The geological, sedimentological and chemical characteristics of the bottom sediments of a small superficial water body locally called "jagüey" locaíed in northeastern Mexico were investigated. The jagüey is a recent circleshaped coastal depression covered by a shallow layer of fresh water characterized by a poor circulation. The sandyclayey bottom allows contact with underground water that supplies water through filtration. A thin layer of the topmost sediments is acid and the remainder are alkaline due to the presence of calcium carbonate. The high nitrogen and phosphorus content in sediments indícate an impact to the jagüey derived from the input of allocthonous nutrients. Given its little depth, limited water circulation, prolonged drought and high evaporation rate, this water body is regarded as hypertrophic and senile despite its recent geological origin. | Se determinaron las características geológicas, sedimentológicas y químicas de los sedimentos del fondo de un pequeño cuerpo de agua superficial, denominado jagüey, en el noreste de México. El jagüey es una depresión costera reciente cubierta por una delgada lámina de agua dulce de forma circular, de poca circulación, con predominancia de arena-arcillosa en el fondo, lo que permite el contacto con el manto freático del que se alimenta a través de filtraciones. Una delgada capa de sedimentos superficiales es ácida y el resto son sedimentos alcalinos, debido a la presencia de carbonato de calcio. El alto contenido de nitrógeno y fósforo en los sedimentos indican un impacto en el jagüey a causa de la entrada de nutrientes alóctonos. Dada su poca profundidad, su circulación limitada, una prolongada sequía y la alta tasa de evaporación, se considera a este cuerpo de agua en un estado de hipertrofia y senilidad, a pesar de tener un orígen geológico reciente.

Small quantities of groundwater interact with hydrothermal surface water to drive in-stream geochemical processes in a silica-armored hot-spring outflow channel in Yellowstone National Park, USA. The objective of this study was to characterize the hydrology and geochemistry of this unique system in order to (1) learn more about the Yellowstone Plateau’s subsurface water mixing between meteoric and hydrothermal waters and (2) learn more about the chemical and physical processes that lead to accumulation of streambed cements, i.e., streambed armor. A combination of hydrological, geochemical, mineralogical, microscopic, and petrographic techniques were used to identify groundwater and surface-water exchange. Interaction could be identified in winter because of differences in surface water and groundwater composition but interaction at other times of the year cannot be ruled out. Dissolved constituents originating from groundwater (e.g., Fe(II) and Mg) were traced downstream until oxidation and/or subsequent precipitation with silica removed them, particularly where high affinity substrates like cyanobacterial surfaces were present. Because the stream lies in a relatively flat drainage basin and is fed mainly by a seasonally relatively stable hot spring, this system allowed study of the chemical processes along a stream without the obscuring effects of sedimentation.

Groundwater in the Yinchuan Plain (China) is a critical domestic resource that is also used for agricultural irrigation and to maintain ecological environments, among other purposes. Recent research has shown that ineffective planning of water resources, along with large-scale groundwater pumping (mining) has led to ecological problems. To further analyze the characteristics of the regional groundwater flow patterns, and guide the development and utilization of water resources, potentiometric, hydrochemical, and isotopic data were collected along a 60-km transect that crosses the middle Yinchuan Plain. The data were used to develop a two-dimensional conceptual model of the sources, flow patterns, and geochemical evolution of groundwater from the Helan Mountains in the west across the Yellow River in the east. An important component of the model is that in the process of groundwater flow from west to east, the flow direction changes due to the influence of a thick fine-grained sandy-clay unit and long-term groundwater pumping. Local lakes and the shallow groundwater system are recharged by water from the Yellow River. Geochemically, water within the proluvial deposits exhibits relatively low concentrations of total dissolved solids. Further east, the water gradually becomes brackish. The geochemical composition of the shallow groundwater beneath the fluviolacustrine plain west of the Yellow River is also controlled by evaporation, precipitation and cation exchange processes. In other areas, groundwater chemistry is mainly controlled by water–rock interactions and cation exchange. This study enhances understanding of groundwater flow in the region, and provides information critical to water resources development and management.

As part of a province-wide groundwater characterization program, a detailed groundwater geochemistry survey was undertaken in the Outaouais Region (Québec, Canada) in order to identify the primary processes responsible for groundwater quality and to develop a conceptual model for groundwater flow and geochemical evolution. During the summers of 2011 and 2012, 139 samples were collected from municipal and private wells which were analysed for major ions, nutrients, trace elements and sulphides. About 70 % of the samples were obtained from bedrock wells, mainly in the silicate rocks of the Canadian Shield and the remainder from wells screened in Quaternary deposit aquifers. Hydrogeochemical facies distributions were determined from 127 of these samples which had anion-cation charge balance errors within ±10 %. The classification by facies was also supported by a multivariate statistical analysis, namely factor analysis combined with hierarchical cluster analysis. The study identified Champlain Sea invasion, cation exchange and freshwater recharge as the main geochemical processes affecting groundwater chemistry in this region. Secondary processes, related to the bedrock geology, are responsible for exceedances of Canadian drinking-water standards, namely for fluoride, uranium, iron and manganese.

