 3 there should be no cultivation with irrigation due to lack of water, (b) To increase the irrigated area under center-pivot 1 beyond the 94 ha until 100 ha, a maximum of US$ 1,815.20 for each extra hectare, may be paid, (c) In the area under center-pivot 2, it was possible to grow 64 ha of beans, using all the available water, that is 125 dm.ha. For the use of higher water amount, the maximum expenditure may come up to US$ 921.42 for each extra 1000 m³ used. | Com o objetivo de desenvolver um modelo de programação linear para simular os níveis das atividades do processo de produção, utilizou-se o sistema de produção da fazenda Lagoa do Fogão, propriedade da família Sakai, localizada no município de Guaíra,SP, com um total de 207 ha irrigados por três sistemas de irrigação do tipo pivô-central. A função objetivo consistiu em maximizar o lucro da propriedade agrícola, utilizando as culturas de inverno tradicionalmente cultivadas nessa propriedade, sob regime de irrigação, a saber: tomate industrial, trigo, batata, ervilha e feijão. As restrições foram quanto à disponibilidade de terra, água e mercado. Os resultados obtidos, permitiram as seguintes conclusões: (a) na área sob o pivô-central 1 deve-se cultivar tomate (33 ha) e feijão (61 ha) e sob o pivô-central 2 deve-se cultivar feijão (64 ha); sob o pivô-central 3 não se cultivará com irrigação, pois não há disponibilidade de água; (b) Para aumentar a área irrigada sob o pivô-central 1, além de 94 ha até o limite de 100 ha, pode-se pagar até um máximo de US$ 1.815,20 por hectare a mais; (c) Na área sob o pivô-central 2, permitiu-se cultivar 64 ha de feijão, consumindo-se toda a água disponível, isto é, 125 dm.ha. Para maiores valores de utilização de água, pode-se pagar no máximo US$ 921,42 por 1000 m³ de água utilizados a mais.

The Dunhuang Basin, a typical inland basin in northwestern China, suffers a net loss of groundwater and the occasional disappearance of the Crescent Lake. Within this region, the groundwater/surface-water interactions are important for the sustainability of the groundwater resources. A three-dimensional transient groundwater flow model was established and calibrated using MODFLOW 2000, which was used to predict changes to these interactions once a water diversion project is completed. The simulated results indicate that introducing water from outside of the basin into the Shule and Danghe rivers could reverse the negative groundwater balance in the Basin. River-water/groundwater interactions control the groundwater hydrology, where river leakage to the groundwater in the Basin will increase from 3,114 × 10⁴ m³/year in 2017 to 11,875 × 10⁴ m³/year in 2021, and to 17,039 × 10⁴ m³/year in 2036. In comparison, groundwater discharge to the rivers will decrease from 3277 × 10⁴ m³/year in 2017 to 1857 × 10⁴ m³/year in 2021, and to 510 × 10⁴ m³/year by 2036; thus, the hydrology will switch from groundwater discharge to groundwater recharge after implementing the water diversion project. The simulation indicates that the increased net river infiltration due to the water diversion project will raise the water table and then effectively increasing the water level of the Crescent Lake, as the lake level is contiguous with the water table. However, the regional phreatic evaporation will be enhanced, which may intensify soil salinization in the Dunhuang Basin. These results can guide the water allocation scheme for the water diversion project to alleviate groundwater depletion and mitigate geo-environmental problem.

Investigation of the evolution of the groundwater system and its mechanisms is critical to the sustainable management of water in river basins. Temporal and spatial distributions and characteristics of groundwater have undergone a tremendous change with the intensity of human activities in the middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin (HRB), the second largest arid inland river basin in northwestern China. Based on groundwater observation data, hydrogeological data, meteorological data and irrigation statistical data, combined with geostatistical analyses and groundwater storage estimation, the basin-scaled evolution of the groundwater levels and storage (from 1985 to 2013) were investigated. The results showed that the unbalanced allocation of water sources and expanded cropland by policy-based human activities resulted in the over-abstraction of groundwater, which induced a general decrease in the water table and groundwater storage. The groundwater level has generally fallen from 4.92 to 11.49 m from 1985 to 2013, especially in the upper and middle parts of the alluvial fan (zone I), and reached a maximum depth of 17.41 m. The total groundwater storage decreased by 177.52 × 10⁸ m³; zone I accounted for about 94.7 % of the total decrease. The groundwater balance was disrupted and the groundwater system was in a severe negative balance; it was noted that the groundwater/surface-water interaction was also deeply affected. It is essential to develop a rational plan for integration and management of surface water and groundwater resources in the HRB.