Contiene: La desinfeccion. Desinfeccion solar. Cloro. Radiacion ultravioleta. Filtracion lenta. Minifiltracion. Metodos alternativos de desinfeccion. Desinfeccion especial. Datos comparativos.

This publication provides guidance to water-sector decision makers and planners on how to deal with the quality dimension of groundwater resources management in the World Bank's client countries. There is growing evidence of increasing pollution threats to groundwater and some well-documented cases of irreversible damage to important aquifers. This guide has been produced in the belief that groundwater pollution hazard assessment must become an essential part of environmental best practice for water supply utilities. The guide is particularly relevant for the World Bank's Latin American and Caribbean Region, where many countries have initiated major changes to modernize their institutional and legal framework for water resources management, but may not yet have considered groundwater at the same level as surface water, because of lack of awareness and knowledge of groundwater issues and policy options.

El objetivo prioritario del presente estudio ha sido determinar las condiciones óptimas de aplicación del agua activada electrolíticamente (AAE) para conseguir desinfectar el agua utilizada en las centrales hortofrutícolas, y así evitar la posible recontaminación de la fruta y la aparición de podredumbres en postcosecha. La dosis óptima de aplicación del AAE para conseguir la desinfección satisfactoria del agua está directamente relacionada con el tiempo de contacto entre el AAE y las esporas fúngicas. Con períodos cortos de exposición (30 segundos a 2 minutos), dosis elevadas del producto de 10 y 20% (vol/vol) no son suficientes para reducir substancialmente la población de los principales patógenos. En cambio, tiempos superiores de 5 a 30 minutos sí son suficientes para reducir más del 90% de la población de Alternaria sp a las dosis de 10 y 20%. La presencia de materia orgánica en la solución afecta la eficacia del AAE, sin embargo, otros factores como las bajas temperaturas y los pH alcalinos no influyen de forma importante en su eficacia. Por estos motivos, el AAE se presenta como una alternativa eficaz al cloro en la desinfección del agua en las centrales hortofrutícolas.

