The Government of Honduras piloted and adopted a major new data platform, “Agua de Honduras” that provides data on hydrology, vegetative cover, soil properties, along with future climate scenarios. Implemented by the Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) and contributing to the CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE), the platform has been aiding water management decisions, including being used 150 times to identify rainwater harvesting sites and influencing at least one local land investment decision.

Climate change is at the top of the development agenda in Central America. This region, together with the Caribbean, is highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change in Latin America. Climate change is manifesting itself through higher average temperatures and more frequent droughts that result in higher water stress, and through the rising frequency of extreme weather events such as tropical storms, hurricanes, floods and landslides, all of which pose significant challenges in the rural water supply and sanitation sector. The paper starts with a review of the historic data on temperature and precipitation trends in Central America and particularly at the regional level in Nicaragua. The data reveal a clear trend of the growing climate variability, increased water stress for crops, and greater frequency of extreme weather events. The rising intensity and frequency of ex-treme weather events is among the most critical risks to the region's development agenda, and they translate into high economic losses. This paper examines the impacts and implications of potential climate change on water resources in Nicaragua and makes key recommendations to integrate climate change and rural water supply and sanitation policies and programs in a way that increase resilience to current and future climate conditions. | 0

La escasez de agua es una realidad a nivel mundial, nacional y local. Ésta se acentúa en las comunidades rurales debido a la falta de infraestructura existente, la lejanía entre casas-habitación y densidad de población, por lo cual la captación pluvial se vuelve viable en este contexto. Sin embargo, es necesario asegurar la calidad del agua que consume toda persona para evitar enfermedades diarreicas; una persona requiere al menos 7 litros de agua al día para beber, preparar alimentos y limpieza diaria personal (lavado de dientes y manos). Para lo cual se seleccionaron la filtración y desinfección solar como métodos de tratamiento de agua. El primero consiste en pasar agua a través de un medio poroso para la remoción de contaminantes, y la desinfección solar consiste en utilizar radiación solar directa e incremento de la temperatura del agua para disminuir la contaminación microbiológica. La investigación que se presenta a continuación tiene como objetivo el diseño de los componentes (pre-tratamiento y tratamiento) de un sistema de desinfección de agua de lluvia recolectada y almacenada en comunidades rurales. Para lo cual, se realizaron tres pruebas experimentales. La primera, consta de la remoción de contaminantes mediante columnas de filtración en un sistema de carga constante donde se evalúa la turbidez y el flujo en tres diferentes medios filtrantes. La segunda y la tercera, buscan determinar el efecto de la radiación solar directa e inhibida en el incremento de la temperatura del agua y remoción de contaminación microbiológica (medida a través de Coliformes Totales) en un periodo de 8 horas en días diferentes. Para esto se construyeron sistemas de tubos hechos con cobre y manguera negra rígida; así como canales de PVC blancos y negros recubiertos con una placa de vidrio. Los resultados obtenidos determinan el tiempo de retención del agua en cada componente del sistema, así como los materiales y dimensiones de los mismos. La temperatura del agua obtenida tras 8 horas se encuentra sobre los 40 grados Celsius, por lo cual deberá ser enfriada si se desea un uso inmediato de la misma. La información obtenida en conjunto con la identificación del potencial de implementación del sistema, hace viable posteriores validaciones del sistema propuesto y su implementación en el Estado de Querétaro. | Water is a scarce resource; its availability varies geographically and temporarily. Due to unavailable hydraulic infrastructure, distance between homes and population density, rural population has no access to drinking water. In this article, the proposal is to use water harvesting, filtration and solar disinfection to fulfill the need of drinking water in such communities. Water harvesting consists of catching and storing precipitation, filtration occurs when water passes through a porous medium to remove contamination and solar disinfection consists of using radiation and temperature rise to decrease microbiological contamination. The purpose of this research paper is to design the components (water pretreatment and treatment) of a disinfection system of water harvested in rural communities of Querétaro. Pretreatment consists of filtering water; in this study, both sand and activated carbon are tested measuring turbidity and discharge in a constant head system. Treatment consists in rising water temperature and radiation exposure, temperature increase and total coliforms in an eight-hour period are measured in three different days, for which cooper pipelines, black rigid hoses and glass over a white and a black PVC channel are tested. The results obtained in this study, determine the required residence time on each stage of water¿s disinfection, allowing a posterior definition of the components materials and dimensions. The water¿s temperature obtained at the end is above 40 degrees Celsius; therefore, water must be stored to reduce its temperature or a cooling system will be needed to allow immediate use of water. The data obtained makes feasible a posterior design proposal of a solar disinfection system of rainwater harvested in Querétaro.

