This study verified the optimum dietary salt level for the growth and ion regulation of silver catfish juveniles at different water pH levels (5.5, 7.0 and 9.0). The control diet was supplemented with NaCl to yield experimental diets with 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0% NaCl. Juveniles were collected at 15 and 35 days after the beginning of experiment for analyses of Na+ net fluxes. Exposure of silver catfish juveniles to alkaline or acidic water did not affect their survival. Fish fed with diets without NaCl supplementation and exposed to pH 7.0 showed significantly higher weight, length, specific growth rate and biomass per tank than those exposed to pH 5.5. Ionoregulatory disturbances of silver catfish maintained at all pH are less pronounced when fed higher dietary salt supplementation (1.0-2.0%NaCl). The increase of dietary NaCl reduced body Na+ loss and protected against the impact of acidic water on growth.<br><br>Este estudo verificou o melhor nível de dieta de sal para o crescimento e regulação iônica de juvenis de jundiá em diferentes níveis de pH da água (5,5; 7,0 e 9,0). A dieta controle foi suplementada com 0,5; 1,0 e 2,0% de NaCl. Juvenis foram coletados aos 15 e 35 dias de experimento para análise dos fluxos líquidos de Na+. A exposição de juvenis de jundiá para águas ácidas ou alcalinas não afetou sua sobrevivência. Exemplares alimentados com dietas sem adição de NaCl e expostos em pH 7,0 mostraram peso, comprimento, taxade crescimento específico e biomassa/tanque significativamente maiores que aqueles expostos em pH 5,5. Distúrbios ionorregulatórios em jundiás mantidos em todos os pH são menos pronunciados quando em exemplares alimentados com dietas com maior suplmentação de sal (1,0-2,0% NaCl). O aumento de NaCl na dieta reduziu a perda de Na+corporal e protegeu contra o impacto da acidez da água no crescimento dos juvenis.

A qualidade da água é muito importante para irrigação por gotejamento, pois ela escoa por pequenos bocais dos emissores, podendo ocorrer obstrução devido à deposição dos sólidos em suspensão. Portanto, antes da instalação do projeto, devem-se avaliar parâmetros de qualidade da água, para adotar medidas preventivas, evitando o risco de entupimento do sistema. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar um sistema composto por aeradores com aspersores, sobre leito de pedra, para a precipitação dos íons Fe+2e Mn+2 em tanque de decantação, e um conjunto de filtragem composto por três filtros de areia e um de disco, em sistema de irrigação localizada. O trabalho foi realizado na Fazenda Alvorada, no município de Nova Granada - SP, no período de março a outubro de 2008. Foram realizadas determinações de variáveis físicas e químicas da água, ao longo do sistema de aeração, decantação e filtragem, o qual foi eficiente para a melhoria da qualidade de água, reduzindo os níveis de risco de entupimento de severo para médio e de médio para baixo. Oxigênio dissolvido, condutividade elétrica, pH, Fe+2e Fe+3 não diferenciaram a qualidade de água entre os pontos do sistema de tratamento, porém a turbidez, sólidos dissolvidos, sólidos em suspensão, ferro total e manganês total reduziram-se significativamente pelo uso do sistema proposto, melhorando a qualidade da água.<br>Water quality is very important to drip irrigation, as it flows in small diameter holes, and may cause obstruction due to deposition of solid matter. Whence the water must be evaluated before installation of the project. Parameters related to water quality are essential to define conducting measures to avoid the risk of clogging the system. This study aimed to evaluate a system with sprinklers aeration on bedrock, for Fe+2and Mn total precipitation in sedimentation tank and a set of filtering consisting of three sand filters and a disk, installed in drip irrigation system. The study was conducted at Alvorada Farm, in the municipality of Nova Granada - SP, Brazil, from March to October of 2008, when the physical and chemical water analyses were made. It was concluded that: the aeration system, sedimentation and filtration were efficient for improving water quality, reducing the levels of risk of severe to medium obstruction and medium to low obstruction. The variables, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity; pH, Fe+2and Fe+3 were not significant to indicate differences of water quality among the points of the water treatment. However, the variables such as: turbidity, dissolved solids, suspended solids, total iron and Mn+2 were statistically significant for the differentiation of the water quality.

