The aim was to estimate the Cu content in the bones of grazing sheep and relate it to their drinking water. Cu was analyzed by taking bone biopsies. Samples from the twelfth rib were taken in 107 animals and water samples were collected from forty wells in the same farms located in four agroecological areas in Yucatán state, Mexico. Cu was analyzed by atomic absorption. Data were analyzed using the least squares method. Cu content in bone tissue was: weaned 0.66a ; Females prior to rst gestation 0.57b and ewes 0.64a mg/kg−1 . Normal content in bone is 2-3 mg/kg−1 , indicating a deciency in the animals. Cu in water was 0.15ab, 0.12b , 0.16ab and 0.19a mg/L−1 in the center, east, west and south part of the State respectively. Cu concentration in water for animal consumption was low. In conclusion, Cu deciency was diagnosed in grazing sheep that could be associated with the low Cu content in the drinking water

Resumen La plaga que más problemas ha causado en los últimos años en el arroz (Oryza sativa L.) es el Caracol manzana (Pomacea canaliculata Lamarck), esta plaga está considerada entre las 100 peores especies invasoras del mundo. El presente trabajo es un ensayo experimental a nivel de campo donde se aplicaron diferentes dosis de quelato de cobre y agua ozonizada para el control del caracol manzana en el cultivo de arroz, para lo cual se utilizó un diseño de bloque completo al azar (DBCA), con cinco tratamientos incluido el testigo y cuatro repeticiones. El sitio experimental se ubicó en una finca del cantón Salitre, provincia del Guayas, Ecuador con clima tropical. Se evaluó el índice de mortalidad de los caracoles frente a los tratamientos propuestos. El tratamiento T4, que correspondía a la dosis de 2 L ha-1 de quelato de cobre mezclado con agua ozonizada con 2 ppm de concentración, fue el tratamiento que mejor control de caracol manzana se observó, dando como resultado 94% de mortalidad. | Abstract The pest that has caused the most problems in rice (Oriza sativa L.) in recent years is the apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata (Lamarck); this pest is considered among the 100 worst invasive species in the world. The present work is an experimental trial at the field level where different doses of copper chelate and ozonated water were applied to control the apple snail in rice cultivation; for which a randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used, with five treatments, including the control and four repetitions. The experimental site was located on a farm in the Salitre canton, in the Guayas province, Ecuador, with tropical climate. The mortality rate of the snails against the proposed treatments was evaluated. Treatment T4, which corresponded to the dose of 2 L ha-1 of copper chelate mixed with ozonated water with a concentration of 2 ppm, was the treatment were the best apple snail control was observed, resulting in 94% mortality.

Tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli tuottaa kansainvälisesti vertailtavaa tietoa suomalaisten viljelymaiden hivenalkuaineista. Aineistona käytettiin maanäytteitä, jotka oli kerätty kansallisen seurantaohjelman viimeisimmässä näytteiden keruussa vuonna 1998. Kyseisestä aineistosta valittiin 338 maanäytettä, jotka edustivat tasaisesti koko Suomen viljeltyä aluetta. Kukin näyte oli otettu neljänä osanäytteenä pellon muokkauskerroksesta. Näytteistä analysoitiin arseeni (As), kadmium (Cd), kromi (Cr), kupari (Cu), lyijy (Pb), elohopea (Hg), nikkeli (Ni), seleeni (Se), vanadiini (V) ja sinkki (Zn). Analyysi tehtiin kansainvälisen standardimenetelmän ISO 11466:n mukaisesti käyttäen kuningasvesiuuttoa (aqua regia). Tuloksista laskettiin tärkeimmät tilastolliset parametrit maalajiryhmittäin ja kasvinviljelyvyöhykkeittäin. Hivenalkuaineiden jakautumisesta pitoisuusluokkiin muotoiltiin graafiset esitykset ja pitoisuuksien maantieteellisestä jakaumasta teemakartat. Tutkimus oli osa vuosina 2004 2007 toteutettua, Maa- ja metsätalousministeriön rahoittamaa yhteistutkimushanketta Raskasmetallikuormitusten arviointi ja vähentäminen Suomen maatalousekosysteemeissä . Hankkeen tavoitteena oli ensinnäkin selvittää viljelymaiden raskasmetallipitoisuuksia valtakunnallisesti käyttäen kuningasvesiuuttoa. Toiseksi tutkittiin kasvinviljely- ja maidontuotantotilojen viljelymaan raskasmetallipitoisuuksia kuningasvesiuutteesta ja hapan (pH 4,65) ammoniumasetaatti-EDTA -uutteesta siten, että näytteet otettiin muokkauskerroksesta ja jankosta. Kolmanneksi hankkeessa analysoitiin raskasmetallien tilakohtaisia peltotaseita kasvinviljely- ja maidontuotantotiloilla. | This study was part of a three-year (2004-2007) project entitled Assessment and reduction of heavy metal inputs into Finnish agro-ecosystems that was funded by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry in Finland. The aims of the project were to clarify: 1) aqua regia extractable trace elements in Finnish cultivated soils with the international standard method at a national level; 2) aqua regia and AAAc-EDTA extractable trace elements in the top- and subsoil of Finnish arable land at selected crop and dairy farms; and 3) field mass balances of trace elements on the selected crop and dairy farms at the farm level. The main aim of this study was to produce internationally comparable knowledge on the status of cultivated soils in Finland. From the soil material collected during the latest sampling process under the national monitoring programme in 1998, 338 samples were selected for this investigation. The sampling sites were situated evenly over the whole cultivated area in Finland. Samples taken as four sub-samples from the plough layer were analysed for arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), selenium (Se), vanadium (V) and zinc (Zn) using aqua regia extraction according to an international standard method (ISO 11466). General statistical indicators of the analytical results of trace element concentrations are presented by soil type groups and by plant cultivation zones. Distributions of the results into the concentration classes are shown graphically and geographical distributions of the trace element concentrations are presented on the thematic maps. | v | ok | Myynti MTT, Tietopalvelut 31600 Jokioinen. Yksikön huom.: MAA, MPL | MPL | Viljelymaiden seurantaohjelma Suomessa Hivenalkuaineiden kokonaispitoisuudet peltomaissa : vuonna 1998

RESUMEN En Latinoamérica y en los países asiáticos el caracol manzana Pomacea canaliculata es una de las plagas que más daños ha causado en las plantaciones de arroz, por eso está considerada entre las 100 peores especies invasoras del mundo. El presente trabajo es un ensayo experimental en laboratorio donde se aplicaron diferentes dosis de quelato de cobre y ozono para el control del caracol manzana con 4 tratamientos, 1 testigo y 6 repeticiones. Para la evaluación de efectividad de los tratamientos aplicados se utilizó el método de la OMS (1965). El porcentaje de mortalidad del T4, que corresponde a la dosis de 2 L/ha de quelato de cobre mezclado con agua ozonizada con 2 ppm de concentración, fue el tratamiento que mejor controla el caracol manzana resultando un 97,67% de mortalidad, al contrario del tratamiento T5 (testigo) donde se obtuvo un 6,33 % de mortalidad. Los resultados sugieren que el quelato de cobre mezclado con agua ozonizada podría ser usado en el control efectivo del caracol manzana. | ABSTRACT In Latin America and in Asian countries, the apple snail Pomacea canaliculata is one of the most destructive pests present in rice plantations, which is why it is considered among the 100 invasive species in the world. The present work is an experimental laboratory test where different doses of copper and ozone chelate for the control of apple snail are applied with 4 treatments, 1 control and 6 repetitions. For the evaluation of the applied molluscicides, the WHO method (1965) was used. The percentage of mortality of T4, which corresponds to the dose of 2 L / ha of copper chelate mixed with ozonized water with 2 ppm concentration, was the treatment that best controls apple snail, resulting in 97.67% of mortality, however, in T5 (control) a 6.33% of mortality was obtained. The results suggest that the copper chelate mixed with ozonated water can be used in the effective control of the apple snail.

