Se presenta el programa informatico PROAME (Programacion del Agua Mediante Embalses) que ha sido desarrollado para ayudar al control y ahorro del agua de riego, mejorando la programacion de llenado de embalses, aprovechando la cantidad de agua de lluvia recogida sobre la cubierta del invernadero. PROAME ofrece una base de conocimiento con informacion actualizada sobre las necesidades hidricas de cada uno de los cultivos propios de la zona, segun la fecha de siembra, superficie cultivada, fechas de riego y de abastecimiento. Ademas dispone de una amplia base de datos con las precipitaciones caidas en las diferentes zonas de la provincia de Almeria, desde los ultimos 20 anos. El uso general de este programa permite, tras contestar a una serie de preguntas, la seleccion de la fecha mas propicia de llenado de la balsa para maximizar la cantidad recogida de agua de lluvia, asi como el nivel de llenado requerido. Con ayuda de ese programa, se puede llegar a conseguir un auto-abastecimiento total, segun el tipo de invernadero, capacidad de la balsa y las precipitaciones.

Este estudo objetivou desenvolver um software de fácil interface para os usuários, o qual integra as variáveis necessárias para auxiliar de maneira simples e prática o manejo da irrigação do tomateiro para fins industriais, irrigados por pivô central, no estado de Goiás. O IrrigaTomate foi desenvolvido em duas versões: uma para o planejamento e outra para a tomada de decisão. O planejamento apresenta-se na forma de um calendário de irrigação, com informações de quando e quanto irrigar, após o usuário informar: a) o município; b) a data prevista de transplantio das mudas em campo; c) o tipo e o sistema de preparo do solo (plantio direto ou convencional); e d) a eficiência, a área e a lâmina mínima do pivô central. Na versão de tomada de decisão (manejo), exigem-se, além dos dados de entrada já informados, as informações de solo (granulometria/textura), as quantidades diárias de chuva que estão ocorrendo ao longo do ciclo e as quantidades de irrigações efetivamente realizadas. Com isso, o usuário terá as informações de quando e quanto irrigar de forma mais assertiva, pois são utilizados dados coletados em tempo real em estações meteorológicas automáticas instaladas nas microrregiões climáticas homogêneas de Goiás, obtendo-se uma melhor estimativa da duração de cada estádio fenológico da cultura (por soma térmica) e da evapotranspiração diária. Portanto, o IrrigaTomate é um software que, além de aconselhar o usuário quando e quanto irrigar, registra o manejo efetivamente realizado na lavoura ao longo do ciclo.

The availability of different mineral waters, some with indications of therapeutic properties, makes it necessary to investigate their interaction with nutritional habits. Objective: To analyze the nutritional profile before and after 10 days of ingestion of hypothermic water enriched with minerals in hypertensive patients. Materials and Methods: Fifteen hypertensive adults (73% women), 47.9±7.7 years old, were randomly divided into a control group (CG; n=7) and an experimental group (EG; n=8). For 10 days, subjects ingested hypothermic mineral-enriched water or placebo mineral water, with an amount established at 75% of: 1500ml + 20ml * body weight. Participants were instructed to maintain their eating habits. Macro and micronutrients were calculated by the DietPro® 5i software with the information obtained from the 24-hour recalls applied before and after the ingestion of mineral water. Results: For both groups, there were no significant differences between the macro and micronutrients of the diet assessed before and after the intervention. When compared pre- and post-intervention, there were also no differences between them, except for fiber where the amount consumed by the CG in the post-intervention was greater than that consumed by the EG (p=0.034). There was a trend towards an association between caloric intake and body weight at the beginning of the intervention (p=0.071). Conclusion: There was no change in relation to diet before and after 10 days of ingestion of hypothermal water enriched with minerals, suggesting that consumption of this type of water does not interfere with the dietary pattern. However, studies involving a greater number of participants and a longer period of consumption are necessary.