In the southeastern portion of San Luis Province (33°53’10’’-34°19’00’’ S and 65°42’00’’-65°20’00’’ W), the sand dune landscape hosts a lacustrine system with more than 200 water bodies, where the water table reaches the surface and fills the deepest depressions. The aim of this study is to analyze surface-groundwater interactions using the radioactive isotope radon-222 (222Rn) in a lake known as “Los Pocitos”. During September 2017, in situ222Rn determinations were performed in the air; in the water/sediment interface and in surface waters at 6 sampling stations, as well as in 4 groundwater samples collected in the dune and the lake mudflat using the RAD-7 equipment (Durridge Co.). Surface waters are of the HCO3--Na+-K+ type, with mean pH and electrical conductivity in Lake Los Pocitos of 8.7 and 1232 µS cm-1, respectively, whereas the groundwater is of the HCO3--Ca+2 type, with variable pH and electrical conductivity values. In the northern portion of the lake, concentrations of222Rn in surface water were ~ 70 Bq m-3, one order of magnitude greater than those of the southern sector, which registered values < 5 Bq m-3. By means of a222Rn mass balance model it was possible to determine that the groundwater discharge occurs in the northern sector, with an inflow discharge rate of about 185.3 ± 39.1 m3 d-1, whereas in the southern sector, an outflow from the lake to the surrounding aqui-fers can be detected. The intense groundwater inflow into these lakes may explain their relatively low salinity under a semi-arid climate in which evaporation by far exceeds direct rainfall input. | En el sector sureste de la provincia de San Luis (33°53’10’’-34°19’00’’ S y 65°42’00’’-65°20’00’’ O), sobre un paisaje medanoso, se desarrolla un sistema lagunar compuesto por más de 200 depresiones someras en donde los niveles freáticos alcanzan la superficie. El propósito de este trabajo es analizar las interacciones agua superficial-subterránea utilizando el isótopo radioactivo radón-222 (222Rn) en una de estas lagunas, conocida como “Los Pocitos”. Durante septiembre de 2017 se realizaron, in situ, determinaciones de 222Rn utilizando el equipo portátil RAD-7 (Durridge Co.), en el aire, en la interfase agua/sedimento, en 6 estaciones de muestreo alrededor de la laguna, así como también en 4 muestras de agua subterránea tomadas en la duna y en las márgenes de la laguna. Los resultados obtenidos indican que las aguas superficiales son del tipo HCO3 - - Na+ - K+ y tienen un pH y una conductividad eléctrica promedio de 8,7 y 1232 µS cm-1, respectivamente, mientras que las aguas subterráneas son HCO3 - - Ca+2 y tienen un pH y una conductividad eléctrica variable. En el sector norte se presentan las mayores concentraciones de 222Rn en el agua superficial, de aproximadamente 70 Bq m-3, un orden de magnitud mayor que en el sector sur, donde se registraron concentraciones < 5 Bq m-3. Mediante un modelo de balance de masa de 222Rn se estimó que la descarga de agua subterránea ocurre en el sector norte, con un caudal de 185,3 ± 39,1 m3 d-1. Por el contrario, en el sector sur hay un aporte de agua desde la laguna hacia los acuíferos circundantes. Este flujo de agua subterránea hacia las lagunas podría explicar su relativa baja salinidad en un clima semiárido en el que la evaporación supera a las precipitaciones en el balance hídrico. | Fil: Echegoyen, Cecilia Vanina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra; Argentina | Fil: Lecomte, Karina Leticia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra; Argentina | Fil: Campodonico, Verena Agustina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra; Argentina | Fil: Yaciuk, Pablo Agustín. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra; Argentina | Fil: Jobbágy, Esteban. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi". Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico, Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi"; Argentina | Fil: Heider, Guillermo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - San Luis. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi". Universidad Nacional de San Luis. Facultad de Ciencias Físico, Matemáticas y Naturales. Instituto de Matemática Aplicada de San Luis "Prof. Ezio Marchi"; Argentina | Fil: Sepúlveda, Laura Daniela. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra; Argentina | Fil: Pasquini, Andrea Ines. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias de la Tierra; Argentina | Fil: de Micco, Georgina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica. Gerencia Complejo Tecnológico Pilcaniyeu. División Cinética Química; Argentina | Fil: Bohe, Ana Ester. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional del Comahue; Argentina. Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica. Gerencia Complejo Tecnológico Pilcaniyeu. División Cinética Química; Argentina

Lake water, river water, and groundwater from the Lake Qinghai catchment in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, China have been analyzed and the results demonstrate that the chemical components and ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of the waters are strictly constrained by the age and rock types of the tributaries, especially for groundwater. Dissolved ions in the Lake Qinghai catchment are derived from carbonate weathering and part from silicate sources. The chemistry of Buha River water, the largest tributary within the catchment, underlain by the late Paleozoic marine limestone and sandstones, constrains carbonate-dominated compositions of the lake water, being buffered by the waters from the other tributaries and probably by groundwater. The variation of ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios with cation concentrations places constraint on the Sr-isotopic compositions of the main subcatchments surrounding Lake Qinghai. The relative significance of river-water sources from different tributaries (possibly groundwater as well) in controlling the Sr distribution in Lake Qinghai provides the potential to link the influence of hydrological processes to past biological and physical parameters in the lake. The potential role of groundwater input in the water budget and chemistry of the lake emphasizes the need to further understand hydrogeological processes within the Lake Qinghai system.

