Trabajo práctico

Con la finalidad de determinar la influencia del evento El Niño 2009-2010 que se dsarrolló en elas regiones Niño 1+2 y 3.4, en base a los organismos indicadores de masas de aguas para determinar la intensidad y efectos en la costa ecuatoriana, se utilizaron cinco grupos de organismos planctónicos: Diatomeas, Dinoflagelados, Quetognatos, Pterópodos, Heterópodos y las concentraciones de clorofila a antes, durante y después del evento El Niño 2009-2010. En el primer trimestre del 2009 se registró una alta producción primaria, mientras que desde septiembre a noviembre se observó la más baja productividad del mar, en las estaciones fijas La Libertad como en Manta.En la estación fija de La Libertad, durante todo el 2009 predominaron especies de fitoplancton que se relacionan con masas de aguas frías como Leptocylindrus danicus y Rhizosolenia stolterfothii, pero también se presentaron dinoflagelados que indican la presencia de aguas cálidas como Proboscia alata y Ceratium macroceros, que desde mayo a agosto aumentaron su porcentaje, originando aguas de mezcla. Las especies de zooplancton de aguas frías como Sagitta peruviana, se presentaron durante El Niño 2009-2010, pero siempre su porcentaje fue menor en Manta, otra especie que ha predominado es Sagitta bedoti, indicadora de aguas de mezcla, estuvo dominante el segundo semestre con mayor porcentaje en Manta. De las 10 especies de Pterópodos y heterópodos identificadas, se observaron desde septiembre del 2009 a marzo del 2010, estadías juveniles de Hyalocylis striata indicando la presencia de Aguas Subtropicales y Tropicales cerca de la costa Ecuatoriana, relacionadas con el evento cálido que se encontraba en la región Niño 3.4. El evento de El Niño desarrollado en la región Niño 3.4 en el Pacífico Central tuvo una influencia débil a moderada en la costa Ecuatoriana porque en la región Niño 1+2 del Pacífico Oriental existía un episodio neutral, que minimizaba la influencia del evento cálido que se encontraba en el Pacífico Central. | With the purpose of determining the influence of the event El Niño 2009-2010 who was developed in regions Niño 1+2 and 3.4, on the basis of the indicators organisms of water masses to determine the intensity and effects in the Ecuadorian coast, five groups of planktonics organisms were used: The Diatoms, Dinoflagellates, Chaetognatha, Pterópods, heterópods and concentrations of chlorophyll a, before, during and after the event El Niño 2009-2010. In the first trimester of the 2009 a high primary production was registered, whereas from september to november the lowest productivity of the sea in the fixed station of La Libertad like as much in Manta was observed. In the fixed station of La Libertad during the year 2009 predominated species of phytoplankton that are related to cold water masses like Leptocylindrus danicus and hizosolenia stolterfothii, but also they appeared dinoflagellates that indicates the presence of warm water like Proboscia alata and Ceratium macroceros, which from may to august they increased his percentage, originating mixture waters. The species of zooplankton of cold waters like Sagitta peruviana, they appeared during El Niño 2009-2010, but always its percentage was smaller in Manta, another species that has predominated is Sagitta bedoti, indicator of mixture water, was dominant the second semester with greater percentage in Manta. of 10 species of Pterópods and heterópods, identified they were observed from september of 2009 to march of 2010, juveniles stages of Hyalocylis striata indicating the presence of subtropical and tropical water near the Ecuadorian coast, related to the warm event that was in region Niño 3.4. The event the El Niño developed in region Niño 3,4 in the Central Pacific had a weak to moderate influence in the Ecuadorian coast because in region Niño 1+2 of the Eastern Pacific a neutral episode existed, that diminished the influence of the warm event that was in the Central Pacific. | Published

Devido ao grave problema da escassez da água de boa qualidade pelo qual o planeta está passando, a discussão acerca de novas formas de abastecimento de água potável é corrente. Dentro desse contexto, surge o sistema de aproveitamento de água da chuva como uma das principais soluções para melhor gestão do uso da água, incluindo benefícios sociais. Segundo Filho (1982), as águas subterrâneas são consideradas de maior pureza, no que se refere a contaminação por agentes externos, porém os aqüíferos estão sujeitos aos perigos da contaminação e poluição. A fim de analisar o comparativo de custos entre a explotação de água subterrânea e o sistema de aproveitamento de água da chuva no município de Belém, foram analisados os casos de consumo aplicados à área urbana, exemplificado por uma residência localizada na Ilha Grande pertencente ao município Belém, através dos métodos do Valor Presente Liquido (VPL), Payback e Taixa Interna de Retorno (TIR).

