The ability of a plant to extract soil water during water deficit affects growth and grain yield crop. Experiments were conducted to evaluate the water extraction and rooting patterns of three genotypes (Arawaca, Acarigua and Piritu) of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) during periods of water deficit imposed at productive stage of growth, on a Fluventic Haplustolls, Maracay-Venezuela, during period of January-April of 1994 and 1995. Profiles of volumetric water content of the soil were measured with a neutron moisture meter, root, biomass and leaf area samples were taken at ending of water deficit period. There are differences in water extraction to drought, among genotypes, Arawaca showed significantly greatests water extraction (53.6 mm) at root zone of crop (0.15 -0.55 m) during the early water deficit period (CST). While the genotypes Acarigua and Piritu showed similar extractable water (40.0 y 39.1 mm respectively). The differences of soil water extraction among genotypes were related to root system patterns and canopy cover of each genotype. Piritu developed the 60% of its root system on the first O.25 m of soil profile and showed the less root length density (0.41 cm cm -3 respectively). A greater root system, with a better capacity to explore the soil, of Acarigua and Arawaca allows a greater amount of water uptake from soil profile. The minor water extraction by Arawaca during CSTR was correlated to its smaller canopy cover (0.65 M2 M2) during this period. The root characteristics of the genotypes suggest its better adaptative value in cropping areas with high risk of water deficit.

El estudio de la variabilidad del suelo en sitios experimentales, es fundamental para la selección de áreas representativas lo suficientemente homogéneas, dentro del sitio, con el fin de establecer las unidades experimentales. Caracterizando la variabilidad de suelos, se puede mejorar la interpretación y extrapolación de los resultados obtenidos. Por tal motivo, se caracterizó la variabilidad de suelos presente en una parcela en el Campo Experimental Agua Blanca; donde los suelos predominantes clasifican Fluventic Haplustolls, francosa fina, mixta, insohipertérmica; con el objeto de seleccionar áreas representativas para el montaje de un ensayo de labranza, en el que se estudian los cambios temporales de las propiedades físicas asociadas a la dinámica del agua en el suelo. Para este estudio un total de 50 perfiles de suelo fueron descritos con barreno hasta 1 m de profundidad, siguiéndose el muestreo en zig-zag a distancias de 25 y 50 m, dentro de una cuadrícula de 150 x 250 m. En cada punto de observación se determino el porcentaje de arcilla, espesor, ,color, reacción al HCl 10% para cada horizonte, así como profundidad de ocurrencia de algún atributo que influya en la retención de agua, inclusiones y posibles moteados presentes. Cada atributo fue analizado por horizontes obteniéndose la media, el coeficiente de variación, la frecuencia de ocurrencia de los valores, también se determino el promedio ponderado del porcentaje de arcilla así como el radio porcentaje arcilla del horizonte 1 vs porcentaje de arcilla del horizonte 2. Posteriormente, los atributos fueron sometidos a un análisis geoestadístico. Los coeficientes de variación fueron en la mayoría de los casos inferiores al 30%, excepto para la profundidad al moteado y al CaCO3, la frecuencia de ocurrencia de los valores para cada atributo indico también una gran uniformidad en la parcela estudiada, el análisis geoestad1stico corroboro estos resultados. .El semivariograma de espesor del primer horizonte reflejo un efecto 100% nugget, los semivariogramas para los demás atributos tu­ vieron un carácter transitivo, teniendo en todos los casos una varianza total baja. Los diagramas generados por interpolación (Kriging puntual) para representar la variación, permitieron seleccionar un área al NO de la parcela estudiada

Los modelos de simulacion al considerar procesos basicos de la planta y como ellos son influenciados por el ambiente, tienen la ventaja de representar una economia de tiempo y recursos en la investigacion basica de evaluacion de rendimiento y zonificacion de cultivos, constituyendo un avance tecnologico de gran ayuda para la agilizacion del proceso de tranferencia en el campo de la produccion agricola. El presente trabajo forma parte de un proyecto de investigacion mas amplio sobre aplicabilidad del Modelo Ceres/Maiz, y aqui se presentan los resultados correspondientes al componente del balance de agua del Modelo Ceres/Maiz, en dos perfiles de suelos de texturas contrastantes. Adicionalmente se incluye informacion complementaria sobre descripcion del perfil, densidad aparente, caracterizacion de raices y determinacion de curvas caracteristicas de humedad para ambos suelos. Finalmente se comparan los parametros de humedad del Modelo Ceres/Maiz: limite superior de humedad, limite inferior de humedad, el coeficiente de drenaje y el porcentaje de humedad a saturacion para ambos perfiles y se senalan las principales dificultades en la determinacion de los mismos.

Farmlands have gradually been replaced by apple orchards in Shaanxi province, China, and there will be a risk of severe soil-water-storage deficit with the increasing age of the apple trees. To provide a theoretical basis for the sustainable development of agriculture and forestry in the Loess Plateau, soil water content in a 19-year-old apple orchard, a 9-year-old apple orchard, a cornfield and a wheat field in the Changwu Tableland was investigated at different depths from January to October 2014. The results showed that: (1) the soil moisture content is different across the soil profile—for the four plots, the soil moisture of the cornfield is the highest, followed by the 9-year-old apple orchard and the wheat field, and the 19-year-old apple orchard has the lowest soil moisture. (2) There are varying degrees of soil desiccation in the four plots: the most serious degree of desiccation is in the 19-year-old apple orchard, followed by the wheat field and the cornfield, with the least severe desiccation occurring in the 9-year-old apple orchard. Farmland should replace apple orchards for an indefinite period while there is an extremely desiccated soil layer in the apple orchard so as to achieve the purpose of sustainable development. It will be necessary to reduce tree densities, and to carry out other research, if development of the economy and ecology of Changwu is to be sustainable.