A escassez hídrica é uma realidade para diversas regiões do Brasil e do Planeta, apresentandose como um problema cada vez mais recorrente devido, dentre outros fatores, ao crescente desequilíbrio entre oferta e demanda por água, oriundo de consumos excessivos aliados ao elevado crescimento populacional das últimas décadas. O aproveitamento da água da chuva, para fins não potáveis, é uma das principais alternativas adotadas pelos usuários no combate à crise hídrica. As companhias de saneamento, por sua vez, buscam incentivar a redução do consumo de água potável por meio da aplicação de tarifas de contingência na conta de água. Sendo assim, esta pesquisa explora as duas técnicas citadas, a partir da criação de regras de uso para a água da chuva armazenada em reservatórios, visando à economia de água potável aliada a benefícios econômicos na conta de água do consumidor. Devido à recente crise hídrica oriunda dos baixos níveis do Sistema Cantareira, a aplicação metodológica foi realizada para a cidade de São Paulo, tendo como base a série histórica da estação pluviométrica Mirante Santana e o sistema de cobrança de tarifas de contingência adotado pela SABESP entre 2015 e 2016. A criação das regras de uso foi baseada em seis parâmetros julgados influentes no consumo de água ao longo do tempo: nível de água observado no reservatório, período do mês, período do ano, precipitação média mensal histórica, consumo acumulado de água da chuva ao longo do mês e previsão de chuva. Para a criação de tais regras, foram realizadas simulações por meio de séries sintéticas, nas quais diferentes conjuntos de percentuais de redução de uso da água do reservatório foram aplicados sobre o consumo diário de água da chuva, de acordo com os parâmetros analisados, tendo como critério de avaliação o custo total anual com a conta de água obtido para cada combinação. O estudo mostrou que a adoção de regras de uso pode ser vantajosa em termos econômicos para situações nas quais a residência dispunha de reservatório no período anterior à aplicação das tarifas, devido à maior dificuldade de atingir o consumo mensal de referência, reduzido nestes casos. Os melhores resultados, testados no ano crítico de 2014, apresentaram economias na faixa de 3 a 5%, influenciados, principalmente, por reduções de consumo nas seguintes situações: para níveis reduzidos de água no reservatório, no período final de cada mês, em meses historicamente menos chuvosos, para consumos acumulados situados em faixas de cobrança de multas aliados a ausência de precipitação, e para volumes moderados de previsão de chuva. | The water scarcity is a reality for several regions of Brazil and the Planet, presenting itself as an increasingly recurrent problem, among other factors, due to the growing imbalance between supply and demand for water, originated from excessive consumption combined with high population growth in the last decades. The rainwater harvesting for non-potable purposes is one of the main alternatives used against water scarcity. Water sanitation companies, in its turn, encourage the reduction of potable water consumption applying contingency fees in the water bill. In this concern, the research explores the two cited techniques (rainwater harvesting and contingency fees) to propose rules for rainwater use. This rules aim for saving potable water and consequently economic benefits in the consumer water bill. Due to the recent water crisis caused by low water volume in the Cantareira Water System, the methodology application was carried out for the São Paulo city, based on the historical series of the Mirante Santana rainfall station and the contingency fees adopted by SABESP between years 2015 and 2016. The propose for rules was based on six parameters that have influence in the water consumption over time: reservoir water level, time in the month, time in the year, historical average monthly precipitation, cumulative rain water consumption in month and rain forecast. For the rules optimization, simulations were carried out using synthetic rainwater series. The simulations adopted different sets of percentages of water use reduction (rules) for the daily rainwater consumption, according to the analyzed parameters; the target was minimize the annual sum water bill cost for each simulation. The research showed that the adoption of rules of use may be economically advantageous for situations in which the consumer had rainwater harvesting system before of the application fees period, due to the difficulty for reach the monthly reference consumption. The best results, tested in the critical year of 2014, presented savings in the range of 3% to 5%, mainly influenced by water consumption reductions indicated by the rules in the following situations: for low water levels in the reservoir, on the last days of the month, in months with few precipitation, for cases where fines was applied when potable water consumption overcame the limit and have no precipitation forecasting, and for moderate precipitation forecast volumes.