En este trabajo se estudia la energía usada y los gases de efecto invernadero emitidos en el calentamiento de agua destinado a la alimentación en los hogares. El objetivo es comparar los usos finales de electricidad y de gas natural. Se obtuvieron los rendimientos para calentamiento de agua en cocinas convencionales a gas natural, cocinas eléctricas de plato, y calentadores de agua eléctricos de inmersión. Los rendimientos de calentamiento de agua en el hogar fueron entre 29% y 62% para uso de gas natural, y entre 72% y 96% para el uso de electricidad. Para la electricidad se estudió el balance energético de la red troncal de Argentina que combina el uso de recursos fósiles, hidroeléctrico y nuclear. Cuando se consideran las eficiencias de la generación eléctrica, este recurso resulta menos conveniente que el gas para cocción en ollas, pero no así para el calentamiento de agua en tiempos cortos. | The aim of this work is to study the energy used and the greenhouse gas emissions associated with water heating in households. The objective is to compare end-use efficiencies for gas and electricity used in cooking. Experiments to obtain water heating efficiencies by using a custom natural gas appliance, a hot plate electrical device, and other electrical heaters have been performed. End-use efficiencies for water heating with gas were in the range of 29% to 62%, while for electricity were 72% to 96%. To assess the actual impact of electricity the generation stage in Argentina was studied, which combines fossil, as well as hydro and nuclear resources. When the efficiencies for generating electricity were considered, the use of natural gas turn to be more convenient than electricity for cooking, but the opposite was found when quick water heating in kettles is required. | Asociación Argentina de Energías Renovables y Medio Ambiente (ASADES)

Re-translocation of stem and spike reserves was investigated in source:sink restricted wheat subjected to water and nitrogen deficiency during seed filling. Either sink or source restriction significantly decreased the amount of current photosynthesis and itscontribution to grain yield. Furthermore, source limitation increased stem and spike reserves contribution to seed filling process. Higher amount of stem reserve mobilization in source restricted vs. control and sink restricted plants indicates that at rapid grain filling stage (14 days after anthesis to physiological maturity), stem dry matter decreases to provide assimilates for kernel after defoliation. In spike halved plants, drought stress significantly decreased grain yield, indicating that when the sink is restricted, postanthesis drought stress can increase sink limitation through lower grain filling rate and dry matter allocation to grain two weeks after anthesis at the beginning of rapid grain filling stage. On the other hand, in spike halved plants, more nitrogen supply at anthesis increased grain yield because more dry matter allocation to grain is not associated with more current photosynthesis. But when all the leaves were removed except flag leaf, more postanthesis nitrogen could not increase dry matter allocation to grain filling process,showing that postanthesis nitrogen supply increases grain yield by decreasing sink limitation, and not by increasing source strength.<br><br>A retranslocação de reservas do colmo e espiga foi investigada com relação às restrições de fonte e dreno em plantas submetidas à deficiência de água e nitrogênio durante o enchimento de grãos. A fotossíntese e a sua contribuição para a produtividade foram reduzidas por ambas restrições. As restrições na fonte aumentaram a contribuição das reservas do colmo e da espiga. A maior mobilização de fonte sob restrição versus o controle e o dreno sob restrição indica que, no período de maior enchimento, a matéria seca do colmo foi reduzida por fornecer os assimilados após a restrição. Nas espigas reduzidas, a produtividade foi afetada pelo estresse hídrico indicando que após a antese o estresse pode aumentar a limitação por causa de taxas mais altas de enchimento e translocação de matéria seca duas semanas após a antese. Nas espigas reduzidas, o maior fornecimento de nitrogênio durante a antese elevou a produtividade porque maior translocação de matéria seca não está associada à maior fotossíntese. O nível mais alto de nitrogênio não foi capaz de aumentar a translocação quando todas as folhas, exceto a bandeira,foram removidas. Isso demonstra que o fornecimento de nitrogênio, após a antese, aumenta a produtividade por reduzir a limitação do dreno e não por aumentar a força da fonte.

