Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) is composed of a diverse array of compounds, predominantly humic substances, and is a near ubiquitous component of natural groundwater, notwithstanding climatic extremes such as arid and hyper-arid settings. Despite being a frequently measured parameter of groundwater quality, the complexity of DOC composition and reaction behaviour means that links between concentration and human health risk are difficult to quantify and few examples are reported in the literature. Measured concentrations from natural/unpolluted groundwater are typically below 4 mg C/l, whilst concentrations above these levels generally indicate anthropogenic influences and/or contamination issues and can potentially compromise water safety. Treatment processes are effective at reducing DOC concentrations, but refractory humic substance reaction with chlorine during the disinfection process produces suspected carcinogenic disinfectant by-products (DBPs). However, despite engineered artificial recharge systems being commonly used to remove DOC from recycled treated wastewaters, little research has been conducted on the presence of DBPs in potable groundwater systems. In recent years, the capacity to measure the influence of organic matter on colloidal contaminants and its influence on the mobility of pathogenic microorganisms has aided understanding of transport processes in aquifers. Additionally, advances in polymerase chain reaction techniques used for the detection, identification, and quantification of waterborne pathogens, provide a method to confidently investigate the behaviour of DOC and its effect on contaminant transfer in aquifers. This paper provides a summary of DOC occurrence in groundwater bodies and associated issues capable of indirectly affecting human health.

RESUMEN: Diferentes actividades como la agricultura, la ganadería y los desechos domésticos e industriales, incluyendo los efluentes de las plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales (PTAR), aportan a los embalses además de una alta carga de contaminación microbiológica, nitrógeno, materia orgánica, entre otros. Es el caso del embalse Riogrande II, fuente de agua para una planta de potabilización de agua potable (PTAP). En este trabajo se evalúan las concentraciones de carbón orgánico disuelto (COD), nitrógeno total disuelto, nitratos, nitritos, amonio y fosfato en el agua natural de una PTAP en el periodo septiembre 2011 a abril de 2012 y se correlacionan las concentraciones halladas con la variabilidad del nivel del embalse. Los resultados evidencian concentraciones de nitratos (0.056-0.663 mg/LNO3 --N) superiores a las halladas en estudio anterior (0.005-0.187 mg/L), que sugiere un proceso de contaminación con este nutriente. Las correlaciones con la variación del nivel del embalse indican que durante los periodos de aumento de nivel hay un incremento de la concentración del nitrógeno total disuelto, principalmente en forma de nitratos en el agua captada para la PTAP y el carácter de la materia orgánica se torna mayormente hidrofóbica. | ABSTRACT: Many activities such as agriculture, animal husbandry and domestic and industrial waste, including effluents of wastewater treatment plants contribute to considerable loads of microbiological contamination, nitrogen, phosphorus, organic matter among others. Riogrande II dam which supplies a conventional treatment plant is not an exception to this problem. In this work the dissolved concentration of organic carbon, total nitrogen, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium and phosphate were evaluated in the influent water of the plant in the period September 2011 to April 2012 and the found concentrations were correlated with the variability of the reservoir level. The results showed nitrate concentrations above those found in previous studies, suggesting a process of nutrients pollution. Correlations with the dam level variation indicate that during the filling period there is an increase of the concentration of nitrogen in the water used for the water purification plant mainly as nitrate and the nature of the organic matter during this period becomes mostly hydrophobic. | COL0009832

Concentrations of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and ultraviolet/visible light absorbance decrease systematically as groundwater moves through the unsaturated zones overlying aquifers and along flowpaths within aquifers. These changes occur over distances of tens of meters (m) implying rapid removal kinetics of the chromophoric DOM that imparts color to groundwater. A one-compartment input-output model was used to derive a differential equation describing the removal of DOM from the dissolved phase due to the combined effects of biodegradation and sorption. The general solution to the equation was parameterized using a 2-year record of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration changes in groundwater at a long-term observation well. Estimated rates of DOC loss were rapid and ranged from 0.093 to 0.21 micromoles per liter per day (μM d⁻¹), and rate constants for DOC removal ranged from 0.0021 to 0.011 per day (d⁻¹). Applying these removal rate constants to an advective-dispersion model illustrates substantial depletion of DOC over flow-path distances of 200 m or less and in timeframes of 2 years or less. These results explain the low to moderate DOC concentrations (20–75 μM; 0.26–1 mg L⁻¹) and ultraviolet absorption coefficient values (a ₂₅₄ < 5 m⁻¹) observed in groundwater produced from 59 wells tapping eight different aquifer systems of the United States. The nearly uniform optical clarity of groundwater, therefore, results from similarly rapid DOM-removal kinetics exhibited by geologically and hydrologically dissimilar aquifers.

Two case studies were carried out in central Norway in order to assess the performance of bank filtration systems in cold-climate fluvial aquifers relying on recharge from humic-rich surface waters with moderate microbial contamination. Three municipal wells and two surface-water sources at operative bank filtration systems were monitored for naturally occurring bacteriophages, fecal indicators, natural organic matter (NOM) and physico-chemical water quality parameters during a 4-month period. Aquifer passage effectively reduced the microorganism and NOM concentrations at both study sites. Bacteriophages were detected in 13 of 16 (81%) surface-water samples and in 4 of 24 (17%) well-water samples, and underwent 3 ± 0.3 log₁₀ reduction after 50–80-m filtration and 20–30 days of subsurface passage. NOM reductions (color: 74–97%; dissolved organic carbon: 54–80%; very hydrophobic acids: 70%) were similar to those achieved by conventional water-treatment processes and no further treatment was needed. Both groundwater dilution and sediment filtration contributed to the hygienic water quality improvements, but sediment filtration appeared to be the most important process with regard to microbial and NOM reductions. A strengths-weaknesses-opportunities-threats analysis showed that bank filtration technology has a high potential as a pretreatment method for the provision of hygienically safe drinking water in Norway.