9 pages, 2 figures, 5 tables.-- PMID: 17433195 [PubMed].-- Available online Feb 3, 2009. | [ESP] Objetivos: La evidencia que hay no permite establecer causalidad entre la exposición a subproductos de la cloración (SPC) durante la gestación y los efectos reproductivos. Los trihalometanos, uno de los subproductos de la cloración, son muy prevalentes en algunas zonas españolas. En el marco del estudio INMA (INfancia y Medio Ambiente) se describe: 1) los hábitos personales de uso y consumo de agua, y 2) el valor de trihalometanos en el agua de las zonas de estudio. | Métodos: Estudio de cohortes de seguimiento de mujeres embarazadas en Valencia (n = 800), Sabadell (n = 800), País Vasco (n = 600), Asturias (n = 500) y Granada (n = 700). Con entrevistas en el tercer trimestre del embarazo se obtiene información personal acerca del origen y cantidad de agua consumida, frecuencia de ducha, baño y asistencia a piscinas. Se toman muestras de agua para analizar los trihalometanos. | Resultados: El origen del agua consumida dentro y fuera de casa es la embotellada (el 82 y el 94%, respectivamente). El agua para cocinar es principalmente municipal (91%). El 98,2% de las mujeres embarazadas toman preferentemente duchas 6,8 veces/semana durante 11,7 min. Un 58,5% de las mujeres se bañan en piscinas durante el embarazo, en promedio 9,4 veces/mes en piscinas descubiertas en verano y 3,1 veces/mes en cubiertas el resto del año, durante 32,6 y 21,7 min, respectivamente. Los valores medios de trihalometanos oscilan entre 4 ug/l en la provincia de Granada y 117 ug/l en Sabadell. | Conclusión: Los resultados provisionales sugieren que las principales vías de exposición a trihalometanos durante el embarazo son la absorción dérmica y la inhalación, y la ingestión es una vía poco relevante. | [ENG] Objectives: Exposure to chlorination by-products during pregnancy has been associated with reproductive outcomes but the evidence remains inconclusive. Levels of trihalomethanes, the most prevalent chlorination by-products, are high in some areas of Spain. Within the framework of a follow-up study in pregnant women, we describe: 1) the personal habits of water use and consumption, and 2) trihalomethane levels in the drinking water of the study areas. | Methods: We performed a follow-up cohort study in pregnant women in Valencia (n = 800), Sabadell (n = 800), the Basque Country (n = 600), Asturias (n = 500), and Granada (n = 700). Interviews were conducted in the third trimester of pregnancy to obtain individual information on the sources and amounts of drinking water, and on the frequency of showering, bathing, and swimming pool attendance. Water samples were collected to analyze trihalomethane levels. | Results: The main source of drinking water was bottled water, both inside and outside the home (82% and 94% of the women, respectively). Drinking water for cooking was mainly municipal (91%). Women preferred to take showers (98.2%) and did so, on average, 6.8 times/week for 11.7 minutes. A total of 58.5% of the women went to swimming pools during pregnancy, on average 9.4 times/month to outdoor swimming pools in the summer and 3.1 times/month the rest of the year for 32.6 and 21.7 minutes, respectively. Average trihalomethane levels ranged from 4 ug/l in the province of Granada to 117 ug/l in Sabadell. | Conclusion: These preliminary results suggest that the main routes of trihalomethane exposure during pregnancy are dermal absorption and inhalation. Ingestion is a minor exposure route. | Agradecemos al equipo del proyecto INMA. La Red INMA recibe ayudas para la investigación del Instituto de Salud Carlos III (G03/176; ISCIII-FEDER) y del Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria FIS-FEDER 03/1615 para la cohorte de Valencia, FIS-FEDER 97/0588 y 00/0021-02 para la cohorte de Menorca, FIS-FEDER PI042018 para la cohorte de Asturias y otras ayudas FIS-FEDER, PI041436, PI041509, PI041705, PI041666, PI041931 y PI051187. El Estudio INMA ha recibido también ayudas de Fundació “La Caixa” para la cohorte de Ribera d’Ebre (97/009-00 y 00/077-00); de la Comisión de la Unión Europea (QLK4-1999-01422) y de la Consejería de Salud de la Junta de Andalucía (SAS-202/04) para la cohorte de Granada, y de la Comisión de la Unión Europea (QLK4-2000-00263) para la cohorte de Menorca. También se recibe financiación de la Red de Centros RCESP (C03/09). | Peer reviewed