This work focuses on the geochemical processes taking place in the acid drainage in the Ribeira da Água Forte, located in the Aljustrel mining area in the Iberian Pyrite Belt. The approach involved water and stream sediment geochemical analyses, as well as other techniques such as sequential extraction, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Ribeira da Água Forte is a stream that drains the area of the old mine dumps of the Aljustrel mine, which have for decades been a source of acid waters. This stream flows to the north for a little over than 10km, but mixes with a reduced, organic-rich, high pH waste water from the municipal waste water pools of the village. This water input produces two different results in the chemistry of the stream depending upon the season: (i) in the winter season, effective water mixing takes place, and the flux of acid water from the mine dumps is continuous, resulting in the immediate precipitation of the Fe from the acid waters; (ii) during the summer season, acid drainage is interrupted and only the waste water feeds the stream, resulting in the reductive dissolution of Fe hydroxides and hydroxysulfates in the stream sediments, releasing significant quantities of metals into solution. Throughout the year, water pH stays invariably within 4.0–4.5 for several meters downstream of this mixing zone even when the source waters come from the waste water pools, which have a pH around 8.4. The coupled interplay of dissolution and precipitation of the secondary minerals (hydroxides and sulfates), keeps the system pH between 3.9 and 4.5 all along the stream. In particular, evidence suggests that schwertmannite may be precipitating and later decomposing into Fe hydroxides to sustain the stream water pH at those levels. While Fe content decreases by 50% from solution, the most important trace metals are only slightly attenuated before the solution mixes with the Ribeira do Rôxo stream waters. Concentrations of As are the only ones effectively reduced along the flow path. Partitioning of Cu, Zn and Pb in the contaminated sediments also showed different behavior. Specific/non-specific adsorption is relevant for Cu and Zn in the upstream branch of Ribeira da Água Forte with acid drainage conditions, whereas the mixture with the waste water causes that the association of these metals with oxyhydroxide to be more important. Metals bound to oxyhydroxides are on the order of 60–70% for Pb, 50% for Cu and 30–60% for Zn. Organic matter is only marginally important around the waste water input area showing 2–8% Cu bound to this phase. These results also show that, although the mixing process of both acid and organic-rich waters can suppress and briefly mitigate some adverse effects of acid drainage, the continuing discharge of these waste waters into a dry stream promotes the remobilization of metals fixed in the secondary solid phases in the stream bed back into solution, a situation that can hardly be amended back to its original state.

Diferentes lotes de truchas arco iris (Oncorhynchus mykiss) se expusieron a concentraciones subletales de cobre (109 micro g Cu/l) y cianuros (45 migro g/l) durante 28 dias en regimen continuo. A periodos de tiempo predeterminados se recogieron muestras de agua tanto en los acuarios como en la canal de entrada, y fueron analizados los siguientes parametros: alcalinidad, pH, dureza, cloruros, amoniaco, sodio, materia organica, anhidrido carbonico, y ortofosfatos. Se observaron diferencias significativas entre el agua de entrada y la de salida de los acuarios; para amoniaco, materia organica, anhidrido carbonico y ortofosfatos. Los peces expuestos mostraron sintomas de intoxicacion subletal manifestando una reduccion significativa del crecimiento en los peces expuestos a cianuro. Los incrementos de materia organica, amoniaco, anhidrido carbonico y ortofosfatos fueron alrededor de 6; 0,25; 20 y 0,75 mg/g de pez y dia respectivamente. Pero a diferencia de lo observado en exposiciones estaticas no se apreciaron diferencias significativas entre los peces expuestos y los controles. Los coeficientes de excrecion calculados fueron mucho mayores que los observados en condiciones estaticas.

The processes that affect water chemistry as the water flows from recharge areas through breccia-pipe uranium deposits in the Grand Canyon region of the southwestern United States are not well understood. Pigeon Spring had elevated uranium in 1982 (44 μg/L), compared to other perched springs (2.7–18 μg/L), prior to mining operations at the nearby Pigeon Mine. Perched groundwater springs in an area around the Pigeon Mine were sampled between 2009 and 2015 and compared with material from the Pigeon Mine to better understand the geochemistry and hydrology of the area. Two general groups of perched groundwater springs were identified from this study; one group is characterized by calcium sulfate type water, low uranium activity ratio ²³⁴U/²³⁸U (UAR) values, and a mixture of water with some component of modern water, and the other group by calcium-magnesium sulfate type water, higher UAR values, and radiocarbon ages indicating recharge on the order of several thousand years ago. Multivariate statistical principal components analysis of Pigeon Mine and spring samples indicate Cu, Pb, As, Mn, and Cd concentrations distinguished mining-related leachates from perched groundwater springs. The groundwater potentiometric surface indicates that perched groundwater at Pigeon Mine would likely flow toward the northwest away from Pigeon Spring. The geochemical analysis of the water, sediment and rock samples collected from the Snake Gulch area indicate that the elevated uranium at Pigeon Spring is likely related to a natural source of uranium upgradient from the spring and not likely related to the Pigeon Mine.