[EN] The valuation of natural resources is a tool used for improving allocation and management of water resources. This research proposes a «quasi-hedonic» approach as a simple way for estimating the value of irrigation water. Water is considered here as an exogenous variable impacting on land price, which is estimated for the Guadalquivir River Basin (Southern Spain). Results show a capitalized water value in the range 2.8 €/m3 to 4.2 €/m3. The most frequent value is 3.46 €/m3, resulting in a value of water rent between 0.14 €/m3 (r = 4%) to 0.35€/m3 (r = 10%), depending upon the applied discount rate. | [ES] La estimación del valor del agua puede hacerse mediante diferentes métodos, de los cuales este trabajo propone el método de precios «quasi-hedónicos». El agua se considera en este trabajo como una variable «externa» que impacta en el precio diferencial de la tierra, y cuyo valor estimamos para la Cuenca del Guadalquivir. Los resultados nos muestran un valor capital del agua en el rango 2,8 €/m3 a 4,2 €/m3 con un valor más frecuente de 3,46 €/m3, que según el tipo de capitalización empleado nos daría un valor medio de renta del agua entre 0,14 €/m3 (para r = 4%) a 0,35 €/m3 (para r = 10%). | Este trabajo ha sido posible por la financiación del proyecto AGL2006-05587-C04-02/AGR y el proyecto VANE así como la información suministrada por el Servicio de Estudios de la Consejería de Agricultura de la Junta de Andalucía. Los autores agradecen las sugerencias de los revisores y de Julia Martín-Ortega que han mejorado sustancialmente este trabajo. | Berbel, J.; Mesa, P. (2011). Quasi-Hedonic method to assess the value of irrigation water. A case study in Guadalquivir basin. Economía Agraria y Recursos Naturales - Agricultural and Resource Economics. 7(14):127-144. https://doi.org/10.7201/earn.2007.14.07 | 127 | 144 | 7 | 14

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Esta investigación responde a la necesidad de información económica relativa a los beneficios derivados de la implementación de la Directiva Marco del Agua (DMA). Se plantea una definición práctica del concepto de beneficio ambiental y un escenario de valoración de los beneficios de la mejora de la calidad del agua que no tienen reflejo en el mercado. Esta valoración es necesaria, entre otros aspectos, para la evaluación de la desproporcionalidad de los costes de la DMA. La metodología se aplica a un caso práctico en el Guadalquivir en un ejercicio de valoración contingente y análisis estadístico mediante un modelo Heckman en dos etapas.

Due to security considerations in their management and environmental impact is expected in the coming years the use of chlorine as a disinfectant decreases in favor of more profitable alternatives. Among these alternatives, the electrolyzed water solutions now represent the greatest advance in regard to disinfection, appearing as an efficient, ecologically and economically. The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of electrolyzed water as a substitute for traditional disinfectant circuit milking and tank milk in a dairy farm. For this purpose water samples were collected in sterile containers at the end of the washing process with two products which were sent to a laboratory accredited by ENAC (147/LE377) for microbiological analysis. No significant differences were observed in samples treated with chlorine and electrolyzed water in the case of the circuit milking disinfection. However, in the milk tanks disinfection electrolyzed water is better than chlorine because it eliminates aerobic microorganisms. Moreover, from an environmental point of view, the use of electrolyzed water is an advantage over chlorine due to its non polluting capacity.