En el presente trabajo se calculó un Índice de Sustentabilidad Institucional (ISI) para tres de las instituciones consideradas clave en el marco de la gestión del agua y el saneamiento en la ciudad de Salta. La información necesaria para la confección del índice se obtuvo de encuestas específicas entregadas a las diferentes instituciones. Para contextualizar el estudio de caso, se presenta una síntesis del proceso de privatización del servicio de agua y saneamiento en la provincia de Salta. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que la metodología es sensible para detectar áreas específicas a mejorar, constituyendo una herramienta potencialmente viable para analizar la sustentabilidad institucional en un marco conceptual definido. | In this article we present an Institutional Sustainability Index (ISI) for three key institutions in the water and sanitation management system in the city of Salta, Argentina. Information for the construction of the index was obtained through questionnaires answered by representatives of the three institutions. A brief description of the history of the management system in Salta is provided to shed some light on the institutional context. Results obtained suggest that the methodology used was sensitive to detect differences between institutions, and between different aspects within them. The ISI could be a useful and innovative way of assessing the institutional sustainability of water and sanitation managment systems in the region. | Asociación Argentina de Energías Renovables y Medio Ambiente (ASADES)

Utilización de indicadores de benchmarking para evaluar la gestión del agua en la agricultura : aplicación a dos realidades en la península ibérica. | info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho do M&eacute;todo de Pontos Interiores (MPI), tipo trajet&oacute;ria central, na maximiza&ccedil;&atilde;o de fun&ccedil;&otilde;es-objetivos associadas &agrave; produ&ccedil;&atilde;o e receita agr&iacute;cola com limita&ccedil;&otilde;es de &aacute;gua e nitrog&ecirc;nio. Para isso, foi desenvolvido um procedimento iterativo buscando maximizar a produ&ccedil;&atilde;o e renda separadamente, em fun&ccedil;&atilde;o da &aacute;gua e do nitrog&ecirc;nio aplicado numa caixa bidimensional de restri&ccedil;&otilde;es, a partir de fun&ccedil;&otilde;es de produtividade para as culturas do mel&atilde;o e melancia. Ap&oacute;s caracteriza&ccedil;&atilde;o e implementa&ccedil;&atilde;o do modelo matem&aacute;tico, foram gerados resultados num&eacute;ricos para diferentes cen&aacute;rios agr&iacute;colas. Concluiu-se que a metodologia de pontos interiores (MPI), utilizada neste estudo, foi capaz de maximizar a produtividade e receita, resultando na obten&ccedil;&atilde;o de valores confi&aacute;veis quando comparada com a metodologia Simplex. &nbsp; UNITERMOS: Metodologia de Pontos Interiores, programa&ccedil;&atilde;o n&atilde;o linear, otimiza&ccedil;&atilde;o &nbsp; &nbsp; DELGADO, A. R. S.; DUARTE, W. S.; LIMA, V. N.; CARVALHO, D. F. de. MATHEMATICAL MODELLING FOR OPTIMATIZATION OF IN COME OF MELON AND WATERMELON IN WATER DEPTHS AND NITROGEN RATES DOSES FUNCTIONS &nbsp; &nbsp; 2 ABSTRACT &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The objective of this work was to evaluate the Interior Point Method (central path) in the maximization of objective functions associated to production and agricultural income with water and nitrogen constraints. Thus, a computational procedure to maximize the production in relation to water and nitrogen applied to the melon and watermelon cultivation was developed in a bi-dimensional box of constraints. The model was characterized and numerical results were presented for different agricultural scenes. It was concluded that the interior point method (IPM) used in this study was capable to maximize the productivity and revenue, obtaining reliable values when compared with Simplex method. &nbsp; KEYWORDS: Interior Point Method, nonlinear programming, optimization &nbsp;

En este trabajo se aborda la problemática de la adopción y apropiación de tecnologías para el aprovechamiento de la energía solar en comunidades campesinas aisladas. Se describe una metodología de trabajo que aplica herramientas de Investigación Acción Participativa a una experiencia que es llevada a cabo en dos comunidades rurales de Salta: Esquina de Guardia, donde las acciones se orientaron a resolver el problema de aguas arsenicales a través de destiladores solares; y Cabrerías, donde la comunidad demandaba agua caliente para uso sanitario. Un primer análisis, nos lleva a concluir que no existe un procedimiento metodológico único para abordar las experiencias de transferencia y apropiación tecnológica, estando estos condicionados al contexto en que se realizan. | The problem that is focus this work is the existing difficulty to realise the adoption and appropriation of technology, with the consequent failure of many projects and the lack of methodologies that favor the participation of recipients in the transfer. This paper describes a methodology that applies tools of Participatory Action Research, which supports a process of technology transfer and ongoing ownership. This experience is conducted in two rural communities of Salta: Esquina de Guardia, where actions were aimed at solving the problem of arsenic in water through solar stills, and Cabrerías, where the community, in a process of improving quality of life, demanding hot water for sanitary use. An initial analysis leads us to conclude that there is not single methodological approach to address the experiences of technology transfer and appropriation, being those conditioned to the context in which they perform. | Asociación Argentina de Energías Renovables y Medio Ambiente (ASADES)