El comportamiento del agua de una zona no urbanizada a una zona urbanizada es diferente, debido a la intervención del hombre al momento en el que se construye un asentamiento urbano, genera un impacto negativo en las variables del ciclo del agua como la escorrentía, precipitación, etc., añadido a ello se agregan componentes al ciclo natural del agua como la captación, tratamiento, sistema de distribución, convirtiéndolo en un ciclo urbano del agua. Frente a esto se observa la necesidad de estudiar el comportamiento del agua dentro de este nuevo ciclo que se forma. Para poder ser estudiado se decide realizar una simulación del ciclo urbano del agua con el programa UVQ, el cual nos permite realizar la simulación. Esta se realizara para un sector de la ciudad de Bogotá que es la UPZ 62 “Tunjuelito”, esta zona es escogida debido a que tiene los diversos usos de suelo que se tiene en la ciudad y de esta forma se busca, conocer el comportamiento del agua dentro de ella. Para finalizar se realizan propuestas para la gestión del recurso hídrico llamados escenarios, donde se permite analizar dentro del ciclo urbano del agua cual serían las diferencias de consumo, eficiencias de remoción de contaminantes y cambios en otras variables según el tipo de tecnología y tratamiento que se esté aplicando. | The behavior of the water from a rural area to an urban area is different, due to the intervention of man at the time an urban settlement, was built in which generates a negative impact in the variables of the cycle of the water as runoff, precipitation, etc., added to it components are added to the natural cycle of water as the catchment, treatment distribution system into a urban water cycle. Against this there is need to study the behavior of water within this new cycle that forms. To be able to be studied was decided to perform a simulation of the urban water cycle, with the uvq virtual learning program which allows us to perform the simulation. This will be for a sector in the city of Bogota which is the UPZ 62 "Tunjuelito", this area is chosen since it has different uses of soil which is in the city and thus seeks to, know the behavior of the water within it. Finally there are proposals for the management of the allegations water named scenario, where is allowed to scan inside the urban water cycle which would be the differences in consumption, pollutant removal efficiencies and changes in other variables according to the type of treatment that is this by applying. | Ingeniero Ambiental | Pregrado

Abstract The Azcapotzalco campus, belonging to the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana located in Mexico City, has been experiencing a shortages of drinking water in recent years. This paper is the result of searching for mitigation alternatives, where a methodology is presented to estimate the ratio: rainwater volume collection, storage and usage in a building within the University. The amount of rainwater that can be collected, is estimated by performing a statistical analysis over the historical data representing rainfall, and the same time, by evaluating effective collecting areas over the rooftop of the building. A demand curve is obtained by obtaining samples in the toilets at different days and hours, which are believed to be representative of common periods in the University. The implementation of a storage tank, will allow the storage of rainwater when this is abundant, thus enabling for its usage when scarce. To this end, three tank are studied, with the purpose of evaluating which one will be the most suitable. This paper presents a methodology intended to identify the viability of a rainwater harvesting system and different capacities of storage tanks. Finally, the system is simulated with rain records corresponding to the year 2015 to figure it out what the system performance would have been. The results present the conditions for which the system is self-sufficient or needs an external endowment. | Resumen La unidad Azcapotzalco de la Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, ubicada en la Ciudad de México, ha presentado desabasto de agua potable en algunos periodos de años recientes. La búsqueda de alternativas de mitigación o solución a esta problemática dio como consecuencia el presente artículo. Se presenta una metodología para estimar la relación del volumen de captación de agua de lluvia, de almacenamiento y de consumo en un edificio de la universidad. El potencial de captación de agua de lluvia se obtiene con un análisis estadístico de las precipitaciones históricas de la zona y de la evaluación del área efectiva de captación en las azoteas del edificio en estudio. La curva de demanda es obtenida con muestreo en los sanitarios para diferentes días y horarios, representativos de los diferentes periodos en la universidad. La implementación de un tanque de almacenamiento al sistema permite guardar agua cuando se presenta en abundancia y disponerla cuando escasea a lo largo del tiempo; por ello, se estudian tres diferentes volúmenes de tanque, para conocer cuál es el más adecuado. El objetivo de esta metodología es identificar la viabilidad del sistema de captación de lluvia y dimensionar el tanque de almacenamiento. Además, el sistema es simulado con los registros de lluvia del año 2015, para conocer cuál hubiera sido la respuesta del sistema de haber estado instalado en ese periodo. Los resultados permiten conocer en qué periodos del año el sistema es autosuficiente o requiere de una dotación externa.