Os sistemas agroecológicos de produção de café sombreados com árvores (SAF) e a pleno sol (SPS), implementados por agricultores familiares na Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais, não foram completamente estudados quanto à economia de água e temperatura. Esse estudo avaliou esses fatores nesses sistemas. Foram selecionados SAFs e SPSs contíguos no município de Araponga-MG. Foram monitorados com base horária durante 16 meses: a precipitação, a velocidade do vento, a radiação, a umidade do ar, a temperatura do ar e do solo a 0,1 m de profundidade, a umidade do solo a 0,1, 0,3 e 1,0 m de profundidade com reflectometros, além das perdas de solo e água superficiais, associados com a cobertura vegetal. As perdas de solo e água em ambos os sistemas foram muito pequenas, devido à elevada cobertura vegetal. A temperatura do solo a 0,1 m foi atenuada nos SAFs em relação aos SPSs. Os SAFs reduziram a amplitude de variação da temperatura média do ar em relação aos SPSs e atenuaram as temperaturas máximas. A umidade do solo nos SAFs foi menor do que nos SPSs, nas três profundidades durante todo o período. Nos SAFs houve complementaridade de absorção de água entre o café e as árvores ao longo do ano. Os SAFs e os SPSs podem ser utilizados para manejar o destino da água das chuvas, com ênfase para a atmosfera no primeiro sistema e para abastecer o lençol freático no segundo. | Agroforestry (AF) and full sun (FS) agroecological systems with coffee, which were set down by smallholders in Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais, have not been studied for water economy and temperature. This study evaluated these factors for these systems. Neighboring AFs and FSs systems were selected in Araponga-MG. During 16 months were hourly monitored: rainfall, wind speed, radiation, air moisture, air temperature, soil temperature at 0,1 m, soil water content at 0,1 m, 0,3 m and 1,0 m with reflectometers and soil and water surface loss joined with soil cover. Soil and water loss of both systems were small due to the high soil cover. Soil temperature was depressed under AF system. Air temperature under AF had less variation than under FS and lower maximum temperatures. Soil moisture of AF was lower than FS for all depths in all monitored period. There was water absorption complementarity between coffee and trees in AF system. AF and FS systems may be used to manage the destiny of rainfall water, mainly for atmosphere in the first and deep drainage in the second.

O estresse abiótico provocado pelo déficit hídrico é responsável pela limitação no rendimento agrícola em regiões marginais de clima tropical. Em razão de esse evento se relacionar com outros, como alta temperatura, frio e salinidade, os impactos sobre as culturas tornam ainda mais intensos. A existência de variabilidade na eficiência da utilização da água (EfUA), que é a relação entre o rendimento da cultura e a sua evapotranspiração, permite a seleção de genótipos mais eficientes no uso desse recurso. Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar as relações entre caracteres de raízes e fisiológicos e os efeitos gênicos que controlam esses caracteres, em duas condições contrastantes de disponibilidade hídrica em linhagens de milho. Para isso, seis linhagens e suas combinações híbridas foram avaliadas em experimentos em casa de vegetação na Universidade Federal de Viçosa, nos anos de 2010 e 2011. As plantas foram analisadas no estádio fenológico de nove folhas completamente expandidas (V9). O plantio foi realizado em vasos de 8 dm3 de volume preenchidos com substrato constituído de seis partes de solo e uma de areia lavada, em duas condições de disponibilidade hídrica: a 80% da capacidade de campo (CC) e a 60% CC. Empregou-se o delineamento inteiramente ao acaso com duas repetições em fatorial (21 genótipos x 2 níveis de disponibilidade hídrica). Os genótipos apresentaram comportamento contrastante com relação aos caracteres radiculares e fisiológicos e à eficiência no uso da água, nas duas condições de disponibilidade hídrica. Observou-se predominância dos efeitos gênicos não aditivos nos caracteres avaliados, e a seleção para esses caracteres deverá ser praticada com base no desempenho das combinações hibridas, para possibilitar maiores ganhos em produtividade. Pela análise de trilha, foi possível identificar que o caráter segurança hidráulica, que é a relação entre a área foliar total de cada planta e o diâmetro do caule, pode ser utilizado na seleção indireta de genótipos eficientes no uso de água em condições ideais de disponibilidade hídrica. Neste estudo não foi possível identificar caracteres na seleção indireta para EfUA, em déficit hídrico, comprovando a complexidade desse caráter. | Abiotic stress caused by water deficit accounts for limitations of agriculture yield in marginal tropical weather regions. Because this event is related with others as for example high temperature, col and salinity, the impact on the crops become even greater. The existence of variability of water use efficiency (WUEf), which the relationship between crop yield and its evapotranspiration, allows the selection of more efficient resources in the use of this resource. Thus, the objective of this work was to study the relationship between root and physiologic characters and gene effects controlling those characters, in two contrasting conditions of water availability in corn linages. Therefore, it was evaluated six linages and their hybrid combinations in experiments in greenhouses at Universidade Federal de Viçosa, in 2010 and 2011. The plants were analyzed at the completed expanded 9-leaf phonologic stage (V9). Planting was done in 8- dm3 pots filled with substrate made up with six parts of soil and one part of washed sand, in two water availability conditions: 80% field capacity (FC) and 60% FC. It was used a complete random design with two replicates in factorial scheme (21 genotypes ×2 water availability levels). Genotypes presented contrasting behavior in relation to root and physiologic traits and to water use efficiency, in the two conditions of water availability. It was observed predominance of non-additive gene effects on the evaluated traits and selection for those traits will be performed based on performance of hybrid combinations, to make grater yield profits. By track analysis, it was identified that hydraulic safety trait, which is the relationship between total leaf area of each plant and the stem diameter, can be used in the indirect selection of water use efficiency genotypes in ideal conditions of water availability. In this study, it was not identified traits in the indirect selection for WUEf in water deficit, evidencing the complexity of this trait. | Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of dietary electrolytic balance (dEB) and addition of sodium bicarbonate to drinking water on carcass and meat quality of pigs. Sodium bicarbonate was used to adjust dEB to 140, 200 and 280 mEq/kg for T1, T2 and T, respectively. 144 Landrace*Duroc male pigs were allocated at 4 per pen and used until 105 kg liveweight. At the end pigs were kept in the same pens and diets for a week during which sodium bicarbonate rich water was supplied to a half of them. Therefore the experimental design was split in a factorial 2x3 and treated water was administered until slaughter. Forty-eight pigs were selected and sent to the slaughterhouse in order to evaluate the effect of experimental treatments on carcass and meat quality parameters. Enriched water significantly increase urine pH, hot and cold carcass weight and killing-out percentage (P<0.01). However did not affect fat or loin depth, lean meat percentage or chilling losses as well as meat quality parameters. pH of muscles Semimembranosus (SM) or Longissimus thoraccis (LT) measured at 45 min were not affected by dEB. However meat pH measured after 24 h statistically increased in both SM (P<0.01) and LT muscles (P<0.05). Pigs fed with low dEB showed a pH indicating meat with a tendency to become acid (5.5<pH<5.6) whereas meat from pigs of the other 2 groups has good ability to be consumed fresh or transformed. Electrical conductivity of SM muscle also indicated better meat quality of pigs fed medium and high dEB (P<0.05). Drip loss from the meat was also strongly reduced as a consequence of dEB (P<0.02). Meat from pigs fed low dEB lost the double of water than meat from pigs fed medium or high dEB. It can be concluded that dEB supplementation could positively affect meat quality parameters like pH 24h, electrical conductivity or drip losses. All these parameters were improved using finishing diets with a medium (200 mEq/kg) or high dEB (280 mEq/kg). Sodium bicarbonate in drinking water before slaughter did not seem to affect meat quality parameters. Nevertheless, it seems that it could improve carcass weight or killing-out percentage but those results need to be confirmed in other trials.