Chicken meat may suffer rapid deterioration because of spoilage microorganisms. The type and number of microorganisms define quality of the product. Many stuidies show the use of slight acid electrolyzed water (sAEA) with high free clorine concentration (FCC) has been investigated to control and reduce the microbial growth of chiken meat. However sAEA with low levels of free clorine were not studied. In the current study, the stability of sAEA with low free clorine concentration and its application in chicken breast meat was assessed by evolution of microorganisms and lipid oxidation during storage. To acess the stability, sAEA with pH 6 and 10 mg/L of FCC was diluted for 2 and 5 mg/L and its oxidation-redution potential (ORP), pH and FCC were determining over 5 days of storage at 4 °C. The sAEA was applied in chicken breast meat by immersion and by the combination of spray and immersion to evaluate the shelf-life during storad 4 °C for 6 days. The shelf-life was evaluated by mesophilic and psychotrophic bacteria growth, pH value and lipi oxidation by TBARS levels. All of sAEA maintained their ORP, pH and FCC characteristics during the storage. The chicken breast meat showed varied initial number of microorganisms, which influence the redution promoted by sAEA treatment. Higher mesophilic bacteria number show lower redution by sAEA. In general, sAEA was more effective in reducing mesophilic than psychotrophic bacteria after treatment application. The chicken breast pH were not affected by sAEFA. However, anyone sAEA application mode increase the shelf-life of chicken breast meat. TBARS values were confuse, and further studies are necessary to clarify the sAEA action mechanism front lipid oxidation. | Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq | Devido à sua composição, a carne de frango pode sofrer rápida deterioração pela presença de microrganismos, sendo que o tipo e número de microrganismos definem a qualidade higiênico-sanitária do produto. O uso da água eletrolisada fracamente ácida (AEFA) com alta concentração de cloro livre tem sido investigado na redução da carga microbiana de frangos de corte, mas com baixa concentração não se tem relatos. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a estabilidade e método de aplicação da AEFA com 2, 5 e 10 mg/L de cloro livre em peitos de frango, e acompanhar a evolução dos microrganismos deteriorantes e a oxidação dos lipídios durante o armazenamento refrigerado. Estudou-se a estabilidade da AEFA com pH 6,0 com 2, 5 e 10 mg/L de cloro livre, determinando o potencial de oxirredução (POR), pH e concentração de cloro livre (CCL) ao longo de 5 dias de armazenamento a 4 °C. As AEFAs foram aplicadas nos peitos de frango pelo método de imersão e pela combinação de spray e imersão para avaliação da vida-útil de peitos de frango armazenados a 4 °C durante 6 dias. A vida-útil foi acompanhada pelo crescimento de bactérias mesófilas e psicrotróficas, valor de pH e a evolução da oxidação lipídica foi acompanhada pelos níveis de TBARS. As AEFAs elaboradas mantiveram suas características de POR, pH e CCL durante o período de armazenamento estudado. Os peitos de frango apresentaram número inicial de microrganismos variado, o que influenciou na redução promovida pelo tratamento com AEFA, sendo que quanto maior a carga de bactérias mesófilas, menor a percentagem de redução promovida pela AEFA. Notou-se, em todos os métodos de aplicação, que a AEFA foi mais efetiva frente às bactérias mesófilas do que as psicrotróficas logo após a aplicação dos tratamentos, e que o pH dos peitos de frango não foram influenciados pela aplicação da AEFA. Entretanto, os diferentes tratamentos de AEFA aplicados não aumentaram o tempo de vida-útil dos peitos de frango, pois apresentaram carga microbiológica e pH considerados impróprios para o consumo no sexto dia de armazenamento. Mais estudos são necessários para esclarecer melhor o mecanismo de ação da AEFA frente às reações de oxidação lipídica

Después de un desastre natural, es posible que el agua no sea apta para el consumo. Escuche los Cómo desinfectar el agua luego de un desastre anuncios de las autoridades locales para saber si puede utilizar el agua.

Trabalho de conclusão de curso (graduação) - Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus Frederico Westphalen, Curso de Engenharia Ambiental e Sanitária, RS, 2023. | The deterioration of water quality in surface water courses and the pursuit of universal basic sanitation, particularly access to potable water, lead to the development of new treatment technologies. Advanced Oxidative Processes are technologies that act in the formation of free radicals and, in disinfection, help promote the deactivation of pathogenic microorganisms present in water. The present study utilized a bench-scale reactor of a combined Ultraviolet and Ozone system (UV/O3) to assess the efficiency of the combined disinfection of the advanced oxidative process. The system's efficiency was evaluated through the inactivation of total coliforms, Escherichia coli, and aerobic bacteria spores (EBAs), along with an analysis of important physicochemical parameters in the process. Satisfactory microbiological inactivation values were achieved, reaching maximum removal logs of 4 for E. coli, 1.85 for Total Coliforms, and 1.42 for anaerobic bacteria spores. However, compared to the literature, the UV/O3 system did not prove as efficient. The UV/O3 system is highly dependent on environmental factors, as well as physicochemical parameters of the water to be treated. High turbidity values and a pH close to neutral likely negatively influenced the disinfection system. | A deterioração da qualidade da água de cursos hídricos superficiais e a busca pela universalização do saneamento básico, em especial, o acesso à água potável, fazem com que novas tecnologias de tratamento sejam desenvolvidas. Processos Oxidativos Avançados são tecnologias que atuam na formação de radicais livres, e, na desinfecção, ajudam a promover a inativação dos microrganismos patogênicos presentes na água. O presente estudo utilizou um reator em escala de bancada de um sistema ultravioleta combinado com Ozônio (UV/O3), para verificação da eficiência da desinfecção conjugada do processo oxidativo avançado. A eficiência do sistema foi verificada pela inativação de coliformes totais, Escherichia coli e esporos de bactérias aeróbias (EBAs), em conjunto, analisou-se parâmetros físico-químicos importantes no processo. Valores satisfatórios de inativação microbiológicas foram obtidos, alcançando logs máximos de remoção de 4 para E. coli, 1,85 para Coliformes Totais e de 1,42 para esporos de bactérias anaeróbias, entretanto, comparado a literatura, o sistema não se mostrou tão eficiente. O sistema UV/O3 é um sistema altamente dependente de fatores ambientais, bem como, parâmetros físico-químicos da água a ser tratada, valores altos de turbidez, e o pH próximo do neutro provavelmente influenciaram negativamente o sistema de desinfecção.