Methods that use diurnal groundwater-level fluctuations are commonly used for shallow water-table environments to estimate evapotranspiration (ET) and recharge. The key element needed to obtain reliable estimates is the specific yield (Sy), a soil-water storage parameter that depends on unsaturated soil-moisture and water-table fluxes, among others. Soil-moisture profile measurement down to the water table, along with water-table-depth measurements, can provide a good opportunity to calculate Sy values even on a sub-daily scale. These values were compared with Sy estimates derived by traditional techniques, and it was found that slug-test-based Sy values gave the most similar results in a sandy soil environment. Therefore, slug-test methods, which are relatively cheap and require little time, were most suited to estimate Sy using diurnal fluctuations. The reason for this is that the timeframe of the slug-test measurement is very similar to the dynamic of the diurnal signal. The dynamic characteristic of Sy was also analyzed on a sub-daily scale (depending mostly on the speed of drainage from the soil profile) and a remarkable difference was found in Sy with respect to the rate of change of the water table. When comparing constant and sub-daily (dynamic) Sy values for ET estimation, the sub-daily Sy application yielded higher correlation, but only a slightly smaller deviation from the control ET method, compared with the usage of constant Sy.

Understanding groundwater salinity sources in the Gulf Coast Aquifer System (GCAS) is a critical issue due to depletion of fresh groundwater and concerns for potential seawater intrusion. The study objective was to assess sources of groundwater salinity in the GCAS using ∼1,400 chemical analyses and ∼90 isotopic analyses along nine well transects in the Texas Gulf Coast, USA. Salinity increases from northeast (median total dissolved solids (TDS) 340 mg/L) to southwest (median TDS 1,160 mg/L), which inversely correlates with the precipitation distribution pattern (1,370– 600 mm/yr, respectively). Molar Cl/Br ratios (median 540–600), depleted δ²H and δ¹⁸O (−24.7‰, −4.5‰) relative to seawater (Cl/Br ∼655 and δ²H, δ¹⁸O 0‰, 0‰, respectively), and elevated ³⁶Cl/Cl ratios (∼100), suggest precipitation enriched with marine aerosols as the dominant salinity source. Mass balance estimates suggest that marine aerosols could adequately explain salt loading over the large expanse of the GCAS. Evapotranspiration enrichment to the southwest is supported by elevated chloride concentrations in soil profiles and higher δ¹⁸O. Secondary salinity sources include dissolution of salt domes or upwelling brines from geopressured zones along growth faults, mainly near the coast in the northeast. The regional extent and large quantities of brackish water have the potential to support moderate-sized desalination plants in this location. These results have important implications for groundwater management, suggesting a current lack of regional seawater intrusion and a suitable source of relatively low TDS water for desalination.

Assessing groundwater recharge characteristics (recharge rate, history, mechanisms (piston and preferential flow)) and groundwater age in arid and semi-arid environments remains a difficult but important research frontier. Such assessments are particularly important when the unsaturated zone (UZ) is thick and the recharge rate is limited. This study combined evaluations of the thick UZ with those of the saturated zone and used multiple tracers, such as Cl, NO₃, Br, ²H, ¹⁸O, ¹³C, ³H and ¹⁴C, to study groundwater recharge characteristics in an integrated loess tableland in the Loess Plateau, China, where precipitation infiltration is the only recharge source for shallow groundwater. The results indicate that diffuse recharge beneath crops, as the main land use of the study area, is 55–71 mm yr⁻¹ based on the chloride mass balance of soil profiles. The length of time required for annual precipitation to reach the water table is 160–400 yrs. The groundwater is all pre-modern water and paleowater, with corrected ¹⁴C age ranging from 136 to 23,412 yrs. Most of the water that eventually becomes recharge originally infiltrated in July–September. The Cl and NO₃ contents in the upper UZ are considerably higher than those in the deep UZ and shallow groundwater because of recent human activities. The shallow groundwater has not been in hydraulic equilibrium with present near-surface boundary conditions. The homogeneous material of the UZ and relatively old groundwater age imply that piston flow is the dominant recharge mechanism for the shallow groundwater in the tableland.

Microbes live throughout the soil profile. Microbial communities in subsurface horizons are impacted by a saltwater–freshwater transition zone formed by seawater intrusion (SWI) in coastal regions. The main purpose of this study is to explore the changes in microbial communities within the soil profile because of SWI. The study characterizes the depth-dependent distributions of bacterial and archaeal communities through high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons by collecting surface soil and deep core samples at nine soil depths in Longkou City, China. The results showed that although microbial communities were considerably impacted by SWI in both horizontal and vertical domains, the extent of these effects was variable. The soil depth strongly influenced the microbial communities, and the microbial diversity and community structure were significantly different (p < 0.05) at various depths. Compared with SWI, soil depth was a greater influencing factor for microbial diversity and community structure. Furthermore, soil microbial community structure was closely related to the environmental conditions, among which the most significant environmental factors were soil depth, pH, organic carbon, and total nitrogen.