Shallow groundwater is the main source for drinking water in Kabul, Afghanistan. It comes from a multitude of shallow hand-pumped wells spread over the whole city area. The groundwater is characterised by slightly oxic redox conditions. Interactions with aquifer carbonates lead to near-neutral pH and high degrees of hardness. The mostly negative water budget of the Kabul Basin is the result of strong evaporation which leads to an increase in salt and also of some undesirable constituents, e.g. borate. Several years of drought have aggravated this problem. The shallow groundwater in the city has received tremendous amounts of pollution due to a lack of proper waste disposal and sewage treatment. Common indicators are elevated concentrations of nutrients such as nitrate and faecal bacteria. The high infant mortality can at least partially be attributed to the insufficient water hygiene. Acid generated during the mineralisation of the wastewater is hidden due to the strong pH buffering capacity of the groundwater system. Redox and pH conditions preclude significant mobilisation of trace metals and metalloids.

An approach is presented to investigate the regional evolution of groundwater in the basin of the Amacuzac River in Central Mexico. The approach is based on groundwater flow cross-sectional modeling in combination with major ion chemistry and geochemical modeling, complemented with principal component and cluster analyses. The hydrogeologic units composing the basin, which combine aquifers and aquitards both in granular, fractured and karstic rocks, were represented in sections parallel to the regional groundwater flow. Steady-state cross-section numerical simulations aided in the conceptualization of the groundwater flow system through the basin and permitted estimation of bulk hydraulic conductivity values, recharge rates and residence times. Forty-five water locations (springs, groundwater wells and rivers) were sampled throughout the basin for chemical analysis of major ions. The modeled gravity-driven groundwater flow system satisfactorily reproduced field observations, whereas the main geochemical processes of groundwater in the basin are associated to the order and reactions in which the igneous and sedimentary rocks are encountered along the groundwater flow. Recharge water in the volcanic and volcano-sedimentary aquifers increases the concentration of HCO₃ –, Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ from dissolution of plagioclase and olivine. Deeper groundwater flow encounters carbonate rocks, under closed CO₂ conditions, and dissolves calcite and dolomite. When groundwater encounters gypsum lenses in the shallow Balsas Group or the deeper Huitzuco anhydrite, gypsum dissolution produces proportional increased concentration of Ca²⁺ and SO₄ ²–; two samples reflected the influence of hydrothermal fluids and probably halite dissolution. These geochemical trends are consistent with the principal component and cluster analyses.

Major ion geochemistry reveals that the hydrochemical evolutionary process of karst groundwater in the northeastern Huaibei Plain, China, consists of three sub-processes: the dissolution of dolomite, gypsum dissolution with dedolomitization, and mixing with overlying pore water. Understanding hydrochemical evolution has been an important topic in understanding the history, status, and dynamics of the groundwater flow system. The presented study found a hydrochemical boundary roughly corresponding to the thickness of overlying strata equating to 50 m depth, indicating two flow compartments participating in different hydrological cycles—a local shallow rapidly replenished compartment showing lower and more stable main ion concentrations, and a regional deep-flow compartment showing higher and sporadic concentrations of Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl⁻ and SO₄²⁻, as well as high total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness, and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR). In areas with aquifers with low water transmitting ability, groundwater samples show a high chloride ratio and elevated TDS values, indicating salinization of groundwater due to stagnant water flows. Analyses of the data on the saturation indexes and mineral solutions, in tandem with trilinear diagram analysis and petrological observations, indicate that dedolomitization is the dominant process controlling the chemical characteristics of karst groundwater in the study area. Groundwater and pore-water mixing was also observed at the later evolutionary stage of groundwater flow, demonstrating frequent groundwater/pore-water interactions where groundwater is recharged by pore water due to lower groundwater level in the study area.

Aquifers provide water, nutrients and energy with various patterns for many aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Groundwater-dependent ecosystems (GDEs) are increasingly recognized for their ecological and socio-economic values. The current knowledge of the processes governing the ecohydrological functioning of inland GDEs is reviewed, in order to assess the key drivers constraining their viability. These processes occur both at the watershed and emergence scale. Recharge patterns, geomorphology, internal geometry and geochemistry of aquifers control water availability and nutritive status of groundwater. The interface structure between the groundwater system and the biocenoses may modify the groundwater features by physicochemical or biological processes, for which biocenoses need to adapt. Four major types of aquifer-GDE interface have been described: springs, surface waters, peatlands and terrestrial ecosystems. The ecological roles of groundwater are conditioned by morphological characteristics for spring GDEs, by the hyporheic zone structure for surface waters, by the organic soil structure and volume for peatland GDEs, and by water-table fluctuation and surface floods in terrestrial GDEs. Based on these considerations, an ecohydrological classification system for GDEs is proposed and applied to Central and Western-Central Europe, as a basis for modeling approaches for GDEs and as a tool for groundwater and landscape management.