Human consumption of water outside of the microbiological standards for drinking constitutes a health and disease risk factor. Through the process of infiltration in the soil, groundwater may be contaminated by the waste generated by human activity and deposited in the soil, waterways or air. The consumption of water in natura, captured in a spring, may lead to the risk of disease. One of the alternative technologies for disinfecting water that has shown promise is the generation of an oxidant solution in loco. The electrochemical reaction of sodium chloride produces oxidizing gases, which reacts with the water to produce the hypochlorite ion in balance with hypochlorous acid, along with traces of other oxidants. In the present study the development of a device based on an imported model that uses this type of technology wassought in order to reduce the cost of acquisition and makeit more available to disadvantaged communities with water quality issues. The evaluation of the efficiency of this technology in disinfecting water with different qualities (color and turbidity) was also sought, using total coliforms and Escherichia coli as indicator organisms of contamination. In each experimentthe quality of untreated water, and water after adding the oxidant was examined on turbidity, true color, residual chlorine, pH, temperature, and quantification of microorganism indicators. In the experiments performed we found that the adapted equipment showed to be as efficient in the production of disinfectant agents as the original equipment. In the microbiological assays performed on water contaminated with E. coli (synthesized water in a laboratory and natural) and total coliforms (natural water), the inactivation of these organisms was observed to be effective with the use of gases that came from the adapted equipment, taking into account the content of chlorine in water treated with the equipment. | Human consumption of water outside of the microbiological standards for drinking constitutes a health and disease risk factor. Through the process of infiltration in the soil, groundwater may be contaminated by the waste generated by human activity and deposited in the soil, waterways or air. The consumption of water in natura, captured in a spring, may lead to the risk of disease. One of the alternative technologies for disinfecting water that has shown promise is the generation of an oxidant solution in loco. The electrochemical reaction of sodium chloride produces oxidizing gases, which reacts with the water to produce the hypochlorite ion in balance with hypochlorous acid, along with traces of other oxidants. In the present study the development of a device based on an imported model that uses this type of technology wassought in order to reduce the cost of acquisition and makeit more available to disadvantaged communities with water quality issues. The evaluation of the efficiency of this technology in disinfecting water with different qualities (color and turbidity) was also sought, using total coliforms and Escherichia coli as indicator organisms of contamination. In each experimentthe quality of untreated water, and water after adding the oxidant was examined on turbidity, true color, residual chlorine, pH, temperature, and quantification of microorganism indicators. In the experiments performed we found that the adapted equipment showed to be as efficient in the production of disinfectant agents as the original equipment. In the microbiological assays performed on water contaminated with E. coli (synthesized water in a laboratory and natural) and total coliforms (natural water), the inactivation of these organisms was observed to be effective with the use of gases that came from the adapted equipment, taking into account the content of chlorine in water treated with the equipment. | Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior