Se realizó un experimento durante tres años (2004/05 a 2006/07) sobre un monte de duraznero recién implantado en el sur de Uruguay. Se aplicaron cinco tratamientos de riego: secano (T1), goteros de 1,6 L h-1 a 0,4 m (T2), goteros de 4 L h-1 a 1 m (T3), microjets de 21 L h-1 a 5 m (T4) y goteros de 2 L h-1 a 1 m, dos líneas por fila (T5), en un diseño experimental en cuadro latino. Las parcelas eran de siete plantas en un marco de plantación de 2,5 x 4,5 m. En todos los tratamientos con riego se aplicó la misma dosis de agua, de forma de cubrir el 100% de la ETc. El porcentaje de volumen de suelo mojado fue de 16, 18, 22 y 44% para los tratamientos T2, T3, T4 y T5 respectivamente. En las variables peso de poda, potencial hídrico foliar y xilemático, conductancia estomática, crecimiento de frutos, rendimiento y tamaño promedio de los frutos, los tratamientos que recibieron riego no se diferenciaron estadísticamente entre sí, pero todos presentaron valores significativamente superiores al secano (p < 0,05). No se evidenció ninguna respuesta entre los tratamientos regados al porcentaje de suelo mojado, para todas las variables analizadas. Se plantea la hipótesis que los efectos de estos tratamientos, en un cultivo perenne, serían acumulativos y se podrían expresar en años sucesivos.<br>An experiment was carried out for three years (2004/05 to 2006/07) on a just implanted peach grove, in the south of Uruguay. Five irrigation treatments were applied: without irrigation (T1), drippers of 1.6 L h-1 at 0.4 m (T2), drippers of 4 L h-1 at 1 m (T3), microjets of 21 L h-1 at 5 m (T4) and drippers of 2 L h-1 at 1 m, two lines by row (T5), following a Latin square experimental design. The experimental plots had seven trees in a plantation frame of 2.5 x 4.5 m. In all treatments with irrigation, the same water dose was applied, in order to fulfill 100% of the ETc. The percentage of wetted soil volume was 16, 18, 22 and 44% for treatments T2, T3, T4 and T5 respectively. Regarding variables, prune weight, foliar and xilematic water potential, stomata conductance, fruit growth, yield and average size of the fruits, the treatments with irrigation were not statistically different, but all of them were significantly different from the treatment without irrigation (p < 0.05). No response to the percentage of wet soil among the irrigated treatments was detected, for all the analyzed variables. The hypothesis that the effects of these treatments, upon a perennial crop would be cumulative, and would possibly show up in the following years, is considered..

Se realizó un experimento durante tres años (2004/05 a 2006/07) sobre un monte de duraznero recién implantado en el sur de Uruguay. Se aplicaron cinco tratamientos de riego: secano (T1), goteros de 1,6 L h-1 a 0,4 m (T2), goteros de 4 L h-1 a 1 m (T3), microjets de 21 L h-1 a 5 m (T4) y goteros de 2 L h-1 a 1 m, dos líneas por fila (T5), en un diseño experimental en cuadro latino. Las parcelas eran de siete plantas en un marco de plantación de 2,5 x 4,5 m. En todos los tratamientos con riego se aplicó la misma dosis de agua, de forma de cubrir el 100% de la ETc. El porcentaje de volumen de suelo mojado fue de 16, 18, 22 y 44% para los tratamientos T2, T3, T4 y T5 respectivamente. En las variables peso de poda, potencial hídrico foliar y xilemático, conductancia estomática, crecimiento de frutos, rendimiento y tamaño promedio de los frutos, los tratamientos que recibieron riego no se diferenciaron estadísticamente entre sí, pero todos presentaron valores significativamente superiores al secano (p < 0,05). No se evidenció ninguna respuesta entre los tratamientos regados al porcentaje de suelo mojado, para todas las variables analizadas. Se plantea la hipótesis que los efectos de estos tratamientos, en un cultivo perenne, serían acumulativos y se podrían expresar en años sucesivos. | An experiment was carried out for three years (2004/05 to 2006/07) on a just implanted peach grove, in the south of Uruguay. Five irrigation treatments were applied: without irrigation (T1), drippers of 1.6 L h-1 at 0.4 m (T2), drippers of 4 L h-1 at 1 m (T3), microjets of 21 L h-1 at 5 m (T4) and drippers of 2 L h-1 at 1 m, two lines by row (T5), following a Latin square experimental design. The experimental plots had seven trees in a plantation frame of 2.5 x 4.5 m. In all treatments with irrigation, the same water dose was applied, in order to fulfill 100% of the ETc. The percentage of wetted soil volume was 16, 18, 22 and 44% for treatments T2, T3, T4 and T5 respectively. Regarding variables, prune weight, foliar and xilematic water potential, stomata conductance, fruit growth, yield and average size of the fruits, the treatments with irrigation were not statistically different, but all of them were significantly different from the treatment without irrigation (p < 0.05). No response to the percentage of wet soil among the irrigated treatments was detected, for all the analyzed variables. The hypothesis that the effects of these treatments, upon a perennial crop would be cumulative, and would possibly show up in the following years, is considered..

Avaliou-se o desenvolvimento vegetativo e produtivo da cultura Pimenta-de-macaco (Piper aduncum) em função de diferentes tensões da água no solo irrigada por gotejamento. Foi utilizado o delineamento de blocos ao acaso com cinco tratamentos (tensões de 20; 40; 60 e 100 kPa e Sem Irrigação) e quatro repetições. Realizou-se dois cortes da parte aérea da cultura para quantificação da biomassa e extração do óleo essencial. O 1º corte foi realizado aos dez meses de cultivo e o 2º corte, seis meses após. No primeiro corte em condições irrigadas nos últimos quatro meses, apenas a variável diâmetro da copa não apresentou diferença significativa entre os tratamentos avaliados. No 2º corte, apenas as variáveis rendimento de óleo essencial e teor de dilapiol no óleo essencial não foram influenciadas pelos tratamentos. A Pimenta-de-macaco apresenta tolerância moderada ao déficit hídrico e a faixa de tensão da água no solo para definir o momento de iniciar a irrigação na cultura é de 20 a 60 kPa. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of soil water tensions on vegetative and productive development for Pimenta-de-macaco (Piper aduncum) irrigated by drip system. The experimental design of randomized blocks, with five treatments (tensions 20; 40; 60 and 100 kPa and also with no irrigation) and four replications was used. Two harvests were made to quantify biomass and, consequently, essential oil extraction. The first harvest was performed when the culture reached ten months of cultivation and the second harvest after six months. In the first harvest in irrigated conditions in the last four months, only the crown diameter variable showed no significant difference among the treatments evaluated. In the second harvest, only the essential oil yield and dillapiole content in the essential oil were not influenced by the treatments. Pimenta-de-macaco has moderate tolerance to water deficit and the soil water tension recommends to initiate irrigation from 20 to 60 kPa.

Avaliou-se o desenvolvimento vegetativo e produtivo da cultura Pimenta-de-macaco (Piper aduncum) em função de diferentes tensões da água no solo irrigada por gotejamento. Foi utilizado o delineamento de blocos ao acaso com cinco tratamentos (tensões de 20; 40; 60 e 100 kPa e Sem Irrigação) e quatro repetições. Realizou-se dois cortes da parte aérea da cultura para quantificação da biomassa e extração do óleo essencial. O 1º corte foi realizado aos dez meses de cultivo e o 2º corte, seis meses após. No primeiro corte em condições irrigadas nos últimos quatro meses, apenas a variável diâmetro da copa não apresentou diferença significativa entre os tratamentos avaliados. No 2º corte, apenas as variáveis rendimento de óleo essencial e teor de dilapiol no óleo essencial não foram influenciadas pelos tratamentos. A Pimenta-de-macaco apresenta tolerância moderada ao déficit hídrico e a faixa de tensão da água no solo para definir o momento de iniciar a irrigação na cultura é de 20 a 60 kPa. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of soil water tensions on vegetative and productive development for Pimenta-de-macaco (Piper aduncum) irrigated by drip system. The experimental design of randomized blocks, with five treatments (tensions 20; 40; 60 and 100 kPa and also with no irrigation) and four replications was used. Two harvests were made to quantify biomass and, consequently, essential oil extraction. The first harvest was performed when the culture reached ten months of cultivation and the second harvest after six months. In the first harvest in irrigated conditions in the last four months, only the crown diameter variable showed no significant difference among the treatments evaluated. In the second harvest, only the essential oil yield and dillapiole content in the essential oil were not influenced by the treatments. Pimenta-de-macaco has moderate tolerance to water deficit and the soil water tension recommends to initiate irrigation from 20 to 60 kPa.

A field experiment was carried out in southern Xinjiang, China, to reveal soil-water flow pattern beneath a combined plastic-mulch (film) and drip-irrigation system using brackish water. The soil-water flow system (SWFS) was characterized from soil surface to the water table based on observed spatio-temporal distribution of total soil-water potential, water content and electric conductivity. Root suction provided a strong inner sink. The results indicated that SWFS determined the soil salinity and moisture distribution. Drip-irrigation events could leach excess salts from the root zone and provide soil conditions with a tolerable salinity level that supports the growth of cotton. High-salinity strips were formed along the wetting front and at the bare soil surface. Hydrogeology conditions, irrigation regime, climate, plant growth and use of mulch would affect potential sources and sinks, boundary conditions and the size of the SWFS. At depth 0–60 cm, the soil salinity at the end of the irrigation season was 1.9 times that at the beginning. Beneath the mulch cover, the soil-water content in the ‘wide rows’ zone (55 cm between the two rows with no drip line) was higher than that in the ‘narrow rows’ zone (15 cm between the two rows with a drip line) due to the strong root-water uptake. The downward water flow below the divergent curved surface of zero flux before irrigation, and the water-table fluctuation with irrigation events, indicated that excessive irrigation occurred.