In general terms, the main object of this paper is the presentation of HYDROFEM code, developed for its use as a simulation tool for the characterization of water flow in the unsaturated zone. The model is based on Richards. equation, a strongly nonlinear expression which requires efficient numerical methods for its integration. In comparison to other similar codes, HYDROFEM solves the water movement equation in those cases that take place over three-dimensional flow domains, permitting the simulation of complex systems which may be impossible to model by simplified one- or two-dimensional schemes. Moreover, the code unifies several features developed by highly-used computer programs among the hydrogeology community, including processes such as precipitation and evaporation, free and deep drainage or multidirectional seepage .through specific boundary conditions., as well as a root water uptake function, in both Feddes. and van Genuchten.s formulations .as the sink term. Treatment of the constitutive relationships of soil hydraulic properties takes into account several analytical models for the study of homogeneous and stratified profiles (such as Brooks-Corey, van Genuchten-Mualem and Vogel-C.slerov.), assuming that their spatial variability is defined by a dominant linear component, characterized through a set of scaling factors. Finally, HYDROFEM presents a graphical user-friendly interface, developed for Windows workstations, which permits a global control over both the input data and the output results. | El presente art.culo tiene como objetivo principal la presentaci.n del c.digo HYDROFEM, desarrollado como herramienta de simulaci.n para la caracterizaci.n de flujos de agua en la zona no saturada del suelo. Gen.ricamente, la aplicaci.n est. basada en la conocida ecuaci.n de Richards, que posee una naturaleza fuertemente no lineal que hace de las t.cnicas num.ricas el medio apropiado para su integraci.n. Frente a otros modelos existentes, .ste facilita la resoluci.n de casos pr.cticos que tienen lugar sobre dominios espaciales tridimensionales y permite de este modo la simulaci.n de sistemas complejos, cuya parametrizaci.n no admite el uso de esquemas simplificados a una o dos dimensiones. De forma adicional, unifica las alternativas incorporadas a distintos programas ampliamente utilizados en el .mbito de la hidrogeolog.a, a.adiendo al modelo general los procesos de precipitaci.n y evaporaci.n, drenaje libre y en profundidad o filtraci.n multidireccional .a trav.s de condiciones de contorno espec.ficas., as. como una funci.n de absorci.n radicular, en sus formulaciones de Feddes y van Genuchten .como t.rmino sumidero. El tratamiento de las propiedades hidr.ulicas del suelo ofrece la posibilidad de introducir diversos modelos anal.ticos para el estudio de perfiles homog.neos y estratificados (tales como Brooks-Corey, van Genuchten-Mualem y Vogel-C.slerov.), asumiendo que su variabilidad espacial queda definida por una componente lineal dominante, caracterizada mediante un conjunto de factores de escala. Por .ltimo, HYDROFEM se halla dotado de una interfaz gr.fica en entorno Windows, que permite la interacci.n del usuario tanto para la entrada de datos como para el postproceso de resultados.

The widely used groundwater flow model MODFLOW offers a range of software packages to simulate the interaction between streams and groundwater in aquifer systems. However, these existing packages lack a general method to address the chaotic simulation sequences of stream segments and require these segments to be ordered by modelers as input to the code. Therefore, it is challenging to simulate a stream network divided into a large number of segments such as a canal irrigation system. In this study, the Streamflow Automatic Routing (SAR) package was developed, and an effective method is proposed to automatically determine the segment simulation sequence. The stream segment order in the SAR input file is arbitrary, which allows modifications of the stream network by removing segments directly and adding segments at the end of the segment group. This mainly includes two processes: scanning all the outlet channels of the water system and calling the recursive algorithm for each outlet channel of the water system. The SAR package was tested using a hypothetical stream–aquifer system and applied to a complex flow field in Aiding Lake of Turpan Basin, China. In the results, a close fitting between the simulation and observations shows that the SAR package precisely simulated the exchange flux between the steams and aquifer. The SAR package can significantly improve the efficiency of simulations in a complex stream network, and it can be widely used as a subroutine package of MODFLOW in agricultural irrigation areas where rivers and canals are interlaced.

Los modelos de simulacion al considerar procesos basicos de la planta y como ellos son influenciados por el ambiente, tienen la ventaja de representar una economia de tiempo y recursos en la investigacion basica de evaluacion de rendimiento y zonificacion de cultivos, constituyendo un avance tecnologico de gran ayuda para la agilizacion del proceso de tranferencia en el campo de la produccion agricola. El presente trabajo forma parte de un proyecto de investigacion mas amplio sobre aplicabilidad del Modelo Ceres/Maiz, y aqui se presentan los resultados correspondientes al componente del balance de agua del Modelo Ceres/Maiz, en dos perfiles de suelos de texturas contrastantes. Adicionalmente se incluye informacion complementaria sobre descripcion del perfil, densidad aparente, caracterizacion de raices y determinacion de curvas caracteristicas de humedad para ambos suelos. Finalmente se comparan los parametros de humedad del Modelo Ceres/Maiz: limite superior de humedad, limite inferior de humedad, el coeficiente de drenaje y el porcentaje de humedad a saturacion para ambos perfiles y se senalan las principales dificultades en la determinacion de los mismos.

This work presents analysis of groundwater flow conditions and groundwater control measures for Vazante underground mine located in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. According to field observations, groundwater flow processes in this mine are highly influenced by the presence of karst features located in the near-surface terrain next to Santa Catarina River. The karstic features, such as caves, sinkholes, dolines and conduits, have direct contact with the aquifer and tend to increase water flow into the mine. These effects are more acute in areas under the influence of groundwater-level drawdown by pumping. Numerical analyses of this condition were carried out using the computer program FEFLOW. This program represents karstic features as one-dimensional discrete flow conduits inside a three-dimensional finite element structure representing the geologic medium following a combined discrete-continuum approach for representing the karst system. These features create preferential flow paths between the river and mine; their incorporation into the model is able to more realistically represent the hydrogeological environment of the mine surroundings. In order to mitigate the water-inflow problems, impermeabilization of the river through construction of a reinforced concrete channel was incorporated in the developed hydrogeological model. Different scenarios for channelization lengths for the most critical zones along the river were studied. Obtained results were able to compare effectiveness of different river channelization scenarios. It was also possible to determine whether the use of these impermeabilization measures would be able to reduce, in large part, the elevated costs of pumping inside the mine.