Los diseños tradicionales no siempre se adaptan a las características de un territorio generando inconvenientes posteriores. Es por esta razón que, surge el concepto de línea clave que busca interpretar y diseñar infraestructura, de manera que se adapte al paisaje, teniendo como base el movimiento del agua sobre la superficie para lograr un diseño que maximice el aprovechamiento de agua lluvia. En el presente documento se aplica dicho concepto para proponer tres embalses como posible fuente de abastecimiento de agua a la población del municipio Yopal (Casanare), ya que no cuenta con un acueducto desde el año 2011. En consecuencia, se descargó y se procesó un modelo de elevación digital (DEM) con la finalidad de analizar dirección de flujo, tamaño de subcuencas y posible ubicación de los embalses a proponer. Posteriormente, se procesaron los datos de precipitación de la estación del IDEAM y se utilizó el método racional, de la Norma Técnica de Servicio 085 del año 2017, con el objetivo de obtener un caudal de agua lluvia aprovechable para almacenarse en los tres embalses propuestos, utilizando el software Pipe Flow Advisor para dimensionar cada embalse. Como resultado, se realizó un análisis del porcentaje aportado por los embalses con respecto a la demanda de agua de la población según el RAS 2017 y la evaluación del impacto que ocasionaría la captación de los flujos de agua lluvia al río Cravo Sur. | Ingeniero Ambiental | Pregrado | Traditional designs do not always adapt to the characteristics of a territory generating later inconveniences. It is the reason that the concept of key line arises that seeks to interpret and design infrastructure, so that it adapts to the landscape, based on the movement of water on the surface to achieve a design that maximizes the use of rainwater. This document applies this concept to propose three reservoirs as a possible source of water supply to the population of the municipality of Yopal (Casanare), it does not have an aqueduct since 2011. Consequently, a digital elevation model (DEM) was downloaded and processed in order to analyze flow direction, size of sub-basins and possible location of the proposed reservoirs. Subsequently, the precipitation data from the IDEAM station was processed and the rational method of Norma Técnica de Servicio 085 of 2017 was implemented, in order to obtaining a usable flow of rainwater to be stored in the three proposed reservoirs, using the Pipe Flow Advisor software to dimension each reservoir. As a result, an analysis was made of the percentage contributed by the reservoirs with respect to the population's water demand according to RAS 2017 and the evaluation of the impact that the capture of rainwater flows to the Cravo Sur river would cause.

En esta propuesta se tomó como base el estudio y el comportamiento climatológico de la cuenca principal del río Bogotá con las características de su vegetación, con esto se determinará las especies nativas que se pueden producir, con sus requerimientos, y así, dar a conocer sobre su importancia, todo encaminado hacia el mejoramiento de las riberas del río, la preservación de la flora y fauna natural del territorio y el mejoramiento de la calidad de vida de sus habitantes aledaños. Igualmente se propone un diseño de aprovechamiento para zonas duras como es la terraza del edificio de los laboratorios de la ciudadela el porvenir, este sistema estará conformado por los sistemas de almacenamiento, las líneas de transporte y de filtración del agua hasta su etapa final, que será a través de un sistema de riego por goteo. | This proposal was based on the study and the climatological behavior of the main basin of the Bogotá river with the characteristics of its vegetation, with this it will determine the native species that can be produced, with its requirements, and thus, make known about Its importance, all aimed at the improvement of river banks, the preservation of the natural flora and fauna of the territory and the improvement of the quality of life of its surrounding inhabitants. Likewise, it is proposed a design of use for hard areas such as the terrace of the building of the laboratories of the citadel the future, this system will be formed by storage systems, transport lines and water filtration until its final stage, which Will be through a drip irrigation system.